id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 21 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 124 | similarity float32 0.78 0.88 |
|---|---|---|---|
99,500 | The Stratonovich integral lacks the important property of the Itô integral, which does not "look into the future". In many real-world applications, such as modelling stock prices, one only has information about past events, and hence the Itô interpretation is more natural. In financial mathematics the Itô interpretatio... | Stratonovich integral | 0.776738 |
99,501 | In the supersymmetric theory of SDEs, one considers the evolution operator obtained by averaging the pullback induced on the exterior algebra of the phase space by the stochastic flow determined by an SDE. In this context, it is then natural to use the Stratonovich interpretation of SDEs. | Stratonovich integral | 0.776738 |
99,502 | The address space is divided into subnetworks, involving the designation of network prefixes. IP routing is performed by all hosts, as well as routers, whose main function is to transport packets across network boundaries. Routers communicate with one another via specially designed routing protocols, either interior ga... | Internet Protocol | 0.776736 |
99,503 | In Kostant (1973) the convexity theorem is deduced from a more general convexity theorem concerning the projection onto the component A in the Iwasawa decomposition G = KAN of a real semisimple Lie group G. The result discussed above for compact Lie groups K corresponds to the special case when G is the complexificatio... | Kostant convexity theorem | 0.776735 |
99,504 | Heckman (1982) gave another proof of the convexity theorem for compact Lie groups, also presented in Hilgert, Hofmann & Lawson (1989). For compact groups, Atiyah (1982) and Guillemin & Sternberg (1982) showed that if M is a symplectic manifold with a Hamiltonian action of a torus T with Lie algebra t {\displaystyle {\m... | Kostant convexity theorem | 0.776735 |
99,505 | In mathematics, Kostant's convexity theorem, introduced by Bertram Kostant (1973), states that the projection of every coadjoint orbit of a connected compact Lie group into the dual of a Cartan subalgebra is a convex set. It is a special case of a more general result for symmetric spaces. Kostant's theorem is a general... | Kostant convexity theorem | 0.776735 |
99,506 | Funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. Duration: 3.5 years with extension (April 2016 - September 2020) Objectives: The objective of this project is to investigate and extend the potential of large-scale Cryogenic Energy Storage (CES) and explore the application of the stored energ... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,507 | Commission C1: Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health ProductsCommission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products have clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education. This commission is truly active and participates ... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,508 | The activities of Section C deal with the application of refrigeration technologies to life sciences and food sciences. Commission C1 Cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products is particularly focused on the application of refrigeration technologies on various branches of medicine: cryosurgery and oncology, cryother... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,509 | The hydantoins formed by the Bucherer–Bergs reaction have many useful applications. They: are useful in carbohydrate chemistry. are important heterocyclic scaffolds that induce biological effects. are useful precursors to amino acids, e. g. methionine. have pharmacological importance (ex. 5,5-diphenylhydantoin, also kn... | Bucherer–Bergs reaction | 0.776735 |
99,510 | In some cases, the carbonyl starting material can be sufficiently sterically biased so a single stereoisomer is observed. However, in other cases, there is no selectivity at all, resulting in a 1:1 ratio of stereoisomers. An example taken from "Name Reactions: Heterocyclic Chemistry" by Jie Jack Li shows a case of ster... | Bucherer–Bergs reaction | 0.776735 |
99,511 | In the last years it developed a particular focus on energy saving and sustainability, whilst maintaining good conditions of thermal comfort ranging from topics such as free cooling, solar cooling or long term energy storage. The general importance of the themes addressed by the Commission results in relevant Internati... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,512 | FRIDOC is the most comprehensive database in the world dedicated to refrigeration. It contains over 100,000 references to documents in all domains of refrigeration.A large number of the documents referenced in FRIDOC are scientific and technical. FRIDOC also contains many review articles, documents on economic data and... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,513 | Apart from the personal involvement of Commission members in various projects, the commission is present at conferences, workshops and seminars: LNG International Exhibition and Conference, GASTECH, Cryogenics, Cryogen Expos, European Cryogenic Course and others. The commission is close to academia, industry and end us... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,514 | Commission A1: Cryophysics and CryoengineeringCommission A1 on Cryophysics and Cryoengineering deals with research, development and industrial activities at the lowest temperatures, including low-temperature physics, applications of superconductivity and helium cryogenics. The president of Commission A1 is Dr Ales Srnk... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,515 | Section A also maintains and develops relations with other Sections of the IIR, mainly Commission B1 Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes in the field of thermodynamics and transfer processes, essential tools of the cryogenic engineer, and Commission C1 Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products for the cooling of ... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,516 | Section A on Cryogenics and Liquefied Gases focuses on refrigeration science and technology at low temperatures: the cryogenic domain spans the lower part of the temperature scale, from absolute zero to 120 K, thus encompassing the normal boiling points of air gases as well as of liquid natural gas (LNG). Section A com... | International Institute of Refrigeration | 0.776735 |
99,517 | The disorder is often presented as evidence of our incomplete knowledge of color processing. Color vision research is a well-studied field of modern neuroscience and the underlying anatomical processing in the retina have been well categorized. The presence of another factor in the perception of color by humans illustr... | Cerebral achromatopsia | 0.776734 |
99,518 | The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler (HEK) is a project whose aim is to search for exomoons, natural satellites of exoplanets, using data collected by the Kepler space telescope. Founded by British exomoonologist David Kipping and affiliated with the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, HEK submitted its first... | Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler | 0.776733 |
99,519 | Fortunately, in many cases there are good heuristics making decisions about how to construct the approximation. More technically, general versions of the approximation lead to a sparse Cholesky factor of the precision matrix. Using the standard Cholesky factorization produces entries which can be interpreted as conditi... | Vecchia approximation | 0.776731 |
99,520 | This measure of technological innovation is widely used in empirical research, since it does not rely on the assumption that only technology affects long-run productivity, and fairly accurately captures output variation based on input variation. However, there are limitations with direct measures such as R&D. For examp... | Luddite fallacy | 0.77673 |
99,521 | In an October 2016 interview, US President Barack Obama said that due to the growth of artificial intelligence, society would be debating "unconditional free money for everyone" within 10 to 20 years. In 2019, computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Stuart J. Russell stated that "in the long run nearly al... | Luddite fallacy | 0.77673 |
99,522 | A better approach to anticipate the skills on which humans will provide value would be to find out activities where we will insist that humans remain accountable for important decisions, such as with judges, CEOs, bus drivers and government leaders, or where human nature can only be satisfied by deep interpersonal conn... | Luddite fallacy | 0.77673 |
99,523 | Finland has aimed to help the citizens of other EU nations acquire the skills they need to compete in the post AI jobs market, making a free course on "The Elements of AI" available in multiple European languages. Oracle CEO Mark Hurd predicted that AI "will actually create more jobs, not less jobs" as humans will be n... | Luddite fallacy | 0.77673 |
99,524 | Since about 2017, a new wave of concern over technological unemployment had become prominent, this time over the effects of artificial intelligence (AI). Commentators including Calum Chace and Daniel Hulme have warned that if unchecked, AI threatens to cause an "economic singularity", with job churn too rapid for human... | Luddite fallacy | 0.77673 |
99,525 | Rutherford and James Chadwick then used alpha particles to "disintegrate" boron, fluorine, sodium, aluminum, and phosphorus before reaching a limitation associated with the energy of his alpha particle source. Eventually, in 1932, a fully artificial nuclear reaction and nuclear transmutation was achieved by Rutherford'... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,526 | The discovery of nuclear fission occurred in 1938 in the buildings of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for Chemistry, today part of the Free University of Berlin, following over four decades of work on the science of radioactivity and the elaboration of new nuclear physics that described the components of atoms. In 1911, Ern... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,527 | Research reactors produce neutrons that are used in various ways, with the heat of fission being treated as an unavoidable waste product. Breeder reactors are a specialized form of research reactor, with the caveat that the sample being irradiated is usually the fuel itself, a mixture of 238U and 235U. For a more detai... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,528 | The results confirmed that fission was occurring and hinted strongly that it was the isotope uranium 235 in particular that was fissioning. The next day, the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics began in Washington, D.C. under the joint auspices of the George Washington University and the Carnegie Institu... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,529 | Bohr soon thereafter went from Princeton to Columbia to see Fermi. Not finding Fermi in his office, Bohr went down to the cyclotron area and found Herbert L. Anderson. Bohr grabbed him by the shoulder and said: "Young man, let me explain to you about something new and exciting in physics." | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,530 | Just as the term nuclear "chain reaction" would later be borrowed from chemistry, so the term "fission" was borrowed from biology.News spread quickly of the new discovery, which was correctly seen as an entirely novel physical effect with great scientific—and potentially practical—possibilities. Meitner's and Frisch's ... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,531 | The German chemist Ida Noddack notably suggested in 1934 that instead of creating a new, heavier element 93, that "it is conceivable that the nucleus breaks up into several large fragments." However, the quoted objection comes some distance down, and was but one of several gaps she noted in Fermi's claim. Although Nodd... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,532 | : 165, 216–220 Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the results of bombarding uranium with neutrons in 1934. Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and 94 protons, which the group dubbed ausonium and hesperium. However, not all were convinced by Fermi's analysis of his results,... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,533 | While the fundamental physics of the fission chain reaction in a nuclear weapon is similar to the physics of a controlled nuclear reactor, the two types of device must be engineered quite differently (see nuclear reactor physics). A nuclear bomb is designed to release all its energy at once, while a reactor is designed... | Nuclear Fission | 0.776729 |
99,534 | ": 369 By the 2010s, O'Neill's old vision of space colonisation had long since been turned upside down in many places: Instead of dispatching colonists from earth to live in remote space settlements, some ecology-minded space advocates conjecture that resources could be mined from asteroids in space and transported bac... | Steady state economy | 0.776729 |
99,535 | Odum later co-developed the concept of emergy (i.e., embodied energy) and made other valuable contributions to ecology and systems analysis. His work provided the biological term 'ecology' with its broader societal meaning used today. : 68–71: 14f In 1972, scientist and systems analyst Dennis Meadows and his team of re... | Steady state economy | 0.776729 |
99,536 | : 13: 164f: 160–171 Also in 1971, pioneering ecologist and general systems analyst Howard T. Odum published his book on Environment, Power and Society, where he described human society in terms of ecology. He formulated the maximum power principle, according to which all organisms, ecosystems and human societies organi... | Steady state economy | 0.776729 |
99,537 | The Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy (CASSE) define steady state economy, not only as an economy with some constant level of consumption, but as an economy with the best possible level of consumption maintained constantly. To define what is this level, it consider not only ecology, but also life l... | Steady state economy | 0.776729 |
99,538 | It is hard to classify the Dobsonian Telescope as a single invention. In the field of amateur telescope making most, if not all, of its design features had been used before. John Dobson, credited as having invented this design in 1965 pointed out that "for hundreds of years, wars were fought using cannon on 'Dobsonian'... | Dobsonian telescope | 0.776727 |
99,539 | The Demographic Service was created in 1940 in order to replace the military recruitment office prohibited by the June 1940 Armistice with Nazi Germany. On October 11, 1941, the Demographic Service absorbed the former General Statistics of France (SGF, created in 1833). The new organization was called the National Stat... | INSEE code | 0.776726 |
99,540 | The INSEE code ( in-SAY) is a numerical indexing code used by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) to identify various entities, including communes and départements. They are also used as national identification numbers given to people. | INSEE code | 0.776726 |
99,541 | In mathematics, the Hall–Littlewood polynomials are symmetric functions depending on a parameter t and a partition λ. They are Schur functions when t is 0 and monomial symmetric functions when t is 1 and are special cases of Macdonald polynomials. They were first defined indirectly by Philip Hall using the Hall algebra... | Hall-Littlewood polynomials | 0.776726 |
99,542 | Tegmark goes on to note that although conventional theories in physics are Gödel-undecidable, the actual mathematical structure describing our world could still be Gödel-complete, and "could in principle contain observers capable of thinking about Gödel-incomplete mathematics, just as finite-state digital computers can... | Ultimate multiverse | 0.776725 |
99,543 | It has also been suggested that the MUH is inconsistent with Gödel's incompleteness theorem. In a three-way debate between Tegmark and fellow physicists Piet Hut and Mark Alford, the "secularist" (Alford) states that "the methods allowed by formalists cannot prove all the theorems in a sufficiently powerful system... T... | Ultimate multiverse | 0.776725 |
99,544 | Andreas Albrecht of Imperial College in London called it a "provocative" solution to one of the central problems facing physics. Although he "wouldn't dare" go so far as to say he believes it, he noted that "it's actually quite difficult to construct a theory where everything we see is all there is". | Ultimate multiverse | 0.776725 |
99,545 | In physics and cosmology, the mathematical universe hypothesis (MUH), also known as the ultimate ensemble theory, is a speculative "theory of everything" (TOE) proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. | Ultimate multiverse | 0.776725 |
99,546 | Takeshi Saito (斎藤 毅 Saitō Takeshi, born 9 September 1961) is a Japanese mathematician, specializing in some areas of number theory and algebraic geometry. His thesis advisor was Kazuya Kato.Saito was an invited speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2010. | Takeshi Saito (mathematician) | 0.776724 |
99,547 | One exception was the Prop-M nanorover on the Russian Mars 3 lander (1971). The 4.5 kg Prop-M used a pair of skis mounted onto legs. The rover had a primitive artificial intelligence: if it met an obstacle it was programmed to reverse and "use the skids on alternate sides to walk around the obstacle".The first rover wa... | PrOP-M | 0.776722 |
99,548 | The PrOP-M rover was designed and manufactured at the Mobile Vehicle Engineering Institute (VNIITransmash) by a team of approximately 150 engineers led by Alexander Kemurdzhian, who also developed the Lunokhod rover.The Mars 2 and Mars 3 landers each carried a PrOP-M rover, designed to move across the Martian surface o... | PrOP-M | 0.776722 |
99,549 | Four international partners, namely the French space agency CNES, European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy have joined with NASA to provide various components and science support for Roman. Beginning in 2016 NASA expressed interest in ESA contrib... | Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope | 0.776722 |
99,550 | NRO offered to donate two telescopes, the same size as the Hubble Space Telescope but with a shorter focal length and hence a wider field of view. This provided important political momentum to the project, even though the telescope represents only a modest fraction of the cost of the mission and the boundary conditions... | Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope | 0.776722 |
99,551 | NASA was funded via a FY2019 appropriations bill on 15 February 2019, with US$312 million for Roman, rejecting the President's reduced Budget Request and reasserting the desire for completion of Roman with a planning budget of US$3.2 billion.In March 2019 the Trump administration again proposed to defund the Roman (the... | Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope | 0.776722 |
99,552 | Roman is on a plan for a mid-2020s launch. The total cost of Roman at that point was expected at more than US$2 billion; NASA's 2015 budget estimate was around US$2.0 billion in 2010 dollars, which corresponds to around US$2.7 billion in real year (inflation-adjusted) dollars.In April 2017, NASA commissioned an indepen... | Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope | 0.776722 |
99,553 | In organic chemistry, an aryl halide (also known as haloarene) is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms, directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. The haloarene are different from haloalkanes because they exhibit many differences in methods of preparation and properties. The most ... | Aryl halide | 0.77672 |
99,554 | After a HP 38G+ prototype was cancelled in 1998, the 38G was replaced in 2000 by the HP 39G and (in Europe and some other markets) HP 40G. The two models were differentiated by the inclusion of a computer algebra system (CAS) in the HP 40G. An unofficial method of operating the 40G's CAS on the 39G was addressed in the... | HP 38G | 0.776715 |
99,555 | PDMS stamps are pieces of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicone, that have been patterned usually against a master mold to form a relief pattern used in soft lithography. This PDMS stamp can be used in either its current form as a relief surface for techniques such as microcontact printing or can also be attached to ... | PDMS stamp | 0.776715 |
99,556 | The calculator is derived from and the hardware is based on the more powerful science/engineering oriented HP 48 series of machines. Unlike the HP 48 series, which offered both reverse Polish notation and algebraic entry logic, the HP 38G has only algebraic entry. The calculator is programmable, supporting small, inter... | HP 38G | 0.776715 |
99,557 | The concept of Voronoi decomposition was investigated by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, leading to the name Dirichlet domain. Further contributions were made from Evgraf Fedorov, (Fedorov parallelohedron), Georgy Voronoy (Voronoi polyhedron), and Paul Niggli (Wirkungsbereich).The application to condensed matter physic... | Wigner-Seitz cell | 0.776714 |
99,558 | The Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics & Engineering (simplified Chinese: 中国岩石力学与工程学会; traditional Chinese: 中國岩石力學與工程學會; pinyin: Zhōngguó Yánshí Lìxué Yǔ Gōngchéng Xuéhuì; abbreviated CSRME) is a professional body and learned society in the field of rock mechanics in China with a focus on water conservation and hydropo... | Chinese Society for Rock Mechanics & Engineering | 0.776713 |
99,559 | In addition, other French writers such as Simone de Beauvoir, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, Alain Badiou, Louis Althusser, and Michel Serres have made extensive use of the word 'clinamen' in their writings, albeit with very different meanings. Lucretius' concept is central to the book The Swerve: How ... | Clinamen | 0.776712 |
99,560 | The Australian Aboriginal Astronomy Project is a collaboration of academics, educators, and Indigenous elders researching the astronomical traditions and knowledge of Indigenous Australians, commonly termed Australian Aboriginal astronomy. This research in cultural astronomy covers the disciplines of archaeoastronomy, ... | Australian Aboriginal Astronomy Project | 0.776711 |
99,561 | A collaborative development environment (CDE) is an online meeting space where a software development project's stakeholders can work together, no matter what time zone or region they are in, to discuss, document, and produce project deliverables. The term was coined in 2002 by Grady Booch and Alan W. Brown.It is seen ... | Collaborative development environment | 0.776709 |
99,562 | The medical school is the home to 4 state key labs and 6 WHO collaborating centers including the: WHO Collaborating Center for Health and Biomedical Information WHO Collaborating Center for the Family of International Classification (WHO-FIC) WHO Collaborating Center for Nursing Policy-Making and Quality Management WHO... | Peking Union Medical College | 0.776708 |
99,563 | Peking Union Medical College students traditionally attend Peking University biology department for their pre-meds portion of education. Since 2002, Tsinghua University has held a joint MD program in clinical medical science. Enrollment in the clinical medical science at PUMC is based on individual's performance in hig... | Peking Union Medical College | 0.776708 |
99,564 | Peking Union Medical College is listed as one of the top 400 universities in the World University Rankings. It is consistently ranked among the top medical schools in China and has ranked in the top 1 or 2 best nationwide, together with Capital Medical University among Chinese Medical Universities in the recognized Bes... | Peking Union Medical College | 0.776708 |
99,565 | Although we have the complete structural connectome, we do not know the synaptic weights at each of the known synapses. We do not even know whether the synapses are inhibitory or excitatory. To compensate for this the Hiroshima group used machine learning to find some weights of the synapses which would generate the de... | OpenWorm | 0.776708 |
99,566 | An element f ∈ k is called an invariant (with respect to GL(d)) if g⋅f = f for any g ∈ GL(d). The set of invariants I ( Q , d ) := k G L ( d ) {\displaystyle I(Q,\mathbf {d} ):=k^{GL(\mathbf {d} )}} is in general a subalgebra of k. | Semi-invariant of a quiver | 0.776708 |
99,567 | In mathematics, given a quiver Q with set of vertices Q0 and set of arrows Q1, a representation of Q assigns a vector space Vi to each vertex and a linear map V(α): V(s(α)) → V(t(α)) to each arrow α, where s(α), t(α) are, respectively, the starting and the ending vertices of α. Given an element d ∈ N {\displaystyle \ma... | Semi-invariant of a quiver | 0.776708 |
99,568 | OpenWorm is an international open science project for the purpose of simulating the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans at the cellular level. Although the long-term goal is to model all 959 cells of the C. elegans, the first stage is to model the worm's locomotion by simulating the 302 neurons and 95 muscle cells. This b... | OpenWorm | 0.776708 |
99,569 | Let Q be a finite connected quiver. The following are equivalent: i) Q is either a Dynkin quiver or a Euclidean quiver. ii) For each dimension vector d, the algebra SI(Q,d) is complete intersection. iii) For each dimension vector d, the algebra SI(Q,d) is either a polynomial algebra or a hypersurface. | Semi-invariant of a quiver | 0.776708 |
99,570 | iii) SI(Q,d) is the polynomial ring generated by the fσ's, σ ∈ Σ. Furthermore, we have an interpretation for the generators of this polynomial algebra. Let O be the open orbit, then k \ O = Z1 ∪ ... ∪ Zt where each Zi is closed and irreducible. We can assume that the Zis are arranged in increasing order with respect to... | Semi-invariant of a quiver | 0.776708 |
99,571 | The 4010 was not a raster display and thus had an effectively unlimited resolution, but the command decoding circuitry limited this to 1,024 by 1,024. Because the screen had a 4:3 geometry, only 780 points were visible vertically. The origin was in the lower left.Encoding values from 0 to 1,023 required 10 bits; 2^10 =... | Tektronix 4010 | 0.776708 |
99,572 | During a research instructorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the early 1950s, he joined the Control Systems Lab and became one of the early programmers of the ORDVAC. He later worked at Bell Labs and the RAND Corporation before joining New York University. During his time at the NYU, he helped ... | Martin Davis (mathematician) | 0.776705 |
99,573 | The proof of the conjecture was finally completed in 1970 with the work of Russian mathematician Yuri Matiyasevich. This resulted in the MRDP or the DPRM theorem, named for Davis, Putnam, Robinson, and Matiyasevich. Describing the problem, Davis had earlier mentioned that he found the problem "irresistibly seductive" w... | Martin Davis (mathematician) | 0.776705 |
99,574 | Martin David Davis (March 8, 1928 – January 1, 2023) was an American mathematician and computer scientist who made significant contributions to the fields of computability theory and mathematical logic. He is best known for his work on Hilbert's tenth problem leading to the MRDP theorem. He also advanced the Post-Turin... | Martin Davis (mathematician) | 0.776705 |
99,575 | Davis first worked on Hilbert's tenth problem during his PhD dissertation, working with Alonzo Church. The theorem, as posed by the German mathematician David Hilbert, asks a question: given a Diophantine equation, is there an algorithm that can decide if the equation is solvable? Davis's dissertation put forward a con... | Martin Davis (mathematician) | 0.776705 |
99,576 | Davis was also known for his model of Post–Turing machines.In 1974, Davis won the Lester R. Ford Award for his expository writing related to his work on Hilbert's tenth problem, and in 1975 he won the Leroy P. Steele Prize and the Chauvenet Prize (with Reuben Hersh). He became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts a... | Martin Davis (mathematician) | 0.776705 |
99,577 | Even if X {\displaystyle X} is not an abelian group, it can happen that it has a composition which is sufficiently commutative so that one can use the above idea to prove that X {\displaystyle X} is an infinite loop space. In this way, one can prove that the algebraic K {\displaystyle K} -theory of a ring, considered a... | Geometric realization functor | 0.776705 |
99,578 | For instance, the André–Quillen homology of a ring is a "non-abelian homology", defined and studied in this way. Both the algebraic K-theory and the André–Quillen homology are defined using algebraic data to write down a simplicial set, and then taking the homotopy groups of this simplicial set. Simplicial methods are ... | Geometric realization functor | 0.776705 |
99,579 | Simplicial sets were originally used to give precise and convenient descriptions of classifying spaces of groups. This idea was vastly extended by Grothendieck's idea of considering classifying spaces of categories, and in particular by Quillen's work of algebraic K-theory. In this work, which earned him a Fields Medal... | Geometric realization functor | 0.776705 |
99,580 | In physics the Exciton–polariton is a type of polariton; a hybrid light and matter quasiparticle arising from the strong coupling of the electromagnetic dipolar oscillations of excitons (either in bulk or quantum wells) and photons. Because light excitations are observed classically as photons, which are massless parti... | Exciton-polariton | 0.776704 |
99,581 | Prior to 1960, crude extracts of PHA were known to coat the surface of red blood cells, make them heavier, and thereby improve the separation of the white cell buffy coat. Peter Nowell, an immunologist and pathologist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, was using PHA for this purpose in 1960 when he disc... | Phytohaemagglutinin | 0.776704 |
99,582 | Recovery is usually spontaneous and rapid, occurring within three to four hours after onset of symptoms, although some cases have required hospitalization.In medicine these proteins are useful and are used as a mitogen to trigger T-lymphocyte cell division and to activate latent HIV-1 from human peripheral lymphocytes.... | Phytohaemagglutinin | 0.776704 |
99,583 | It was recently demonstrated that continuous Doppler enables the auscultation of valvular movements and blood flow sounds that are undetected during cardiac examination with a stethoscope in adults. The Doppler auscultation presented a sensitivity of 84% for the detection of aortic regurgitations while classic stethosc... | 3D-printed stethoscope | 0.776703 |
99,584 | The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) is a world-wide consortium of institutes operating ground-based magnetometers recording the absolute level of the Earth's time-varying magnetic field, to an agreed set of standards. INTERMAGNET has its roots in discussions held at the Workshop on Ma... | International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network | 0.776703 |
99,585 | The behavior of this space and the material which approaches it are not well understood, with a complete marriage of relativity and quantum physics yet to be achieved. In the final chapter, Thorne delves into even more speculative matters relating to black hole physics, including the existence and nature of wormholes a... | Black Holes and Time Warps | 0.776703 |
99,586 | When the reality of objects which possess an event horizon finally achieved broad acceptance, the stage was set for a thorough investigation into the properties of such objects, yielding the surprising result that black holes have no hair—that is, that their properties are entirely determined by their mass, spin rate, ... | Black Holes and Time Warps | 0.776703 |
99,587 | Over fourteen chapters, Thorne proceeds roughly chronologically, tracing first the crisis in Newtonian physics precipitated by the Michelson–Morley experiment, and the subsequent development of Einstein's theory of special relativity (given mathematical rigor in the form of Minkowski space), and later Einstein's incorp... | Black Holes and Time Warps | 0.776703 |
99,588 | Of the book, The New York Times wrote, "the close and sometimes difficult reasoning it embodies is lightened by a deft, anecdotal approach, and by the author's whimsical drawings and diagrams." Kirkus Reviews opined that "the reader has to wade through many, many pages of theory and diagrams—obvious to the expert but t... | Black Holes and Time Warps | 0.776703 |
99,589 | The PCS is best implemented on a software separation operating system such as SELinux or a separation kernel.OIS's communications products are most frequently found in the enterprise, telecom/datacom, mil/aero, medical, robotics, process control and transportation industries. Objective Interface is a privately held com... | Objective Interface Systems | 0.776702 |
99,590 | 1992 - University of South Florida fabricates a 15.89% efficient thin-film cell. 1993 - The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy Research Facility is established. 1994 - NREL develops a GaInP/GaAs two-terminal concentrator cell (180 suns) which becomes the first solar cell to exceed 30% conversion effici... | Timeline of solar cells | 0.776701 |
99,591 | Department of Energy to establish the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (transferring the existing Solar Energy Research Institute). 1992 - The PV Pioneer Program started at Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD). It was the first broad based commercialization of distributed, grid-connected PV system ("roof-to... | Timeline of solar cells | 0.776701 |
99,592 | 1914 - Sven Ason Berglund patents "methods of increasing the capacity of photosensitive cells." 1916 - Robert Millikan conducts experiments and proves the photoelectric effect. 1918 - Jan Czochralski produces a method to grow single crystals of metal. Decades later, the method is adapted to produce single-crystal silic... | Timeline of solar cells | 0.776701 |
99,593 | 2016 - First Solar says it has converted 22.1 percent of the energy in sunlight into electricity using experimental cells made from cadmium telluride—a technology that today represents around 5 percent of the worldwide solar power market. 2018 - Alta Devices, a US-based specialty gallium arsenide (GaAs) PV manufacturer... | Timeline of solar cells | 0.776701 |
99,594 | Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have set a world record in solar cell efficiency with a photovoltaic device that converts 40.8% of the light that hits it into electricity. However, it was only under the concentrated energy of 326 suns that this was achieved. The inverted metamorphic t... | Timeline of solar cells | 0.776701 |
99,595 | Spinlock was founded in 2003 by Dr. Daniel J. Pusiol, a renowned physicist specialized in NMR and NQR, professor at the National University of Córdoba and member of the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) of Argentina. Mr. Pusiol lead a team of young researchers to build Spinlock, manufacturing... | Spinlock SRL | 0.776701 |
99,596 | It has a simple topology consisting of three α-helices that form a well-packed hydrophobic core. | Villin-1 | 0.776701 |
99,597 | The actual announcement of the discovery of Hercules X-1 by Uhuru occurred at the 1971-72 Winter Meeting of the High-Energy Astrophysics Division AAS held in San Juan. The original discovery of this periodically pulsating binary X-ray source occurred in November 1971. | Hercules X-1 | 0.776699 |
99,598 | Definition: The domain is the set of possible initial histories M of a computation such that M is downward-closed, i.e., if dεM, then ∀d’εTimedDiagrams d’≤d ⇒ d’εM M is closed under least upper bounds of directed sets, i.e. if D⊆M is directed, then VDεM Note: Although Power is ordered by ⊆, limits are not given by U. I... | Denotational semantics of the Actor model | 0.776697 |
99,599 | Let S be an Actor system, ProgressionS is a mapping Power→Power ProgressionS(M) ≡ UdεM Flow(d)Theorem: ProgressionS is ω-continuous. I.e., if ∀i Mi⊆Mi+1 then ProgressionS(⊔iεω Mi) = ⊔iεω ProgressionS(Mi)Furthermore, the least fixed point of ProgressionS is given by the Concurrency Representation Theorem as follows: ⊔iε... | Denotational semantics of the Actor model | 0.776697 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.