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99,400 | Sahara is a component to easily and rapidly provision Hadoop clusters. Users will specify several parameters like the Hadoop version number, the cluster topology type, node flavor details (defining disk space, CPU and RAM settings), and others. After a user provides all of the parameters, Sahara deploys the cluster in ... | OpenStack Swift | 0.776803 |
99,401 | Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of natural resources including coal, fossil fuels, drinking water and ores. The study of the sequence of sedimentary rock strata is the main source for an understanding of the Earth's history, including palaeogeography, paleoclimatology and the history of life. The scientifi... | Sedimentary Rock | 0.776799 |
99,402 | Sedimentary rocks are often deposited in large structures called sedimentary basins. Sedimentary rocks have also been found on Mars. The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for civil engineering, for example in the construction of roads, houses, tunnels, c... | Sedimentary Rock | 0.776799 |
99,403 | In organic chemistry, sulfamoyl fluoride is an organic compound having the chemical formula F−SO2−N(−R1)−R2. Its derivatives are called sulfamoyl fluorides. Examples of sulfamoyl fluorides include: Sulfamoyl fluorides are contrasted with the sulfonimidoyl fluorides with structure R1-S(O)(F)=N-R2. | Sulfamoyl fluoride | 0.776798 |
99,404 | In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance. As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase ge... | Pancreatic amylase | 0.776798 |
99,405 | Although OmpX has the same beta-sheet topology as the structurally related outer membrane protein A (OmpA) InterPro: IPR000498, their barrels differ with respect to the shear numbers and internal hydrogen-bonding networks. OspA from Borrelia burgdorferi is an unusual outer surface protein, it has two globular domains w... | Virulence-related outer membrane protein family | 0.776795 |
99,406 | The second annual Virginia Cybersecurity Education Conference took place on George Mason University's Fairfax campus in August 2019. In July 2019, the Cyber Range expanded its services beyond the Commonwealth of Virginia by launching the US Cyber Range. This courseware is offered as a service center of Virginia Tech ==... | Virginia Cyber Range | 0.776791 |
99,407 | It also supports the annual Virginia CyberFusion Cyber Cup competition. The Virginia Cyber Range hosted the Inaugural Virginia Cybersecurity Education Conference at James Madison University in August 2018. | Virginia Cyber Range | 0.776791 |
99,408 | The idea of a cyber range for education in cybersecurity in Virginia was first proposed by Governor Terry McAuliffe in late 2015. The 2017 - 2018 Commonwealth of Virginia Biennial Budget provided initial funding for the Virginia Cyber Range. Specifically, $4 million over two years was "designated to support a cyber ran... | Virginia Cyber Range | 0.776791 |
99,409 | The Virginia Cyber Range is an educational and research institute funded by a $4-million grant from the Commonwealth of Virginia to promote education in cybersecurity across the state. Currently, the Cyber Range is based out of the Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center. | Virginia Cyber Range | 0.776791 |
99,410 | The Heckman correction is a two-step M-estimator where the covariance matrix generated by OLS estimation of the second stage is inconsistent. Correct standard errors and other statistics can be generated from an asymptotic approximation or by resampling, such as through a bootstrap. | Heckman correction | 0.77679 |
99,411 | This claim was based on untested scaling assumptions, and a more rigorous analysis showed that sandpile models generally produce 1/fa spectra, with a<2. Other simulation models were proposed later that could produce true 1/f noise.In addition to the nonconservative theoretical model mentioned above, other theoretical m... | Self-organized criticality | 0.77679 |
99,412 | Self-organized criticality is one of a number of important discoveries made in statistical physics and related fields over the latter half of the 20th century, discoveries which relate particularly to the study of complexity in nature. For example, the study of cellular automata, from the early discoveries of Stanislaw... | Self-organized criticality | 0.77679 |
99,413 | It has been found that the avalanches from an SOC process make effective patterns in a random search for optimal solutions on graphs. An example of such an optimization problem is graph coloring. The SOC process apparently helps the optimization from getting stuck in a local optimum without the use of any annealing sch... | Self-organized criticality | 0.77679 |
99,414 | In cases where statistically independent data are modelled by a parametric family of distributions other than the normal distribution, the population standard deviation will, if it exists, be a function of the parameters of the model. One general approach to estimation would be maximum likelihood. Alternatively, it may... | Unbiased estimation of standard deviation | 0.776787 |
99,415 | In statistics, the standard deviation of a population of numbers is often estimated from a random sample drawn from the population. This is the sample standard deviation, which is defined by s = ∑ i = 1 n ( x i − x ¯ ) 2 n − 1 , {\displaystyle s={\sqrt {\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{n}(x_{i}-{\overline {x}})^{2}}{n-1}}},} where ... | Unbiased estimation of standard deviation | 0.776787 |
99,416 | In statistics and in particular statistical theory, unbiased estimation of a standard deviation is the calculation from a statistical sample of an estimated value of the standard deviation (a measure of statistical dispersion) of a population of values, in such a way that the expected value of the calculation equals th... | Unbiased estimation of standard deviation | 0.776787 |
99,417 | The table below gives numerical values of c 4 ( n ) {\displaystyle c_{4}(n)} and algebraic expressions for some values of n {\displaystyle n} ; more complete tables may be found in most textbooks on statistical quality control. It is important to keep in mind this correction only produces an unbiased estimator for norm... | Unbiased estimation of standard deviation | 0.776787 |
99,418 | When the random variable is normally distributed, a minor correction exists to eliminate the bias. To derive the correction, note that for normally distributed X, Cochran's theorem implies that ( n − 1 ) s 2 / σ 2 {\displaystyle (n-1)s^{2}/\sigma ^{2}} has a chi square distribution with n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} degree... | Unbiased estimation of standard deviation | 0.776787 |
99,419 | increased water temperature (marine heatwaves, most commonly due to global warming), or reduced water temperatures increased solar irradiance (photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet light) increased sedimentation (due to silt runoff) bacterial infections changes in salinity herbicides extreme low tide and ... | Coral bleaching | 0.776786 |
99,420 | This project may be helping to replenish our reefs, but the growing process of corals in research tanks is very time-consuming. It can take at least 10 years for the corals to fully grow and mature enough to where they will be able to breed. Following Ruth Gates' death in October 2018, her team at the Gates Coral Lab a... | Coral bleaching | 0.776786 |
99,421 | During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.Factors that influence the outcome of a bleaching event include stress-resistance which reduces bleaching, tolerance to the absence of zooxanthellae, and how quickly new coral grows to replace the dead. Due to the patchy nature of... | Coral bleaching | 0.776786 |
99,422 | Šmihula identified six long-waves within modern society and the capitalist economy, each of which was initiated by a specific technological revolution: Wave of the Financial-agricultural revolution (1600–1780) Wave of the Industrial revolution (1780–1880) Wave of the Technical revolution (1880–1940) Wave of the Scienti... | Long waves | 0.776785 |
99,423 | According to Leo A. Nefiodow, the carrier of this new long cycle will be health in a holistic sense—including its physical, psychological, mental, social, ecological and spiritual aspects; the basic innovations of the sixth Kondratieff are "psychosocial health" and "biotechnology".More recently, the physicist and syste... | Long waves | 0.776785 |
99,424 | Containers will be arranged depending on their destinations (those going to the first port calls in the schedule will be placed on top), cargo weight (lighter containers are stored on top of heavier ones), cargo nature (dangerous goods containers normally are placed at the end of ship, and on upper deck to minimize the... | Stowage | 0.776778 |
99,425 | This would contradict the Baire category theorem: because the reals form a complete metric space, they form a Baire space, which cannot be meager in itself. A variant of Thomae's function can be used to show that any Fσ subset of the real numbers can be the set of discontinuities of a function. If A = ⋃ n = 1 ∞ F n {\t... | Thomae's function | 0.776776 |
99,426 | In nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo when it has a core nucleus surrounded by a "halo" of orbiting protons or neutrons, which makes the radius of the nucleus appreciably larger than that predicted by the liquid drop model. Halo nuclei form at the extreme edges... | Halo nucleus | 0.77677 |
99,427 | The total angular momentum operators are defined by the coproduct (or tensor product) of the two representations acting on V1⊗V2, The total angular momentum operators can be shown to satisfy the very same commutation relations, where k, l, m ∈ {x, y, z}. Indeed, the preceding construction is the standard method for con... | Clebsch–Gordan coefficients | 0.77677 |
99,428 | The action of the total angular momentum operator on this space constitutes a representation of the su(2) Lie algebra, but a reducible one. The reduction of this reducible representation into irreducible pieces is the goal of Clebsch–Gordan theory. Let V1 be the (2 j1 + 1)-dimensional vector space spanned by the states... | Clebsch–Gordan coefficients | 0.77677 |
99,429 | It is diagonal and its eigenvalue characterizes the particular irreducible representation of the angular momentum algebra s o ( 3 , R ) ≅ s u ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {so}}(3,\mathbb {R} )\cong {\mathfrak {su}}(2)} . This is physically interpreted as the square of the total angular momentum of the states on whic... | Clebsch–Gordan coefficients | 0.77677 |
99,430 | From a vector calculus perspective, the CG coefficients associated with the SO(3) group can be defined simply in terms of integrals of products of spherical harmonics and their complex conjugates. The addition of spins in quantum-mechanical terms can be read directly from this approach as spherical harmonics are eigenf... | Clebsch–Gordan coefficients | 0.77677 |
99,431 | In physics, the Clebsch–Gordan (CG) coefficients are numbers that arise in angular momentum coupling in quantum mechanics. They appear as the expansion coefficients of total angular momentum eigenstates in an uncoupled tensor product basis. In more mathematical terms, the CG coefficients are used in representation theo... | Clebsch–Gordan coefficients | 0.77677 |
99,432 | The Matter/Form dichotomy was to become highly influential in later philosophy as the substance/essence distinction. The opening arguments in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Book I, revolve around the senses, knowledge, experience, theory, and wisdom. The first main focus in the Metaphysics is attempting to determine how inte... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,433 | Plato's pupil Aristotle wrote widely on almost every subject, including metaphysics. His solution to the problem of universals contrasts with Plato's. Whereas Platonic Forms are existentially apparent in the visible world, Aristotelian essences dwell in particulars. Potentiality and actuality are principles of a dichot... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,434 | Carnap took a similar line with the controversy over the reality of the external world. While the logical positivism movement is now considered dead (with Ayer, a major proponent, admitting in a 1979 TV interview that "nearly all of it was false"), it has continued to influence philosophy development.Arguing against su... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,435 | Wittgenstein introduced the concept that metaphysics could be influenced by theories of aesthetics, via logic, vis. a world composed of "atomical facts".In the 1930s, A.J. | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,436 | Although he followed Hume in rejecting much of previous metaphysics, he argued that there was still room for some synthetic a priori knowledge, concerned with matters of fact yet obtainable independent of experience. These included fundamental structures of space, time, and causality. He also argued for the freedom of ... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,437 | Meta-metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the foundations of metaphysics. A number of individuals have suggested that much or all of metaphysics should be rejected, a meta-metaphysical position known as metaphysical deflationism or ontological deflationism.In the 16th century, Francis Bacon re... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,438 | Major ideas in Islamic metaphysics (Arabic: ما وراء الطبيعة, romanized: Mawaraultabia) have surrounded the concept of weḥdah (وحدة) meaning 'unity', or in Arabic توحيد tawhid. Waḥdat al-wujūd literally means the 'unity of existence' or 'unity of being'. In modern times the phrase has been translated as "pantheism." Wuj... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,439 | Realization of the nature of self-identity is the principal object of the Vedanta system of Indian metaphysics. In the Upanishads, self-consciousness is not the first-person indexical self-awareness or the self-awareness which is self-reference without identification, and also not the self-consciousness which as a kind... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,440 | Also, adherence to a deterministic metaphysics in the face of the challenge posed by the quantum-mechanical uncertainty principle led physicists such as Albert Einstein to propose alternative theories that retained determinism. A.N. Whitehead is famous for creating a process philosophy metaphysics inspired by electroma... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,441 | "An example from biology of Lakatos' thesis: David Hull has argued that changes in the ontological status of the species concept have been central in the development of biological thought from Aristotle through Cuvier, Lamarck, and Darwin. Darwin's ignorance of metaphysics made it more difficult for him to respond to h... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,442 | These profound results in applied elementary logic...represented an important corrective to positivist teachings about the meaninglessness of metaphysics and of normative claims". Imre Lakatos maintained that all scientific theories have a metaphysical "hard core" essential for the generation of hypotheses and theoreti... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,443 | Alexandre Koyré led this movement, declaring in his book Metaphysics and Measurement, "It is not by following experiment, but by outstripping experiment, that the scientific mind makes progress." That metaphysical propositions can influence scientific theorizing is John Watkins' most lasting contribution to philosophy.... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,444 | Can theories be reformulated by converting properties or predicates (such as "red") into entities (such as redness or redness fields) or processes ('there is some redding happening over there' appears in some human languages in place of the use of properties). Is the distinction between objects and properties fundament... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,445 | Stating such postulates is considered to be the "end" of a science theory. Metaphysics takes these postulates and explores what they mean as human concepts. For example, do all theories of physics require the existence of space and time, objects, and properties? | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,446 | Science and philosophy have been considered separated disciplines ever since. Thereafter, metaphysics denoted philosophical enquiry of a non-empirical character into the nature of existence.Metaphysics continues asking "why" where science leaves off. For example, any theory of fundamental physics is based on some set o... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,447 | This school was very influential in developing the concepts of later Chinese metaphysics. Buddhist philosophy entered China (c. 1st century) and was influenced by the native Chinese metaphysical concepts to develop new theories. The native Tiantai and Huayen schools of philosophy maintained and reinterpreted the Indian... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,448 | Metaphysics in Chinese philosophy can be traced back to the earliest Chinese philosophical concepts from the Zhou dynasty such as Tian (Heaven) and yin and yang. The fourth century BCE saw a turn towards cosmogony with the rise of Taoism (in the Daodejing and Zhuangzi) and sees the natural world as dynamic and constant... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,449 | Metaphysical cosmology is the branch of metaphysics that deals with the world as the totality of all phenomena in space and time. Historically, it formed a major part of the subject alongside ontology, though its role is more peripheral in contemporary philosophy. It has had a broad scope, and in many cases was founded... | Identity and change | 0.776769 |
99,450 | However, the latter application is less useful than the transformation from the site pattern vector to the tree vector because there are other ways to calculate site likelihoods that are much more efficient. However, the invertible nature of the phylogenetic Hadamard transform does provide an elegant tool for mathemati... | Walsh–Hadamard transform | 0.776767 |
99,451 | The Hadamard transform can be used to estimate phylogenetic trees from molecular data. Phylogenetics is the subfield of evolutionary biology focused on understanding the relationships among organisms. A Hadamard transform applied to a vector (or matrix) of site pattern frequencies obtained from a DNA multiple sequence ... | Walsh–Hadamard transform | 0.776767 |
99,452 | "As to the character of their appearance and mode of progression, it was observed that they swept along with a flight that was at once rapid and orderly, there was no confusion of the wavy lines with one another, but all bore along in one and the same direction in parallel formation, traversing the ground as water-wave... | Shadow bands | 0.776766 |
99,453 | In algebraic geometry, a lemniscate is any of several figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves. The word comes from the Latin lēmniscātus meaning "decorated with ribbons", from the Greek λημνίσκος meaning "ribbon", or which alternatively may refer to the wool from which the ribbons were made.Curves that have been called a lemni... | Lemniscate | 0.776765 |
99,454 | Like the hippopede, it is an algebraic curve, the zero set of the polynomial ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 − a 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) {\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}-a^{2}(x^{2}-y^{2})} . Bernoulli's brother Jacob Bernoulli also studied the same curve in the same year, and gave it its name, the lemniscate. It may also be defined geometric... | Lemniscate | 0.776765 |
99,455 | The consideration of curves with a figure-eight shape can be traced back to Proclus, a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher and mathematician who lived in the 5th century AD. Proclus considered the cross-sections of a torus by a plane parallel to the axis of the torus. As he observed, for most such sections the cross section... | Lemniscate | 0.776765 |
99,456 | Other figure-eight shaped algebraic curves include The Devil's curve, a curve defined by the quartic equation y 2 ( y 2 − a 2 ) = x 2 ( x 2 − b 2 ) {\displaystyle y^{2}(y^{2}-a^{2})=x^{2}(x^{2}-b^{2})} in which one connected component has a figure-eight shape, Watt's curve, a figure-eight shaped curve formed by a mecha... | Lemniscate | 0.776765 |
99,457 | In philosophy of perception and epistemology, naïve realism (also known as direct realism, perceptual realism, or common sense realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are. When referred to as direct realism, naïve realism is often contrasted with indirect realism.... | Direct realism | 0.776761 |
99,458 | Johnston (1915) online, essays by Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart David Edwards & Steven Wilcox (1982). "Some Gibsonian perspectives on the ways that psychologists use physics" (PDF). Acta Psychologica. | Direct realism | 0.776761 |
99,459 | The giant shield volcanoes are younger, formed between 1 and 2 billion years ago. Olympus Mons may be "as young as 200 million years. "Norman H. Sleep, professor of geophysics at Stanford University, described how the three volcanoes that form a line along the Tharsis Ridge may be extinct island arc volcanoes like the ... | Volcanism on Mars | 0.77676 |
99,460 | In computer science and automata theory, a deterministic Büchi automaton is a theoretical machine which either accepts or rejects infinite inputs. Such a machine has a set of states and a transition function, which determines which state the machine should move to from its current state when it reads the next input cha... | Büchi automata | 0.776757 |
99,461 | At some non-deterministically chosen position in the input word, A' decides of jump into newly added states via a transition in ∆1. Then, the transitions in ∆2 try to visit all the states of Fi and keep growing R. Once R becomes equal to Fi then it is reset to the empty set and ∆2 try to visit all the states of Fi stat... | Büchi automata | 0.776757 |
99,462 | Organogallium chemistry is the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing a carbon to gallium (Ga) chemical bond. Despite their high toxicity, organogallium compounds have some use in organic synthesis. The compound trimethylgallium is of some relevance to MOCVD as a precursor to gallium arsenide via its reaction... | Organothallium chemistry | 0.776754 |
99,463 | A case of great practical interest is illustrated in the figure. The duration of the x sequence is N (or less), and the duration of the h sequence is significantly less. Then many of the values of the circular convolution are identical to values of x∗h, which is actually the desired result when the h sequence is a fini... | Circular convolution | 0.776753 |
99,464 | The Appaloosa horse is the breed best known for the leopard complex patterns, though the complex also characterizes the Knabstrupper, as well as breeds related to the Appaloosa such as the Pony of the Americas and Colorado Ranger. The gene is also relatively common in the Falabella, the Noriker and the related South Ge... | Leopard complex | 0.776753 |
99,465 | Like much of coat color genetics, commonly used terms do not necessarily correspond to precise genetic states. Nevertheless, terminology can reveal a lot about the genetic interactions surrounding the leopard complex. Heterozygous Lp/lp horses with extensive white patterning at birth are white with large, self-colored ... | Leopard complex | 0.776753 |
99,466 | Index Fungorum is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. As of 2015 the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. It is somewhat comparable t... | Index Fungorum | 0.776753 |
99,467 | The algorithm presented here is the simplest version. In many practical implementations, more complicated rank-1 corrections are used to guarantee stability; some variants even use rank-2 corrections.There exist specialized root-finding techniques for rational functions that may do better than the Newton-Raphson method... | Divide-and-conquer eigenvalue algorithm | 0.776753 |
99,468 | Divide-and-conquer eigenvalue algorithms are a class of eigenvalue algorithms for Hermitian or real symmetric matrices that have recently (circa 1990s) become competitive in terms of stability and efficiency with more traditional algorithms such as the QR algorithm. The basic concept behind these algorithms is the divi... | Divide-and-conquer eigenvalue algorithm | 0.776753 |
99,469 | As is common for divide and conquer algorithms, we will use the master theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrences to analyze the running time. Remember that above we stated we choose n ≈ m / 2 {\displaystyle n\approx m/2} . We can write the recurrence relation: T ( m ) = 2 × T ( m 2 ) + Θ ( m 2 ) {\displaystyle T(m)=2\... | Divide-and-conquer eigenvalue algorithm | 0.776753 |
99,470 | Democrats said that the tax measure was modest and only took back tax breaks the oil companies received in 2004 and that they did not need them with oil prices at about $90 a barrel.The House version of the bill (with $13 billion raised from the oil industry, a mandate that utilities rely on renewable energy for at lea... | Advanced Energy Initiative | 0.776752 |
99,471 | Green jobs – creation of a training program for "Energy efficiency and renewable energy workers". Energy transportation and infrastructure. New initiatives for highway, sea and railroad infrastructure. | Advanced Energy Initiative | 0.776752 |
99,472 | Many states, including California, had already banned the substance. The H-Prize program, which awards cash prizes for technological advances toward a hydrogen economy Taxpayer funding of research and development of solar energy, geothermal energy, and marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies. Expanded fed... | Advanced Energy Initiative | 0.776752 |
99,473 | In mathematical physics, the Ehlers group, named after Jürgen Ehlers, is a finite-dimensional transformation group of stationary vacuum spacetimes which maps solutions of Einstein's field equations to other solutions. It has since found a number of applications, from use as a tool in the discovery of previously unknown... | Ehlers group | 0.77675 |
99,474 | The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) monitors meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense. The program is managed by the United States Space Force with on-orbit operations provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). ... | Defense Meteorological Satellite Program | 0.77675 |
99,475 | John Northrup Shive (February 22, 1913 – June 1, 1984) was an American physicist and inventor. He made notable contributions in electronic engineering and solid-state physics during the early days of transistor development at Bell Laboratories. In particular, he produced experimental evidence that holes could diffuse t... | Shive wave machine | 0.776749 |
99,476 | John N. Shive was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on February 22, 1913, and grew up in New Jersey. Shive graduated from Rutgers University with a BS in physics and chemistry in 1934. He also earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins University, submitting a dissertation Practice and theory of the modulation of Geiger counters in 19... | Shive wave machine | 0.776749 |
99,477 | 239–243, 1953. doi:10.1364/JOSA.43.000239 John N. Shive and Robert L. Weber, Similarities in Physics. New York, NY: Wiley, 1982. ISBN 978-0471897958. | Shive wave machine | 0.776749 |
99,478 | Then the operator ( K f ) ( x ) = ∫ X k ( x , y ) f ( y ) d y {\displaystyle (Kf)(x)=\int _{X}k(x,y)f(y)\,dy} is compact. If k ( x , y ) = k ( y , x ) ¯ {\displaystyle k(x,y)={\overline {k(y,x)}}} then K is also self-adjoint and so the spectral theorem applies. This is one of the fundamental constructions of such opera... | Hilbert–Schmidt integral operator | 0.776747 |
99,479 | A version of the concentric cylinder packed particles or close-packed polymer to create a three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) carbon anode. This system is fabricated by using colloidal crystal templating, electrochemical thin-film growth, and soft sol–gel chemistry. 3DOM materials have a unique structure of ... | Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries | 0.776747 |
99,480 | Solid state batteries employ geometry most similar to traditional thin-film batteries. Three-dimensional thin-films use the third dimension to increase the electrochemically active area. Thin film two dimensional batteries are restricted to between 2-5 micrometres, limiting areal capacity to significantly less than tha... | Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries | 0.776747 |
99,481 | Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries are attempts to employ nanotechnology to improve the design of lithium-ion batteries. Research in lithium-ion batteries focuses on improving energy density, power density, safety, durability and cost. | Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries | 0.776747 |
99,482 | Most designs were half-cell experiments; testing only the anode or cathode. As geometries become more complex, non-line-of-sight methods to in-fill the design with electrolyte materials supply the oppositely charged electrode is essential. These batteries can be coated with various materials to improve their performanc... | Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries | 0.776747 |
99,483 | Optimization of L can lead to significant improvement in areal capacity; an L on the size scale of 500 micrometres results in a 350% increase in capacity over a comparable two dimensional battery. However, ohmic losses increase with L, eventually offsetting the enhancement achieved through increasing L. For this geomet... | Nanoarchitectures for lithium-ion batteries | 0.776747 |
99,484 | A Zigzag pattern of fetal heart rate (FHR) is defined as FHR baseline amplitude changes of more than 25 beats per minute (bpm) with a minimum duration of 2 minutes and maximum of 30 minutes. However, according to another study, even a >1 min duration of the zigzag pattern is associated with an increased risk of adverse... | Electronic fetal monitoring | 0.776747 |
99,485 | Ultratech, Inc. is an international technology company based in San Jose, California, that supplies equipment to global semiconductor fabrication plants, and also makes tools for nanotechnology applications by optical networking, data storage and automotive and display industries. Since May 2017 it has been owned by Ve... | Ultratech | 0.776746 |
99,486 | Intel Corp. accounted for 26% of Ultratech's sales. Sales to nanotechnology manufacturers reached a quarter of total company sales in 2003. With the financial recovery, Ultratech's always-volatile stock price soared from under US$10 per share in the first quarter, to the mid 30s by year end.In 2004, Ultratech formally ... | Ultratech | 0.776746 |
99,487 | In molecular biology, the adhesin molecule (immunoglobulin-like) is a protein domain. This domain is found in mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 proteins (MAdCAM-1). These are cell adhesion molecules expressed on the endothelium in mucosa that guide the specific homing of lymphocytes into mucosal tissu... | Adhesion molecule (immunoglobulin-like) | 0.776746 |
99,488 | Photolithography step-and-repeat 1X steppers utilizing the Wynne Dyson optical design:1000 Family (for scanner replacement, high volume/low cost semi fab, R&D packaging) Saturn Wafer Stepper Family (for mix-and-match advanced semiconductor fabrication) Saturn Spectrum Wafer Family (for flip-chip bump processing) Titan ... | Ultratech | 0.776746 |
99,489 | P. Caloi (1967). "The "20° Discontinuity"". In H. E. Landsberg, J. Van Mieghem (ed.). Advances in geophysics, Volume 12. | Lehmann discontinuity | 0.776746 |
99,490 | In theoretical physics, soft SUSY breaking is type of supersymmetry breaking that does not cause ultraviolet divergences to appear in scalar masses. | Soft SUSY breaking | 0.776744 |
99,491 | Sulfonyl fluorides have the general formula RSO2F. "Most, if not all" industrially synthesized perfluorooctanesulfonyl derivatives, such as PFOS, have the sulfonyl fluoride as their precursor.In the laboratory, sulfonyl fluorides are used in molecular biology as reactive probes. They specifically react with residues ba... | Sulfonyl chloride | 0.776743 |
99,492 | Typically, separate lanes are used for the inverted inputs and are tapped separately. The name Manhattan wiring relates to its Manhattan geometry. Reminiscent of how streets in Manhattan, New York tend to criss-cross in a very regular grid, it relates to appearance of such circuit diagrams. Manhattan wiring is often us... | Manhattan wiring | 0.776742 |
99,493 | Individually or as a society humans have engaged since pre-history in developing their perception of space above the ground, or the cosmos at large, and developing their place in it. Social sciences have been studying such works of people from pre-history to the contemporary with the fields of archaeoastronomy to cultu... | Space Migration | 0.776741 |
99,494 | The location of human presence has been studied throughout history by astronomy and was significant in order to relate to the heavens, that is to outer space and its bodies. The historic argument between geocentrism and heliocentrism is one example about the location of human presence. | Space Migration | 0.776741 |
99,495 | Space exploration#Rationales Benefits of space exploration NASA spinoff technologies Space research Earth observation Astronomy Space observatory Search for extraterrestrial life (see also first contact) Communication Spaceflight/Space transportation Commercial use of space Space tourism Space mining (see also Surface ... | Space Migration | 0.776741 |
99,496 | In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition) without changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a re... | Transposition cipher | 0.77674 |
99,497 | Brute-force attack: If keys are derived from dictionary words or phrases from books or other publicly available sources, it may be possible to brute-force the solution by attempting billions of possible words, word combinations, and phrases as keys. Depth attack: If two or more messages of the same length are encoded w... | Transposition cipher | 0.77674 |
99,498 | Let V be a finite-dimensional vector space over some field K and suppose T: V → V is a linear map. The spectrum of T, denoted σT, is the multiset of roots of the characteristic polynomial of T. Thus the elements of the spectrum are precisely the eigenvalues of T, and the multiplicity of an eigenvalue λ in the spectrum ... | Spectrum of a matrix | 0.776739 |
99,499 | A Langevin equation is a coarse-grained version of a more microscopic model; depending on the problem in consideration, Stratonovich or Itô interpretation or even more exotic interpretations such as the isothermal interpretation, are appropriate. The Stratonovich interpretation is the most frequently used interpretatio... | Stratonovich integral | 0.776738 |
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