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A Berkefeld filter [ 1 ] is a water filter made of diatomaceous earth ( Kieselgur ). It was invented in Germany in 1891, and by 1922 was being marketed in the United Kingdom by the Berkefeld Filter Co. [ 2 ] Berkefeld was the name of the owner of the mine in Hanover , Germany , where the ceramic material was obtained.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkefeld_filter |
Berkeley Madonna is a mathematical modelling software package, developed at the University of California at Berkeley by Robert Macey and George Oster . It numerically solves ordinary differential equations and difference equations , originally developed to execute STELLA programs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Its strength lies in a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Madonna |
The Berkeley SETI Research Center ( BSRC ) conducts experiments searching for optical and electromagnetic transmissions from intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations. [ 1 ] The center is based at the University of California, Berkeley .
The Berkeley SETI Research Center has several SETI searches operating at variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center |
In mathematics , particularly computational algebra , Berlekamp's algorithm is a well-known method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also known as Galois fields ). The algorithm consists mainly of matrix reduction and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by Elwyn Berlekamp in 1967. It was the dom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp's_algorithm |
The Berlekamp switching game is a mathematical game proposed by American mathematician Elwyn Berlekamp . [ 1 ] It has also been called the Gale–Berlekamp switching game , after David Gale , who discovered the same game independently, [ 2 ] or the unbalancing lights game . [ 3 ] It involves a system of lightbulbs contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp_switching_game |
The Berlekamp–Massey algorithm is an algorithm that will find the shortest linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) for a given binary output sequence. The algorithm will also find the minimal polynomial of a linearly recurrent sequence in an arbitrary field . The field requirement means that the Berlekamp–Massey algorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp–Massey_algorithm |
In number theory , Berlekamp's root finding algorithm , also called the Berlekamp–Rabin algorithm , is the probabilistic method of finding roots of polynomials over the field F p {\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p}} with p {\displaystyle p} elements. The method was discovered by Elwyn Berlekamp in 1970 [ 1 ] as an auxiliar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp–Rabin_algorithm |
The Berlekamp–Welch algorithm , also known as the Welch–Berlekamp algorithm , is named for Elwyn R. Berlekamp and Lloyd R. Welch . This is a decoder algorithm that efficiently corrects errors in Reed–Solomon codes for an RS( n , k ), code based on the Reed Solomon original view where a message m 1 , ⋯ , m k {\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp–Welch_algorithm |
In mathematics , in particular in computational algebra , the Berlekamp–Zassenhaus algorithm is an algorithm for factoring polynomials over the integers , named after Elwyn Berlekamp and Hans Zassenhaus . As a consequence of Gauss's lemma , this amounts to solving the problem also over the rationals.
The algorithm sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp–Zassenhaus_algorithm |
A Berlese funnel or Berlese trap is a device used to extract desiccation -intolerant invertebrates from samples of soil or leaf litter . It works by creating a desiccation gradient over the sample such that mobile organisms will move away from the dry environment and fall into a collecting vessel, where they are preser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlese_funnel |
A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier (usually made of compacted soil ) separating areas in a vertical way, especially partway up a long slope. It can serve as a terrace road, track, path, a fortification line , a border / separation barrier for navigation, good drainage, industry, or other purposes.
The w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berm |
In fluid dynamics , Berman flow is a steady flow created inside a rectangular channel with two equally porous walls. The concept is named after a scientist Abraham S. Berman who formulated the problem in 1953. [ 1 ]
Consider a rectangular channel of width much longer than the height. Let the distance between the top a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berman_flow |
The Bermuda Volunteer Engineers was a part-time unit created between the two world wars to replace the Regular Royal Engineers detachment, which was withdrawn from the Bermuda Garrison in 1928.
From 1895 to 1931, the only Bermudian units within the garrison were part-time infantry and artillery soldiers, the Bermuda V... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Volunteer_Engineers |
Bernard Bolzano ( UK : / b ɒ l ˈ t s ɑː n oʊ / , US : / b oʊ l t ˈ s ɑː -, b oʊ l ˈ z ɑː -/ ; German: [bɔlˈtsaːno] ; Italian: [bolˈtsaːno] ; born Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano ; 5 October 1781 – 18 December 1848) [ 5 ] was a Bohemian mathematician , logician , philosopher , theologian and Catholic priest of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano |
Bernard Krone Holding SE & Co. KG is an agricultural technology and commercial vehicle manufacturer based in Spelle in the Emsland district, Lower Saxony . [ 5 ] The company acts as the parent company and corporate headquarters of the Krone Group. The Krone Group is wholly owned by the Krone family. [ 3 ] [ 1 ]
In 190... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Krone_Holding |
Bernard Pullman (19 March 1919, Włocławek Poland – 9 June 1996) was a French theoretical quantum chemist and quantum biochemist .
Pullman studied at the Sorbonne , then spent the Second World War as a French Army officer in Africa and the Middle East. Returning to Paris in 1946, he completed his licence ès sciences in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Pullman |
Jape is a configurable, graphical proof assistant , originally developed by Richard Bornat at Queen Mary, University of London and Bernard Sufrin the University of Oxford . [ 2 ] The program is available for the Mac , Unix , and Windows operating systems. It is written in the Java programming language and released unde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Sufrin |
Bernd Sturmfels (born March 28, 1962, in Kassel , West Germany ) is a Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley and is a director of the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences in Leipzig since 2017.
He received his PhD in 1987 from the University of Washingto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Sturmfels |
The Berne Convention (formally, the International Convention respecting the Prohibition of the Use of White (Yellow) Phosphorus in the Manufacture of Matches ( French : Convention internationale sur l'interdiction de l'emploi du phosphore blanc (jaune) dans l'industrie des allumettes )) of 1906 is a multilateral treaty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_(1906) |
The Bernhard Cinader Award is awarded annually by the Canadian Society for Immunology (CSI). It is presented to an immunologist who is an exceptional researcher working in Canada, a full member of CSI and who has an additional activity in which they excel. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
This award was inaugurated at the first meeting of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Cinader_Award |
Bernhard Keller (born 1962) is a Swiss mathematician, specializing in algebra. He is a professor at the University of Paris .
Keller received in 1990 his PhD from the University of Zurich under Pierre Gabriel with the thesis On Derived Categories . [ 1 ]
His research is in homological algebra and the representation t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Keller |
Bernhard Schrader (15 March 1931 – 8 January 2012) was a German professor of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry and teaching until his retirement in 1996 at the University of Essen , where he died. Schrader was an internationally acclaimed pioneer of experimental molecular spectroscopy in Germany, especially of Raman -... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Schrader |
In mathematics , Bernoulli's inequality (named after Jacob Bernoulli ) is an inequality that approximates exponentiations of 1 + x {\displaystyle 1+x} . It is often employed in real analysis . It has several useful variants: [ 1 ]
Jacob Bernoulli first published the inequality in his treatise "Positiones Arithmeticae ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_inequality |
Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and height. For example, for a fluid flowing horizontally Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure [ 1 ] : Ch.3 [ 2 ] : 156–164, § 3.5 The principle is named after t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle |
A Bernoulli grip uses airflow to adhere to an object without physical contact. [ 1 ] Such grippers rely on the Bernoulli airflow principle . While an accelerating, increasing speed, airstream has a low downstream static pressure , the sharp turn from linear to radial flow is the cause of a region of very low pressure a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_grip |
In mathematics , the Bernoulli numbers B n are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis . The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, in Faulhaber's formula for the sum of m -th powers of the first n posit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number |
In mathematics , the Bernoulli polynomials , named after Jacob Bernoulli , combine the Bernoulli numbers and binomial coefficients . They are used for series expansion of functions , and with the Euler–MacLaurin formula .
These polynomials occur in the study of many special functions and, in particular, the Riemann ze... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_polynomials |
The Bernoulli polynomials of the second kind [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ψ n ( x ) , also known as the Fontana–Bessel polynomials , [ 3 ] are the polynomials defined by the following generating function: z ( 1 + z ) x ln ( 1 + z ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ z n ψ n ( x ) , | z | < 1. {\displaystyle {\frac {z(1+z)^{x}}{\ln(1+z)}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\inft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_polynomials_of_the_second_kind |
In triangle geometry , the Bernoulli quadrisection problem asks how to divide a given triangle into four equal-area pieces by two perpendicular lines. Its solution by Jacob Bernoulli was published in 1687. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Leonhard Euler formulated a complete solution in 1779. [ 1 ] [ 3 ]
As Euler proved, in a scalene tria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_quadrisection_problem |
In Umbral calculus , the Bernoulli umbra B − {\displaystyle B_{-}} is an umbra , a formal symbol, defined by the relation eval B − n = B n − {\displaystyle \operatorname {eval} B_{-}^{n}=B_{n}^{-}} , where eval {\displaystyle \operatorname {eval} } is the index-lowering operator, [ 1 ] also known as evaluation operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_umbra |
Bernstein's constant , usually denoted by the Greek letter β ( beta ), is a mathematical constant named after Sergei Natanovich Bernstein and is equal to 0.2801694990... . [ 1 ]
Let E n (ƒ) be the error of the best uniform approximation to a real function ƒ ( x ) on the interval [−1, 1] by real polynomials of no more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein's_constant |
In mathematics , Bernstein's theorem is an inequality relating the maximum modulus of a complex polynomial function on the unit disk with the maximum modulus of its derivative on the unit disk. It was proven by Sergei Bernstein while he was working on approximation theory . [ 1 ]
Let max | z | = 1 | f ( z ) | {\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein's_inequality_(mathematical_analysis) |
In the mathematical field of numerical analysis , a Bernstein polynomial is a polynomial expressed as a linear combination of Bernstein basis polynomials . The idea is named after mathematician Sergei Natanovich Bernstein .
Polynomials in Bernstein form were first used by Bernstein in a constructive proof for the Weie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein_polynomial |
The Bernstein–Kushnirenko theorem (or Bernstein–Khovanskii–Kushnirenko (BKK) theorem [ 1 ] ), proven by David Bernstein [ 2 ] and Anatoliy Kushnirenko [ ru ] [ 3 ] in 1975, is a theorem in algebra . It states that the number of non-zero complex solutions of a system of Laurent polynomial equations f 1 = ⋯ = f n = 0 {\d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein–Kushnirenko_theorem |
In mathematics , the Bernstein–Sato polynomial is a polynomial related to differential operators , introduced independently by Joseph Bernstein ( 1971 ) and Mikio Sato and Takuro Shintani ( 1972 , 1974 ), Sato (1990) . It is also known as the b-function , the b-polynomial , and the Bernstein polynomial , though it is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein–Sato_polynomial |
In Bayesian inference , the Bernstein–von Mises theorem provides the basis for using Bayesian credible sets for confidence statements in parametric models . It states that under some conditions, a posterior distribution converges in total variation distance to a multivariate normal distribution centered at the maximum ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein–von_Mises_theorem |
Bernt Krebs (born in Gotha , Germany ) is a German scientist . He is conducting research at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster .
After his studies in chemistry at the University of Göttingen from 1958 to 1963 and after his diploma in chemistry in 1963, Bernt Krebs received his Dr. rer.nat. degree in 1965.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernt_Krebs |
The Bernthsen acridine synthesis is the chemical reaction of a diarylamine heated with a carboxylic acid (or acid anhydride ) and zinc chloride to form a 9-substituted acridine . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Using zinc chloride, one must heat the reaction to 200-270 °C for 24hrs. [ 3 ] The use of polyphosphoric acid will give acridine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernthsen_acridine_synthesis |
In physics, Berry connection and Berry curvature are related concepts which can be viewed, respectively, as a local gauge potential and gauge field associated with the Berry phase or geometric phase . The concept was first introduced by S. Pancharatnam [ 1 ] as geometric phase and later elaborately explained and popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_connection_and_curvature |
The Berry mechanism , or Berry pseudorotation mechanism , is a type of vibration causing molecules of certain geometries to isomerize by exchanging the two axial ligands (see the figure) for two of the equatorial ones. It is the most widely accepted mechanism for pseudorotation and most commonly occurs in trigonal bipy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_mechanism |
The Berry paradox is a self-referential paradox arising from an expression like "The smallest positive integer not definable in under sixty letters" (a phrase with fifty-seven letters).
Bertrand Russell , the first to discuss the paradox in print, attributed it to G. G. Berry (1867–1928), [ 1 ] a junior librarian at O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_paradox |
In probability theory , the central limit theorem states that, under certain circumstances, the probability distribution of the scaled mean of a random sample converges to a normal distribution as the sample size increases to infinity. Under stronger assumptions, the Berry–Esseen theorem , or Berry–Esseen inequality , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry–Esseen_theorem |
In mathematics, the Berry–Robbins problem asks whether there is a continuous map from configurations of n points in R 3 to the flag manifold U ( n )/ T n that is compatible with the action of the symmetric group on n points. It was posed by Berry and Robbins in 1997, [ 1 ] and solved positively by Atiyah in 2000. [ 2 ]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry–Robbins_problem |
The Berserker hypothesis , also known as the deadly probes scenario , is the idea that humans have not yet detected intelligent alien life in the universe because it has been systematically destroyed by a series of lethal Von Neumann probes . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The hypothesis is named after the Berserker series of novels (196... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berserker_hypothesis |
Bert Schiettecatte (born January 1, 1979) is a Belgian entrepreneur who created the Audiocubes .
Bert Schiettecatte was born in Ghent , Belgium . He has an electronic music production background . He holds an MSc in computer science from the University of Brussels (VUB) and an MA/MST of Arts in Music, Science and Tech... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Schiettecatte |
Bert Edward Wilcut (November 18, 1901 – February 12, 2001) was a 1928 American congressional appointed aviation cadet, a World War II veteran, and is best known for upgrading the Midget Mustang and creating its third generation, the Palomino .
Bert Wilcut was born to his father, Rasmer Dupree Wilcut, and to his mother... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Wilcut |
Berthelot's reagent is an alkaline solution of phenol and hypochlorite , used in analytical chemistry . It is named after its inventor, Marcellin Berthelot . Ammonia reacts with Berthelot's reagent to form a blue product which is used in a colorimetric method for determining ammonia . The reagent can also be used for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthelot's_reagent |
The Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis (future prize) is an international award for "excellent research on the application or generation of laser light". [ 1 ] Since 2006, it is biennially awarded by the German non-profit foundation Berthold Leibinger Stiftung as part of its Laser Prizes, with an amount of 50,000 euros. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Leibinger_Zukunftspreis |
Bertram Borden Boltwood (July 27, 1870 – August 15, 1927) was an American pioneer of radiochemistry .
Boltwood attended Yale University , became a professor there and in 1910 was appointed chair of the first academic department of radiochemistry. [ 1 ] He established that lead (the metal) was the final decay product o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Boltwood |
Bertram Oliver "Bert" Fraser-Reid (23 February 1934 – 25 May 2020) was a Jamaican synthetic organic chemist who has been widely recognised for his work using carbohydrates as starting materials for chiral materials and on the role of oligosaccharides in immune response . [ 1 ] He developed the “armed-disarmed” principl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Fraser-Reid |
In combinatorics , Bertrand's ballot problem is the question: "In an election where candidate A receives p votes and candidate B receives q votes with p > q , what is the probability that A will be strictly ahead of B throughout the count under the assumption that votes are counted in a randomly picked order?" The ans... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_ballot_theorem |
In number theory , Bertrand's postulate is the theorem that for any integer n > 3 {\displaystyle n>3} , there exists at least one prime number p {\displaystyle p} with
A less restrictive formulation is: for every n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} , there is always at least one prime p {\displaystyle p} such that
Another form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_conjecture |
In number theory , Bertrand's postulate is the theorem that for any integer n > 3 {\displaystyle n>3} , there exists at least one prime number p {\displaystyle p} with
A less restrictive formulation is: for every n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} , there is always at least one prime p {\displaystyle p} such that
Another form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_postulate |
In classical mechanics , Bertrand's theorem states that among central-force potentials with bound orbits, there are only two types of central-force (radial) scalar potentials with the property that all bound orbits are also closed orbits . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The first such potential is an inverse-square central force such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_theorem |
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell , OM , FRS [ 7 ] (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, and public intellectual . He had influence on mathematics , logic , set theory , and various areas of analytic philosophy . [ 8 ]
He was one of the early 20th century's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell |
In economics and commerce, the Bertrand paradox — named after its creator, Joseph Bertrand [ 1 ] — describes a situation in which two players (firms) reach a state of Nash equilibrium where both firms charge a price equal to marginal cost ("MC"). The paradox is that in models such as Cournot competition , an increase i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_paradox_(economics) |
The Bertrand paradox is a problem within the classical interpretation of probability theory . Joseph Bertrand introduced it in his work Calcul des probabilités (1889) [ 1 ] as an example to show that the principle of indifference may not produce definite, well-defined results for probabilities if it is applied uncritic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_paradox_(probability) |
In microeconomics , the Bertrand–Edgeworth model of price-setting oligopoly explores what happens when firms compete to sell a homogeneous product (a good for which consumers buy only from the cheapest available seller) but face limits on how much they can supply. Unlike in the standard Bertrand competition model, wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand–Edgeworth_model |
Beryllide is an intermetallic compound of beryllium with other metals, e.g. zirconium , tantalum , titanium , nickel , or cobalt . Typical chemical formulae are Be 12 Ti and FeBe 5 . These are hard, metal-like materials that display properties distinct from the constituents, especially with regards to their resilienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllide |
Berylliosis , or chronic beryllium disease ( CBD ), is a chronic allergic-type lung response and chronic lung disease caused by exposure to beryllium and its compounds, a form of beryllium poisoning . It is distinct from acute beryllium poisoning , which became rare following occupational exposure limits established ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliosis |
Beryllium chromate is a hypothetical inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of BeCrO 4 . It is predicted to have a certain bonding ability with noble gases . [ 1 ] Little evidence has been published supporting the existence of this material.
Beryllium chromate is claimed to be obtained from the reaction of bery... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_chromate |
Beryllium fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula Be F 2 . This white solid is the principal precursor for the manufacture of beryllium metal. Its structure resembles that of quartz, but BeF 2 is highly soluble in water.
Beryllium fluoride has distinctive optical properties. In the form of fluoroberyllate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_fluoride |
Beryllium oxalate is an inorganic compound , a salt of beryllium metal and oxalic acid with the chemical formula C 2 BeO 4 . [ 3 ] It forms colorless crystals, dissolves in water, and also forms crystalline hydrates. The compound is used to prepare ultra-pure beryllium oxide [ 4 ] by thermal decomposition . [ 5 ]
The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxalate |
This page provides supplementary chemical data on beryllium oxide . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_oxide_(data_page) |
In electrochemistry , the Berzins-Delahay equation is analogous to the Randles–Sevcik equation , except that it predicts the peak height ( i p {\displaystyle i_{p}} ) of a linear potential scan when the reaction is electrochemically reversible, the reactants are soluble, and the products are deposited on the electrode ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berzins-Delahay_equation |
The Besat ( Persian : بعثت , lit. 'prophetic mission') is an upcoming class of attack submarine under construction by Iran .
On 25 August 2008, Iranian defence minister Mostafa Mohammad-Najjar announced Iran had started building the first submarine of the class named Qaaem , which will be capable of carrying and firin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besat-class_submarine |
In mathematical analysis , a Besicovitch cover , named after Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch , is an open cover of a subset E of the Euclidean space R N by balls such that each point of E is the center of some ball in the cover.
The Besicovitch covering theorem asserts that there exists a constant c N depending only on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besicovitch_covering_theorem |
In statistics , Bessel's correction is the use of n − 1 instead of n in the formula for the sample variance and sample standard deviation , [ 1 ] where n is the number of observations in a sample . This method corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance. It also partially corrects the bias in the est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel's_correction |
In mathematics , especially functional analysis , Bessel's inequality is a statement about the coefficients of an element x {\displaystyle x} in a Hilbert space with respect to an orthonormal sequence . The inequality was derived by F.W. Bessel in 1828. [ 1 ]
Let H {\displaystyle H} be a Hilbert space, and suppose tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel's_inequality |
In mathematics , the Bessel potential is a potential (named after Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel ) similar to the Riesz potential but with better decay properties at infinity.
If s is a complex number with positive real part then the Bessel potential of order s is the operator
where Δ is the Laplace operator and the fracti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_potential |
The Bessemer Gold Medal is awarded annually by the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) "for outstanding services to the steel industry, to the inventor or designer of any significant innovation in the process employed in the manufacture of steel, or for innovation in the use of steel in the manufacturing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_Gold_Medal |
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace . The key principle is removal of impurities and undesired elements, primarily excess carbon contained in the pig iron by oxidation with air being blo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process |
Best-effort delivery describes a network service in which a network does not provide any guarantee that data is effectively delivered or that delivery meets any quality of service . In a best-effort network, all users obtain best-effort service. Under best-effort, network performance characteristics such as transmissio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-effort_delivery |
The best available technology or best available techniques ( BAT ) is the technology approved by legislators or regulators for meeting output standards for a particular process, such as pollution abatement . Similar terms are best practicable means or best practicable environmental option . BAT is a moving target on pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_available_technology |
Best management practices ( BMPs ) is a term used in the United States and Canada to describe a type of water pollution control. Historically the term has referred to auxiliary pollution controls in the fields of industrial wastewater control and municipal sewage control, while in stormwater management (both urban and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution |
In game theory , the best response is the strategy (or strategies) which produces the most favorable outcome for a player, taking other players' strategies as given. [ 1 ] The concept of a best response is central to John Nash's best-known contribution, the Nash equilibrium , the point at which each player in a game ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_response |
A bestiary ( Latin : bestiarium vocabulum ) is a compendium of beasts. Originating in the ancient world , bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals and even rocks. The natural history and illustration of each beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiary |
Biological bet hedging occurs when organisms suffer decreased fitness in their typical conditions in exchange for increased fitness in stressful conditions. Biological bet hedging was originally proposed to explain the observation of a seed bank , or a reservoir of ungerminated seeds in the soil. [ 1 ] For example, an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_hedging_(biology) |
Beta-2 transferrin is a carbohydrate -free ( desialated ) isoform of transferrin , which is almost exclusively found in the cerebrospinal fluid . It is not found in blood , mucus or tears , thus making it a specific marker of cerebrospinal fluid, applied as an assay in cases where cerebrospinal fluid leakage is suspect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_transferrin |
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay , that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to a neutron within the nucleus . A subset of these nuclides are also stable with regards to double beta decay or theoretically higher simultaneous beta decay, as they ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-decay_stable_isobars |
The Beta-globin co-transcriptional cleavage ribozyme (CotC ribozyme) was proposed to be an RNA enzyme known as a ribozyme .
Transcription termination of RNA polymerase II transcripts is proposed to occur by a two-stage process. [ 1 ] The first stage involves pre-termination cleavage (PTC) of the nascent transcript dow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-globin_co-transcriptional_cleavage_ribozyme |
In model theory , a mathematical discipline, a β-model (from the French "bon ordre", well-ordering [ 1 ] ) is a model which is correct about statements of the form " X is well-ordered". The term was introduced by Mostowski (1959) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] as a strengthening of the notion of ω-model. In contrast to the notation for s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-model |
Negative hyperconjugation is a theorized phenomenon in organosilicon compounds , in which hyperconjugation stabilizes or destabilizes certain accumulations of positive charge . The phenomenon explains corresponding peculiarities in the stereochemistry and rate of hydrolysis .
Second-row elements generally stabilize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-silicon_effect |
Beta-tungsten ( β-W ) is a metastable phase of tungsten widely observed in tungsten thin films . While the commonly existing stable alpha-tungsten (α-W) has a body-centered cubic ( A2 ) structure, β-W adopts the topologically close-packed A15 structure containing eight atoms per unit cell, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and it irreversib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-tungsten |
Beta attenuation monitoring ( BAM ) is an air monitoring technique employing the absorption of beta radiation by solid particles extracted from air flow. The technique allows for the detection of PM 10 and PM 2.5 , which are monitored by most air pollution regulatory agencies. The main principle is based on a kind of B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_attenuation_monitoring |
In nuclear physics , beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron ), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay |
In nuclear physics , a beta decay transition is the change in state of an atomic nucleus undergoing beta decay . When undergoing beta decay, a nucleus emits a beta particle and a corresponding neutrino , transforming the original nuclide into one with the same mass number but differing atomic number (nuclear charge).
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay_transition |
Beta dispersion is the phenomenon associated with the ability of a biological cell membrane to filter out low frequency currents and allow high frequency currents to pass through. It was originally hypothesized by Rudolf Höber in 1910 and confirmed through a series of experiments between 1910 and 1913. [ 1 ]
Höber ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_dispersion |
In ecology , beta diversity (β-diversity or true beta diversity ) is the ratio between regional and local species diversity. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker [ 1 ] together with the terms alpha diversity (α-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). The idea was that the total species diversity in a landsc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_diversity |
In biochemistry and metabolism , beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA . Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle , generating NADH and FADH 2 , which are electron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidation |
A beta particle , also called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β ), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus , known as beta decay . There are two forms of beta decay, β − decay and β + decay, which produce electrons and positrons, respectively. [ 2 ]
Be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle |
In geophysical fluid dynamics , an approximation whereby the Coriolis parameter , f , is set to vary linearly in space is called a beta plane approximation .
On a rotating sphere such as the Earth, f varies with the sine of latitude; in the so-called f-plane approximation, this variation is ignored, and a value of f a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_plane |
Beta scission is an important reaction in the chemistry of thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and the formation of free radicals . Free radicals are formed upon splitting the carbon-carbon bond . Free radicals are extremely reactive and short-lived. When a free radical in a polymer chain undergoes a beta scission, the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_scission |
Elizabeth Kane , also known as Alice and Red Alice , is a fictional character created by Greg Rucka and J. H. Williams III . Beginning as a supervillain , she first appeared in August 2009 in the comic book Detective Comics , published by DC Comics . Her relationship with her twin sister Kate Kane defines much of Batwo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Kane |
In mathematical logic , Beth definability is a result that connects implicit definability of a property to its explicit definability. Specifically Beth definability states that the two senses of definability are equivalent.
First-order logic has the Beth definability property.
For first-order logic, the theorem state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_definability |
Bethany Rose Marsh is a mathematician working in the areas of cluster algebras , representation theory of finite-dimensional algebras, homological algebra , tilting theory , quantum groups , algebraic groups , Lie algebras and Coxeter groups . [ 1 ] Marsh currently works at the University of Leeds as a Professor of pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Rose_Marsh |
In physics , the Bethe ansatz is an ansatz for finding the exact wavefunctions of certain quantum many-body models , most commonly for one-dimensional lattice models. It was first used by Hans Bethe in 1931 to find the exact eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the one-dimensional antiferromagnetic isotropic (XXX) Heisenber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe_ansatz |
The Bethe formula or Bethe–Bloch formula describes the mean energy loss per distance travelled of swift charged particles ( protons , alpha particles , atomic ions ) traversing matter (or alternatively the stopping power of the material). [ 1 ] For electrons the energy loss is slightly different due to their small mass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe_formula |
The Bethesda system ( TBS ), officially called The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology , is a system for reporting cervical or vaginal cytologic diagnoses, [ 1 ] used for reporting Pap smear results. It was introduced in 1988 [ 2 ] and revised in 1991, [ 3 ] 2001, [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and 2014. [ 6 ] The name... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethesda_system |
The Bethe–Feynman efficiency formula , a simple method for calculating the yield of a fission bomb, [ 1 ] was first derived in 1943 after development in 1942. Aspects of the formula are speculated to be secret restricted data . [ 2 ]
a ≈ ( b c ) 2 f {\displaystyle a\approx (bc)^{2}f}
A numerical coefficient would the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe–Feynman_formula |
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