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The Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE, named after Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter ) [ 1 ] is an integral equation, the solution of which describes the structure of a relativistic two-body (particles) bound state in a covariant formalism quantum field theory (QFT). The equation was first published in 1950 at the end of a pap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethe–Salpeter_equation |
Betibeglogene autotemcel , sold under the brand name Zynteglo , is a gene therapy for the treatment for beta thalassemia . [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ] It was developed by Bluebird Bio and was given breakthrough therapy designation by the US Food and Drug Administration in February 2015. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
The most common adverse react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betibeglogene_autotemcel |
In order theory a better-quasi-ordering or bqo is a quasi-ordering that does not admit a certain type of bad array. Every better-quasi-ordering is a well-quasi-ordering .
Though well-quasi-ordering is an appealing notion, many important infinitary operations do not preserve well-quasi-orderedness.
An example due to R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better-quasi-ordering |
The Betti reaction is a chemical addition reaction of aldehydes , primary aromatic amines and phenols producing α-aminobenzylphenols.
The Betti reaction is a special case of the Mannich reaction .
The reaction is named after the Italian chemist Mario Betti (1857-1942). Betti worked at many universities in Italy, incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti_reaction |
Bettina G. Keller is a professor for Theoretical Chemistry at Freie Universität Berlin . [ 1 ]
Keller did her Abitur at the Remstal-Gymnasium Weinstadt in 2000. [ 1 ] In October 2000, she started her diploma studies at University of Karlsruhe , Germany. [ 1 ] In 2002, she continued her diploma studies at ETH Zürich . ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_G._Keller |
Martha Bettina Richmond (née Zoeller, January 30, 1958 – November 22, 2009) was a German-American mathematician, mathematics textbook author, professor at Western Kentucky University , and murder victim.
Richmond was born in Dresden on January 30, 1958, [ 1 ] earned a vordiplom (the German equivalent of a bachelor's d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_Richmond |
The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for purification of lead from bullion . Lead obtained from its ores is impure because lead is a good solvent for many metals. Often these impurities are tolerated, but the Betts electrolytic process is used when high purity lead is required, especially for bismu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betts_electrolytic_process |
A Bettsometer is a fabric degradation tester commonly used to measure or test the integrity of fabric coverings (and associated stitching ) on aircraft and their wings . [ 1 ]
The Bettsometer comprises a pen -like instrument (which functions much like a spring balance ) and a smooth round needle or pin. The needle is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettsometer |
Betty Julia Sullivan (31 May 1902 — 25 December 1999) was an American biochemist between the 1920s and 1940s at Russell Miller Milling Company. In 1947, Sullivan began her executive career as research director and vice-president for Russell Miller until the company became part of Peavey Company in 1958. After the merge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Sullivan |
Betweenness is an algorithmic problem in order theory about ordering a collection of items subject to constraints that some items must be placed between others. [ 1 ] It has applications in bioinformatics [ 2 ] and was shown to be NP-complete by Opatrný (1979) . [ 3 ]
The input to a betweenness problem is a collection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betweenness_problem |
The Betz mystery sphere is a metal sphere with an approximate diameter of 8 inches (20 cm) weighing nearly 22 pounds (10 kg) uncovered in 1974 by a family in Florida. [ 1 ] [ a ]
On March 27, 1974, the Betz family investigated a small brush fire near their residence in Fort George Island , Florida . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz_mystery_sphere |
In mathematics , the Beurling–Lax theorem is a theorem due to Beurling (1948) and Lax (1959) which characterizes the shift - invariant subspaces of the Hardy space H 2 ( D , C ) {\displaystyle H^{2}(\mathbb {D} ,\mathbb {C} )} . It states that each such space is of the form
for some inner function θ {\displaystyle \th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurling–Lax_theorem |
Beutenbergiaceae is an Actinomycete family. [ 1 ]
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [ 2 ] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [ 3 ] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 106 by The All-Species Living Tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beutenbergiaceae |
Bevacizumab , sold under the brand name Avastin among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication used to treat a number of types of cancers and a specific eye disease . [ 31 ] [ 29 ] For cancer, it is given by slow injection into a vein ( intravenous ) and used for colon cancer , lung cancer , ovarian cancer , gliobla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevacizumab |
A bevameter is a device used in terramechanics to measure the mechanical properties of soil . Bevameter technique was developed to measure terrain mechanical properties for the study of vehicle mobility. The bevameter test consists of penetration test to measure normal loads and shear test to determine shear loads exer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevameter |
In geometry , the Bevan point , named after Benjamin Bevan , is a triangle center . It is defined as center of the Bevan circle , that is the circle through the centers of the three excircles of a triangle. [ 1 ]
The Bevan point of a triangle is the reflection of the incenter across the circumcenter of the triangle. [... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevan_point |
A bevelled edge (UK) or beveled edge (US) is an edge of a structure that is not perpendicular to the faces of the piece. The words bevel and chamfer overlap in usage; in general usage, they are often interchanged, while in technical usage, they may be differentiated as shown in the image on the right. A bevel is typica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevel |
Beyond Compare is a cross-platform proprietary data comparison utility. The program is able to compare files and multiple types of directories , as well as archives . [ 2 ] Beyond Compare can be configured as a difftool and mergetool of version control systems , such as git . [ 3 ]
In an April 2009 review, Beyond Comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Compare |
Beyond Curie is a portrait series of women who have made significant contributions in STEM fields . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] As of November 2018, the series features 42 women, including all 18 female Nobel Prize winners in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine. [ 3 ]
The series was created by Amanda Phingbodhipakkiya , a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Curie |
Beyond Infinity : An Expedition to the Outer Limits of Mathematics is a popular mathematics book by Eugenia Cheng centered on concepts of infinity . It was published by Basic Books and (with a slightly different title) by Profile Books in 2017, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and in a paperback edition in 2018. [ 4 ] It was shortlis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Infinity_(mathematics_book) |
Bezoardicum ( bezoar of) is a term applied to multiple substances used in alchemy and other practices: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezoardicum |
The bfloat16 ( brain floating point ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] floating-point format is a computer number format occupying 16 bits in computer memory ; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point. This format is a shortened (16-bit) version of the 32-bit IEEE 754 single-precision floating-po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bfloat16_floating-point_format |
Bgee is a database maintained by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the University of Lausanne for retrieval and comparison of gene expression patterns from RNA-Seq , scRNA-Seq , Microarray , In situ hybridization and EST studies, across multiple animal species . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Bgee provides an intuitive answer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bgee |
A bhangmeter is a non-imaging radiometer installed on reconnaissance and navigation satellites to detect atmospheric nuclear detonations and determine the yield of the nuclear weapon. [ 1 ] They are also installed on some armored fighting vehicles , in particular NBC reconnaissance vehicles , in order to help detect, l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangmeter |
BharOS (formerly IndOS [ 1 ] ) is a closed source mobile operating system designed by IIT Madras . [ 2 ] It is an Indian government -funded project to develop an operating system (OS) for use in government and public systems. [ 3 ]
Google is facing a crackdown from the Competition Commission of India (CCI) for its pra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BharOS |
In number theory , a Bhargava cube (also called Bhargava's cube ) is a configuration consisting of eight integers placed at the eight corners of a cube . [ 1 ] This configuration was extensively used by Manjul Bhargava , a Canadian-American Fields Medal winning mathematician , to study the composition laws of binary qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhargava_cube |
In mathematics , Bhargava's factorial function , or simply Bhargava factorial , is a certain generalization of the factorial function developed by the Fields Medal winning mathematician Manjul Bhargava as part of his thesis in Harvard University in 1996. The Bhargava factorial has the property that many number-theoret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhargava_factorial |
Bhaskara's Lemma is an identity used as a lemma during the chakravala method . It states that:
for integers m , x , y , N , {\displaystyle m,\,x,\,y,\,N,} and non-zero integer k {\displaystyle k} .
The proof follows from simple algebraic manipulations as follows: multiply both sides of the equation by m 2 − N {\disp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskara's_lemma |
The Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator (abbreviated BGK operator ) term refers to a collision operator used in the Boltzmann equation and in the lattice Boltzmann method , a computational fluid dynamics technique. It is given by the formula
where n i eq {\displaystyle n_{i}^{\text{eq}}} is a local equilibrium value for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook_operator |
In mathematics , Bhāskara I's sine approximation formula is a rational expression in one variable for the computation of the approximate values of the trigonometric sines discovered by Bhāskara I (c. 600 – c. 680), a seventh-century Indian mathematician . [ 1 ] This formula is given in his treatise titled Mahabhaskariy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhāskara_I's_sine_approximation_formula |
Bhāskara II [ a ] ( [bʰɑːskərə] ; c. 1114–1185), also known as Bhāskarāchārya ( lit. ' Bhāskara the teacher ' ), was an Indian polymath, mathematician , astronomer and engineer. From verses in his main work, Siddhānta Śiromaṇi , it can be inferred that he was born in 1114 in Vijjadavida (Vijjalavida) and living in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhāskara_II |
Pentamethylbismuth (or pentamethylbismuthorane [ 2 ] ) is an organometalllic compound containing five methyl groups bound to a bismuth atom with formula Bi(CH 3 ) 5 . It is an example of a hypervalent compound. The molecular shape is trigonal bipyramid . [ 3 ]
Pentamethylbismuth is produced in a two step process. Fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi(CH3)5 |
Bismuth(III) nitrate is a salt composed of bismuth in its cationic +3 oxidation state and nitrate anions. The most common solid form is the pentahydrate . [ 3 ] It is used in the synthesis of other bismuth compounds. [ 4 ] It is available commercially. It is the only nitrate salt formed by a group 15 element, indicativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi(NO3)3 |
In physics , engineering and materials science , bi-isotropic materials have the special optical property that they can rotate the polarization of light in either refraction or transmission . This does not mean all materials with twist effect fall in the bi-isotropic class. The twist effect of the class of bi-isotropi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-isotropic_material |
Bi-metallic coins are coins consisting of two ( bi- ) metals or alloys , generally arranged with an outer ring around a contrasting center. [ 1 ] Common circulating examples include the €1 , €2 , United Kingdom £1 and £2 , Canadian $2 , South Africa R5 , Egyptian £1 , Turkish 1 lira and 50 kurus , Indian ₹10 and ₹20 , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-metallic_coin |
Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity theory ( BSTV ) [ 1 ] is an extension of the tensor–vector–scalar gravity theory ( TeVeS ). [ 2 ] TeVeS is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom 's Modified Newtonian Dynamics MOND paradigm proposed by Jacob Bekenstein . [ 3 ] BSTV was proposed by R.H.Sanders. BSTV makes TeVe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-scalar_tensor_vector_gravity |
Bi-specific T-cell engager ( BiTE ) is a class of artificial bispecific monoclonal antibodies that are investigated for use as anti-cancer drugs . They direct a host's immune system, more specifically the T cells ' cytotoxic activity, against cancer cells. BiTE is a registered trademark of Micromet AG (fully owned subs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-specific_T-cell_engager |
Bismuth germanium oxide or bismuth germanate is an inorganic chemical compound of bismuth , germanium and oxygen . Most commonly the term refers to the compound with chemical formula Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 ( BGO ), with the cubic evlitine crystal structure , used as a scintillator . (The term may also refer to a different com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi12GeO20 |
Bismuth(III) oxide is a compound of bismuth , and a common starting point for bismuth chemistry. It is found naturally as the mineral bismite (monoclinic) and sphaerobismoite (tetragonal, much more rare), but it is usually obtained as a by-product of the smelting of copper and lead ores. Dibismuth trioxide is commonly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi2O3 |
Bismuth(III) sulfide ( Bi 2 S 3 ) is a chemical compound of bismuth and sulfur . It occurs in nature as the mineral bismuthinite .
Bismuth(III) sulfide can be prepared by reacting a bismuth(III) salt with hydrogen sulfide :
Bismuth (III) sulfide can also be prepared by the reaction of elemental bismuth and elemental ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi2S3 |
Bismuth selenide ( Bi 2 Se 3 ) is a gray compound of bismuth and selenium also known as bismuth(III) selenide.
Bismuth selenide is a semiconductor and a thermoelectric material. [ 4 ] While stoichiometric bismuth selenide should be a semiconductor with a gap of 0.3 eV, naturally occurring selenium vacancies act as ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi2Se3 |
Tetradymite is a mineral consisting of bismuth , tellurium and sulfide, Bi 2 Te 2 S , also known as telluric bismuth. If sulfur is absent the mineral is tellurobismuthite and the formula is then Bi 2 Te 3 . Traces of selenium are usually present. [ 6 ]
Crystals are rhombohedral , but are rarely distinctly developed; t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi2Te2S |
Bismuth telluride ( Bi 2 Te 3 ) is a gray powder that is a compound of bismuth and tellurium also known as bismuth(III) telluride. It is a semiconductor , which, when alloyed with antimony or selenium , is an efficient thermoelectric material for refrigeration or portable power generation. Bi 2 Te 3 is a topological in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi2Te3 |
Bismuth germanium oxide or bismuth germanate is an inorganic chemical compound of bismuth , germanium and oxygen . Most commonly the term refers to the compound with chemical formula Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 ( BGO ), with the cubic evlitine crystal structure , used as a scintillator . (The term may also refer to a different com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi4Ge3O12 |
Bismuth oxynitrate is the name applied to a number of compounds that contain Bi 3+ , nitrate ions and oxide ions and which can be considered as compounds formed from Bi 2 O 3 , N 2 O 5 and H 2 O. Other names for bismuth oxynitrate include bismuth subnitrate and bismuthyl nitrate . In older texts bismuth oxynitrate is o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi6O4(HO)4(NO3)6·H2O |
Bismuth oxynitrate is the name applied to a number of compounds that contain Bi 3+ , nitrate ions and oxide ions and which can be considered as compounds formed from Bi 2 O 3 , N 2 O 5 and H 2 O. Other names for bismuth oxynitrate include bismuth subnitrate and bismuthyl nitrate . In older texts bismuth oxynitrate is o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi6O5(OH)3(NO3)5.3H2O |
Bismuth tribromide is an inorganic compound of bismuth and bromine with the chemical formula BiBr 3 .
It may be formed by the reaction of bismuth oxide and hydrobromic acid. [ 1 ]
Bismuth tribromide can also be produced by the direct oxidation of bismuth in bromine. [ 1 ]
Bismuth tribromide adopts two different stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiBr3 |
Bismuth chloride (or butter of bismuth ) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BiCl 3 . It is a covalent compound and is the common source of the Bi 3+ ion. In the gas phase and in the crystal, the species adopts a pyramidal structure, in accord with VSEPR theory .
Bismuth chloride can be synthesized di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiCl3 |
Bismuth(III) fluoride or bismuth trifluoride is a chemical compound of bismuth and fluorine . The chemical formula is BiF 3 . It is a grey-white powder melting at 649 °C.
It occurs in nature as the rare mineral gananite .
Bismuth fluoride can be prepared by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrofluoric acid : [ 2 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiF3 |
Bismuth pentafluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula BiF 5 . It is a white solid that is highly reactive. The compound is of interest to researchers but not of particular value.
BiF 5 is polymeric and consists of linear chains of trans -bridged corner sharing BiF 6 octahedra. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] This is the same ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiF5 |
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO 3 , also commonly referred to as BFO in materials science) is an inorganic chemical compound with perovskite structure and one of the most promising multiferroic materials. [ 1 ] The room-temperature phase of BiFeO 3 is classed as rhombohedral belonging to the space group R3c. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiFeO3 |
Bismuth(III) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula Bi I 3 . This gray-black salt is the product of the reaction of bismuth and iodine, which once was of interest in qualitative inorganic analysis . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Bismuth(III) iodide adopts a distinctive crystal structure, with iodide centres occupying a hexag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiI3 |
Bial's test is a chemical test for the presence of pentoses originally developed for the diagnosis of pentosuria . It is named after Manfred Bial , a German physician. The components include orcinol , hydrochloric acid , and ferric chloride . A pentose, if present, will be dehydrated to form furfural which then reacts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bial's_test |
In mathematics , biangular coordinates are a coordinate system for the plane where C 1 {\displaystyle C_{1}} and C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} are two fixed points, and the position of a point P not on the line C 1 C 2 ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {C_{1}C_{2}}}} is determined by the angles ∠ P C 1 C 2 {\displaystyle \angle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biangular_coordinates |
Bias in the introduction of variation ("arrival bias") is a theory in the domain of evolutionary biology that asserts biases in the introduction of heritable variation are reflected in the outcome of evolution . It is relevant to topics in molecular evolution , evo-devo , and self-organization . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In the cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_in_the_introduction_of_variation |
Offset binary , [ 1 ] also referred to as excess-K , [ 1 ] excess- N , excess-e , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] excess code or biased representation , is a method for signed number representation where a signed number n is represented by the bit pattern corresponding to the unsigned number n + K , K being the biasing value or offset . T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biased_representation_(arithmetics) |
In electronics , biasing is the setting of DC ( direct current ) operating conditions (current and voltage) of an electronic component that processes time-varying signals . Many electronic devices, such as diodes , transistors and vacuum tubes , whose function is processing time-varying ( AC ) signals, also require a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biasing |
A biaxial nematic is a spatially homogeneous liquid crystal with three distinct optical axes. This is to be contrasted to a simple nematic , which has a single preferred axis, around which the system is rotationally symmetric. The symmetry group of a biaxial nematic is D 2 h {\displaystyle D_{2h}} i.e. that of a rectan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biaxial_nematic |
In materials science and solid mechanics , biaxial tensile testing is a versatile technique to address the mechanical characterization of planar materials . It is a generalized form of tensile testing in which the material sample is simultaneously stressed along two perpendicular axes. Typical materials tested in biaxi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biaxial_tensile_testing |
This is a bibliography of ecology . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_ecology |
In chemistry , the bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where eight atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of a biaugmented triangular prism . This shape has C 2v symmetry and is one of the three common shapes for octacoord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicapped_trigonal_prismatic_molecular_geometry |
A hydrogencarbonate indicator (hydrogencarbonate indicator) is a type of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a color change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases. The indicator is used in photosynthesis and respiration experiments to find out whether carbon dioxide is bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate_indicator |
The bicinchoninic acid assay ( BCA assay ), also known as the Smith assay , after its inventor, Paul K. Smith at the Pierce Chemical Company , [ 1 ] now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, is a biochemical assay for determining the total concentration of protein in a solution (0.5 μg/mL to 1.5 mg/mL), similar to Lowry pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicinchoninic_acid_assay |
In the mathematical subject of matroid theory, the bicircular matroid of a graph G is the matroid B ( G ) whose points are the edges of G and whose independent sets are the edge sets of pseudoforests of G , that is, the edge sets in which each connected component contains at most one cycle .
The bicircular matroid was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicircular_matroid |
In fluid dynamics , Bickley jet is a steady two-dimensional laminar plane jet with large jet Reynolds number emerging into the fluid at rest, named after W. G. Bickley, who gave the analytical solution in 1937, [ 1 ] to the problem derived by Schlichting in 1933 [ 2 ] and the corresponding problem in axisymmetric coord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bickley_jet |
Biclustering , block clustering , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Co-clustering or two-mode clustering [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] is a data mining technique which allows simultaneous clustering of the rows and columns of a matrix .
The term was first introduced by Boris Mirkin [ 6 ] to name a technique introduced many years earlier, [ 6 ] in 1972,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biclustering |
In geometry and mathematical biology , a biconcave disc — also referred to as a discocyte [ 1 ] — is a geometric shape resembling an oblate spheroid with two concavities on the top and on the bottom.
Biconcave discs appear in the study of cell biology , as an approximation to the shape of certain cells, including red ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biconcave_disc |
A bicycle tree or cycle tree or bike tree is a bicycle parking system that resembles a tree in shape. There are a few types that have been developed.
Some are manual, some use mechanical means to move the bike, assisting the bike by raising into a particular spot, they can handle between 5–20 bicycles depending on si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_tree |
A bicyclic molecule (from bi ' two ' and cycle ' ring ' ) is a molecule that features two joined rings . [ 1 ] Bicyclic structures occur widely, for example in many biologically important molecules like α-thujene and camphor . A bicyclic compound can be carbocyclic (all of the ring atoms are carbons), or heterocyclic (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclic_molecule |
Bicycloaromaticity in chemistry is an extension of the concept of homoaromaticity with two aromatic ring currents situated in a non-planar molecule and sharing the same electrons. [ 1 ] The concept originates with Melvin Goldstein who first reported about it in 1967. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is of some importance in academ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycloaromaticity |
In mathematics , a bidiagonal matrix is a banded matrix with non-zero entries along the main diagonal and either the diagonal above or the diagonal below. This means there are exactly two non-zero diagonals in the matrix.
When the diagonal above the main diagonal has the non-zero entries the matrix is upper bidiagonal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidiagonal_matrix |
The bidirectional reflectance distribution function ( BRDF ), symbol f r ( ω i , ω r ) {\displaystyle f_{\text{r}}(\omega _{\text{i}},\,\omega _{\text{r}})} , is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world light, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_reflectance_distribution_function |
The definition of the BSDF ( bidirectional scattering distribution function ) is not well standardized. The term was probably introduced in 1980 by Bartell, Dereniak, and Wolfe. [ 1 ] Most often it is used to name the general mathematical function which describes the way in which the light is scattered by a surface. Ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_scattering_distribution_function |
In transportation infrastructure, a bidirectional traffic system divides travellers into two streams of traffic that flow in opposite directions. [ 1 ]
In the design and construction of tunnels, bidirectional traffic can markedly affect ventilation considerations. [ 2 ]
Microscopic traffic flow models have been propo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_traffic |
In computer programming , bidirectional transformations (bx) are programs in which a single piece of code can be run in several ways, such that the same data are sometimes considered as input, and sometimes as output. For example, a bx run in the forward direction might transform input I into output O, while the same b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_transformation |
The Biedermeier period was an era in Central European art and culture between 1815 and 1848 during which the middle classes grew in number and artists began producing works appealing to their sensibilities. The period began with the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and ended with the onset of the Revolutions of 1848 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedermeier |
The Biefeld–Brown effect is an electrical phenomenon, first noticed by inventor Thomas Townsend Brown in the 1920s, where high voltage applied to the electrodes of an asymmetric capacitor causes a net propulsive force toward the smaller electrode. [ 1 ] Brown believed this effect was an anti-gravity force, and referred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld–Brown_effect |
Bierlein's measure extension theorem is a result from measure theory and probability theory on extensions of probability measures . The theorem makes a statement about when one can extend a probability measure to a larger σ-algebra . It is of particular interest for infinite dimensional spaces.
The theorem is named af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierlein's_measure_extension_theorem |
In astrophysics , the Biermann battery is a process by which a weak seed magnetic field can be generated from zero initial conditions. [ 1 ] The relative motion between electrons and ions is driven by rotation. The process was discovered by Ludwig Biermann in 1950. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
This astrophysics -related article is a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biermann_battery |
In chemistry , bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule . A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol ( −OH ), amide ( −CONH 2 ), aldehyde ( −CHO ), nitrile ( −CN ) or carboxylic acid ( −COOH ). Many bifunct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifunctionality |
In mathematics and theoretical physics , a bifundamental representation is a representation obtained as a tensor product of two fundamental or antifundamental representations.
For example, the MN -dimensional representation ( M , N ) of the group
is a bifundamental representation. [ 1 ] These representations occur in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifundamental_representation |
Bifurcation memory is a generalized name for some specific features of the behaviour of the dynamical system near the bifurcation . An example is the recurrent neuron memory .
The phenomenon is known also under the names of " stability loss delay for dynamical bifurcations " [ A: 1 ] and " ghost attractor ". [ A: 2 ]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcation_memory |
In the mathematics of paper folding , the big-little-big lemma is a necessary condition for a crease pattern with specified mountain folds and valley folds to be able to be folded flat. [ 1 ] It differs from Kawasaki's theorem , which characterizes the flat-foldable crease patterns in which a mountain-valley assignment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-little-big_lemma |
BigDFT is a free software package for physicists and chemists , distributed under the GNU General Public License , whose main program allows the total energy , charge density , and electronic structure of systems made of electrons and nuclei ( molecules and periodic/crystalline solids ) to be calculated within density ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDFT |
The Big Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee is an organization created by the New York State Trial Lawyers Association to map the sidewalks of New York City for defects capable of causing personal injury . [ 1 ] The maps produced by the Committee and delivered to the Department of Transportation essentially... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Apple_Pothole_and_Sidewalk_Protection_Committee |
The Big Bang Observer ( BBO ) is a proposed successor to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) by the European Space Agency . The primary scientific goal is the observation of gravitational waves from the time shortly after the Big Bang , but it would also be able to detect younger sources of gravitational radi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_Observer |
Big bang adoption or direct changeover is when a new system is adopted instantly, with no transition period between the old and new systems. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
When a new system needs to be implemented in an organization , there are three different ways to adopt this new system: the big bang adoption, phased adoption a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_bang_adoption |
Big dynorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide of the dynorphin family that is composed of both dynorphin A and dynorphin B . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is derived from the precursor protein prodynorphin , encoded by the PDYN gene. Big dynorphin is notable for its potent activity at opioid receptors and its role in modulating pain,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_dynorphin |
Bigelowiella natans is a species of Chlorarachniophyte alga that is a model organism for the Rhizaria. [ 1 ]
Chlorarachniophyte are unicellular marine algae with plastids of secondary endosymbiotic origin. Bigelowiella natans are a key resource for studying the supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes. [ 1 ]
The B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigelowiella_natans |
" Bigger Than Worlds " is an essay by the American science fiction writer Larry Niven (born 1938). It was first published in March 1974 in Analog magazine , and has been anthologized in A Hole in Space (1974) and in Playgrounds of the Mind (1991). It reviews a number of proposals, not inconsistent with the known laws o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigger_Than_Worlds |
The Biginelli reaction is a multiple-component chemical reaction that creates 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H )-ones 4 from ethyl acetoacetate 1 , an aryl aldehyde (such as benzaldehyde 2 ), and urea 3 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is named for the Italian chemist Pietro Biginelli . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
This reaction was developed b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biginelli_reaction |
The Bigoni–Piccolroaz yield criterion is a yielding model, based on a phenomenological approach, capable of describing the mechanical behavior of a broad class of pressure-sensitive granular materials such as soil, concrete, porous metals and ceramics.
The idea behind the Bigoni-Piccolroaz criterion is that of derivin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigoni–Piccolroaz_yield_criterion |
The Bihari–LaSalle inequality was proved by the American mathematician Joseph P. LaSalle (1916–1983) in 1949 [ 1 ] and by the Hungarian mathematician
Imre Bihari (1915–1998) in 1956. [ 2 ] It is the following nonlinear generalization of Grönwall's lemma .
Let u and ƒ be non-negative continuous functions defined on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari–LaSalle_inequality |
Bijaganita ( [biːd͡ʒəgəɳit̪ᵊ, -ɪt̪ᵊ] , IAST : Bījagaṇita ) was treatise on algebra by the Indian mathematician Bhāskara II . It is the second volume of his main work Siddhānta Shiromani ( "Crown of treatises") [ 1 ] alongside Lilāvati , Grahaganita and Golādhyāya . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The title of the work, bījagaṇita , which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijaganita |
Bijective numeration is any numeral system in which every non-negative integer can be represented in exactly one way using a finite string of digits . The name refers to the bijection (i.e. one-to-one correspondence) that exists in this case between the set of non-negative integers and the set of finite strings using a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijective_numeration |
In combinatorics , bijective proof is a proof technique for proving that two sets have equally many elements, or that the sets in two combinatorial classes have equal size, by finding a bijective function that maps one set one-to-one onto the other. This technique can be useful as a way of finding a formula for the num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijective_proof |
A bilayer is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules .
The properties of bilayers are often studied in condensed matter physics , particularly in the context of semiconductor devices , where two distinct materials are united to form junctions , such as p–n junctions , Schottky junctions , etc. Layered mate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilayer |
Bilbao Crystallographic Server is an open access website offering online crystallographic database and programs aimed at analyzing, calculating and visualizing problems of structural and mathematical crystallography, solid state physics and structural chemistry. Initiated in 1997 by the Materials Laboratory of the Depa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Crystallographic_Server |
Bile (from Latin bilis ), also known as gall , is a yellow-green/misty green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine . In humans, bile is primarily composed of water , is produced continuously by the liver, and is stored and concentrated in the gallbladde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile |
Bilibo is a " shell -shaped, hard-wearing piece of plastic " used as a toy . [ 1 ] It is produced in six different colors. It was developed in 2001 by Swiss designer Alex Hochstrasser in consultation with experts for child development .
The form has been designed for children of various ages to sit comfortably in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilibo |
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