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1,700 | This proposition also contains accurate approximations to the square root of 3 (one larger and one smaller) and other larger non-perfect square roots; however, Archimedes gives no explanation as to how he found these numbers. He gives the upper and lower bounds to √3 as 1351/780 > √3 > 265/153. However, these bounds ar... | Measurement of a Circle | 0.840616 |
1,701 | In mathematics, there are many types of algebraic structures which are studied. Abstract algebra is primarily the study of specific algebraic structures and their properties. Algebraic structures may be viewed in different ways, however the common starting point of algebra texts is that an algebraic object incorporates... | Outline of algebraic structures | 0.840616 |
1,702 | Condensed matter physics (solid-state physics, nanoscience, superconductivity) Bose–Einstein condensation and Superfluids Quantum chemistry (computational chemistry, molecular physics) Atomic physics Molecular physics Nuclear physics (Nuclear structure, nuclear reactions, nuclear matter) Quantum chromodynamics (Lattice... | Many-particle system | 0.84061 |
1,703 | A serious difficulty arises if the variables are not measured in the same units. First consider measuring distance between a data point and the line: what are the measurement units for this distance? If we consider measuring distance based on Pythagoras' Theorem then it is clear that we shall be adding quantities measu... | Reduced major axis regression | 0.840599 |
1,704 | Structural biology is a field that is many centuries old which, as defined by the Journal of Structural Biology, deals with structural analysis of living material (formed, composed of, and/or maintained and refined by living cells) at every level of organization. Early structural biologists throughout the 19th and earl... | Structural biologist | 0.840589 |
1,705 | While the amino acid members of the triad are located far from one another on the sequence of the protein, due to folding, they will be very close to one another in the heart of the enzyme. The particular geometry of the triad members are highly characteristic to their specific function: it was shown that the position ... | Serine protease | 0.840584 |
1,706 | As above with radio astronomy, there are certain limitations, e.g. N2 is difficult to detect by either IR or radio astronomy. Such IR observations have determined that in dense clouds (where there are enough particles to attenuate the destructive UV radiation) thin ice layers coat the microscopic particles, permitting ... | Interstellar chemistry | 0.840581 |
1,707 | Once KX is defined, it is possible to study properties of X which depend only on KX. This is the subject of birational geometry. If X is an algebraic variety over a field k, then over each open set U we have a field extension KX(U) of k. The dimension of U will be equal to the transcendence degree of this field extensi... | Function field (scheme theory) | 0.840581 |
1,708 | The College Board's recommended preparation was a one-year college preparatory course in chemistry, a one-year course in algebra, and experience in the laboratory. However, some second-year algebra concepts (including logarithms) were tested on this subject test. Given the timed nature of the test, one of the keys of t... | SAT Subject Test in Chemistry | 0.84057 |
1,709 | Using derivatives, the equation of the tangent line can be stated as follows: y = f ( a ) + f ′ ( a ) ( x − a ) . {\displaystyle y=f(a)+f'(a)(x-a).\,} Calculus provides rules for computing the derivatives of functions that are given by formulas, such as the power function, trigonometric functions, exponential function,... | Tangent (geometry) | 0.84057 |
1,710 | In C and C++ programs, a source of particularly difficult-to-diagnose errors is the nondeterministic behavior that results from reading uninitialized variables; this behavior can vary between platforms, builds, and even from run to run. There are two common ways to solve this problem. One is to ensure that all location... | Definite assignment analysis | 0.840558 |
1,711 | Therefore, the central atom is predicted to adopt a linear geometry. If there are 3 electron pairs surrounding the central atom, their repulsion is minimized by placing them at the vertices of an equilateral triangle centered on the atom. Therefore, the predicted geometry is trigonal. | Valence shell electron repulsion theory | 0.840555 |
1,712 | The isomorphism theorems, which encompass the isomorphism theorems of groups, rings, modules, etc. Birkhoff's HSP Theorem, which states that a class of algebras is a variety if and only if it is closed under homomorphic images, subalgebras, and arbitrary direct products. | Universal algebra | 0.840554 |
1,713 | Arabidopsis thaliana, also known as thale cress, has been the model organism for the study of plant genetics. As Drosophila, a species of fruit fly, was to the understanding of early genetics, so has been A. thaliana to the understanding of plant genetics. It was the first plant to ever have its genome sequenced in the... | Plant genetics | 0.840551 |
1,714 | In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics, the algebraic structure group with operators or Ω-group can be viewed as a group with a set Ω that operates on the elements of the group in a special way. Groups with operators were extensively studied by Emmy Noether and her school in the 1920s. She employed the concept in... | Group with operators | 0.840548 |
1,715 | Subject coverage encompasses the following: Applied physics, Electromagnetic technology, Microelectronics Atomic physics and Molecular physics Biological physics and Medical physics Classical physics and Quantum physics Condensed matter physics Elementary particle physics General physics, Optics, Acoustics, and Fluid d... | SPIN bibliographic database | 0.840536 |
1,716 | The tests may involve medical imaging such as MRI contrast agents (T1 and T2 agents), fluorescent markers (organic dyes and inorganic quantum dots), and nuclear imaging agents (PET radiotracers or SPECT agents). or in vitro lab test including DNA sequencing and often involve deep learning algorithms that weigh the resu... | Stratified medicine | 0.840536 |
1,717 | In machine learning, algorithm selection is better known as meta-learning. The portfolio of algorithms consists of machine learning algorithms (e.g., Random Forest, SVM, DNN), the instances are data sets and the cost metric is for example the error rate. So, the goal is to predict which machine learning algorithm will ... | Algorithm selection | 0.840534 |
1,718 | : 540 These scientists lost their laboratories, and some were subjected to tortures in prisons. : 540 The Moscow, Leningrad, Ukrainian, Georgian, and Armenian schools of neuroscience and neurophysiology were damaged, at least for a while. | Pavlovian session | 0.840533 |
1,719 | In astronomy, the color temperature is defined by the local slope of the SPD at a given wavelength, or, in practice, a wavelength range. Given, for example, the color magnitudes B and V which are calibrated to be equal for an A0V star (e.g. Vega), the stellar color temperature T C {\displaystyle T_{C}} is given by the ... | Light temperature | 0.840533 |
1,720 | The electron pairs (or groups if multiple bonds are present) are assumed to lie on the surface of a sphere centered on the central atom and tend to occupy positions that minimize their mutual repulsions by maximizing the distance between them. : 410–417 The number of electron pairs (or groups), therefore, determines th... | Valence shell electron repulsion theory | 0.840527 |
1,721 | These models provide high predictive power. Deep learning and random forest approaches have also been used to interpret the results of these high-dimensional experiments. These models are beginning to help develop a better understanding of non-coding DNA function towards gene-regulation. | Functional element | 0.840519 |
1,722 | Following is a summary of some of the numerous other mathematical formalisms to write the microscopic Maxwell's equations, with the columns separating the two homogeneous Maxwell equations from the two inhomogeneous ones involving charge and current. Each formulation has versions directly in terms of the electric and m... | Maxwell's field equations | 0.840518 |
1,723 | The statistics of random permutations, such as the cycle structure of a random permutation are of fundamental importance in the analysis of algorithms, especially of sorting algorithms, which operate on random permutations. Suppose, for example, that we are using quickselect (a cousin of quicksort) to select a random e... | Random permutation statistics | 0.840517 |
1,724 | The natural generalization is to ask for what value of k a configuration of k points (in general position) in n-space determines a variety of degree d and dimension m, which is a fundamental question in enumerative geometry. A simple case of this is for a hypersurface (a codimension 1 subvariety, the zeros of a single ... | Five points determine a conic | 0.840516 |
1,725 | In classical electrodynamics, problems are typically divided into two classes: Problems in which the charge and current sources of fields are specified and the fields are calculated, and The reverse situation, problems in which the fields are specified and the motion of particles are calculated.In some fields of physic... | Magnetic radiation reaction force | 0.840513 |
1,726 | Personal genomics or consumer genetics is the branch of genomics concerned with the sequencing, analysis and interpretation of the genome of an individual. The genotyping stage employs different techniques, including single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis chips (typically 0.02% of the genome), or partial or full... | Genome analysis | 0.840511 |
1,727 | Given some algebraic structure, an identity is an equation in which all variables are tacitly universally quantified, and in which all operations are among the primitive operations proper to the structure. Algebraic structures that satisfy axioms that are given solely by identities are called a variety. Many standard r... | Loop (algebra) | 0.840503 |
1,728 | Steric effects are critical to chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology. In organic chemistry, steric effects are nearly universal and affect the rates and activation energies of most chemical reactions to varying degrees. In biochemistry, steric effects are often exploited in naturally occurring molecules such as enz... | Steric bulk | 0.840492 |
1,729 | Other areas where two values is a good choice are the law and mathematics. In everyday relaxed conversation, nuanced or complex answers such as "maybe" or "only on the weekend" are acceptable. In more focused situations such as a court of law or theorem-based mathematics however it is deemed advantageous to frame quest... | Contact algebra | 0.840492 |
1,730 | With the invention of Sanger sequencing in 1977, it became possible to isolate and identify these molecular structures. High-throughput sequencing may also be used to obtain the transcriptome of an organism, allowing inference of phylogenetic relationships using transcriptomic data. The most common approach is the comp... | DNA taxonomy | 0.840492 |
1,731 | A typical sequence profiling tool carries this further by using an actual DNA, RNA, or protein sequence as an input and allows the user to visit different web-based analysis tools to obtain the information desired. Such tools are also commonly supplied with commercial laboratory equipment like gene sequencers or someti... | Sequence profiling tool | 0.840475 |
1,732 | While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also letters that represent ambiguity which are used when more than one kind of nucleotide could occur at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:For example, W means that eit... | Nucleotide sequences | 0.840473 |
1,733 | They are essential to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses and are among the most actively studied molecules in biochemistry. They can be made only by advanced biotechnological processes; primarily mammalian cell cultures. | Fine chemical | 0.840472 |
1,734 | The volume of a three-dimensional object such as a disc or washer can be computed by disc integration using the equation for the volume of a cylinder, π r 2 h {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}h} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the radius. In the case of a simple disc created by rotating a curve about the x-axis, the radius is gi... | Linearity of integration | 0.840467 |
1,735 | The function that maps every element of A to its equivalence class is a homomorphism, and the kernel of this homomorphism is ~. The lattice Con(A) of all congruence relations on an algebra A is algebraic. John M. Howie described how semigroup theory illustrates congruence relations in universal algebra: In a group a co... | Congruence relation | 0.840457 |
1,736 | Immediately after completion of the test, eight standard scores on a scale of 1-30 are calculated and passed on to the test taker. The first six scores come directly from the test: perceptual ability, reading comprehension, quantitative reasoning, biology, general chemistry, and organic chemistry. The remaining two sco... | Dental Admission Test | 0.84045 |
1,737 | GATC Biotech was a German company specialist in DNA and RNA sequencing for academic and industrial partners worldwide. The company offered sequencing and bioinformatics solutions from single samples up to large-scale projects. 'The Genome and Diagnostic Centre' focusing on next and third-generation sequencing was based... | GATC Biotech | 0.840445 |
1,738 | A prized property in classical Euclidean geometry is the ability to solve problems using only a compass and a straightedge. Many constructions are impossible using only these tools, such as dividing an angle in three equal parts. However, many such "impossible" problems can be solved by intersecting curves such as hype... | Problem of Apollonius | 0.840442 |
1,739 | Metagenomics has the potential to advance knowledge in a wide variety of fields. It can also be applied to solve practical challenges in medicine, engineering, agriculture, sustainability and ecology. | Human metagenome | 0.840439 |
1,740 | Intelligent tutoring systems are not, in general, commercially feasible for real-world applications.A criticism of Intelligent Tutoring Systems currently in use, is the pedagogy of immediate feedback and hint sequences that are built in to make the system "intelligent". This pedagogy is criticized for its failure to de... | Intelligent tutoring systems | 0.840413 |
1,741 | With this approach, there is a risk that the algorithm is overwhelmed by uninformative examples. Recent developments are dedicated to multi-label active learning, hybrid active learning and active learning in a single-pass (on-line) context, combining concepts from the field of machine learning (e.g. conflict and ignor... | Active learning (machine learning) | 0.840407 |
1,742 | In the general case of rotation of an unsymmetric body, which has different values of the moment of inertia about the three principal axes, the rotational motion can be quite complex unless the body is rotating around a principal axis. As described in the tennis racket theorem, rotation of an object around its first or... | Poinsot's ellipsoid | 0.840402 |
1,743 | Calculation of attribute probabilities begins by presenting the neural network with both the generated expected examinee response patterns from Stage 1, with their associated attribute patterns which is derived from the cognitive model (i.e., the transpose of the Qr matrix), until the network learns each association. T... | Attribute hierarchy method | 0.840401 |
1,744 | The spectral range covers visible to near-infrared wavelengths (450 nm - 950 nm). Advanced Small Analyzer for Neutrals (ASAN), is an energetic neutral atom analyzer provided by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF). It will reveal how solar wind interacts with the lunar surface, which may help determine the proc... | Chang'e 4 | 0.840398 |
1,745 | Many universities teach instrumentation and control engineering as an academic courses at the graduate and postgraduate levels. It is possible to approach this field coming from many standard engineering backgrounds, being the most common among them Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, since these branches cover stro... | Instrumentation and control engineering | 0.840386 |
1,746 | Despite the obvious power of the approach, eDNA metabarcoding is affected by precision and accuracy challenges distributed throughout the workflow in the field, in the laboratory and at the keyboard. As set out in the diagram at the right, following the initial study design (hypothesis/question, targeted taxonomic grou... | DNA metabarcoding | 0.840379 |
1,747 | Theorem: If a t-(v,k,λ) design has an extension, then k + 1 divides b(v + 1). The only extendable projective planes (symmetric 2-(n2 + n + 1, n + 1, 1) designs) are those of orders 2 and 4.Every Hadamard 2-design is extendable (to an Hadamard 3-design).Theorem:. If D, a symmetric 2-(v,k,λ) design, is extendable, then o... | Biplane geometries | 0.840365 |
1,748 | Biochemistry. 54 (16): 2551–2559. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00189. | Jens Meiler | 0.840362 |
1,749 | Some 80% of all Dartmouth students in the late 1960s took two mathematics courses and learned Basic in the second course, either in calculus or in finite mathematics. They received two one-hour lectures on Basic near the beginning of these courses and then had to write four programs in Basic, ranging from programs for ... | Dartmouth BASIC | 0.840358 |
1,750 | Although the ring R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } is a field, R × R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \times \mathbb {R} } is not one, because the element ( 1 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (1,0)} does not have a multiplicative inverse.In a similar manner, we can talk about the direct product of finitely many algebraic structures, for e... | Internal direct product | 0.840352 |
1,751 | Similarly, when the substitute fertilizes base a (resulting in Aa with a frequency of q and heterozygote effect of d), the contribution is ( q d ) {\textstyle \left(q\ d\right)} . The overall result of substitution by A is, therefore, ( p a + q d ) {\textstyle \left(p\ a+q\ d\right)} . This is now oriented towards the ... | Meristic trait | 0.840349 |
1,752 | In algebra, the zero object of a given algebraic structure is, in the sense explained below, the simplest object of such structure. As a set it is a singleton, and as a magma has a trivial structure, which is also an abelian group. The aforementioned abelian group structure is usually identified as addition, and the on... | Trivial module | 0.840346 |
1,753 | 2017 (for 2007): Valgrind: a framework for heavyweight dynamic binary instrumentation, Nicholas Nethercote, Julian Seward 2016 (for 2006): DieHard: probabilistic memory safety for unsafe languages, Emery Berger, Benjamin Zorn 2015 (for 2005): Pin: building customized program analysis tools with dynamic instrumentation,... | Programming Languages Software Award | 0.840343 |
1,754 | But these data were not enough on their own to decipher whether the bright spot was coming from clouds or heat. The Spitzer Space Telescope played a crucial role in answering this question. Jonathan Fortney, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at UC Santa Cruz, said: "These clouds may well be composed of rock and i... | Kepler-7b | 0.840334 |
1,755 | An article by Jiang, et al. (2017) demonstrated that there are several types of AI techniques that have been used for a variety of different diseases, such as support vector machines, neural networks, and decision trees. Each of these techniques is described as having a "training goal" so "classifications agree with th... | Artificial intelligence in healthcare | 0.840328 |
1,756 | This causes many problems. Algorithms that operate on high-dimensional data tend to have a very high time complexity. Many machine learning algorithms, for example, struggle with high-dimensional data. | Nonlinear dimensionality reduction | 0.840326 |
1,757 | In computer science, shadow paging is a technique for providing atomicity and durability (two of the ACID properties) in database systems. A page in this context refers to a unit of physical storage (probably on a hard disk), typically of the order of 1 to 64 KiB. Shadow paging is a copy-on-write technique for avoiding... | Shadow paging | 0.840322 |
1,758 | Defining constants: c, mp, ħ, ε0.Here, mp is the proton rest mass. Strong units, also called quantum chromodynamics (QCD) units, are "convenient for work in QCD and nuclear physics, where quantum mechanics and relativity are omnipresent and the proton is an object of central interest". | Natural units | 0.840321 |
1,759 | The correlated color temperature (CCT) of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufac... | Architectural lighting | 0.840314 |
1,760 | The problem of determining whether a graph is planar can be solved in linear time, and any such graph is guaranteed to have a straight-line embedding by Fáry's theorem, that can also be found from the planar embedding in linear time. Therefore, any puzzle could be solved in linear time by a computer. However, these puz... | Planarity | 0.840305 |
1,761 | In a computation tree for a decision problem, each output node is labeled Yes or No. If a tree, T, with an input space X, if x ∈ X {\displaystyle x\in X} and the path for x ends in node labeled yes, then the input x is accepted. Else it is rejected.The depth of the computation tree for a given input is the computation ... | Computation tree | 0.840304 |
1,762 | The Helmholtz theorem is of particular interest in electrodynamics, since it can be used to write Maxwell's equations in the potential image and solve them more easily. The Helmholtz decomposition can be used to prove that, given electric current density and charge density, the electric field and the magnetic flux dens... | Helmholtz decomposition | 0.840304 |
1,763 | Based on the basic H-bridge topology, there are two different fundamental control strategies called basic frequency-variable bridge converter and PWM control. Here, in the left image of H-bridge circuit, the top left switch is named as "S1", and others are named as "S2, S3, S4" in counterclockwise order. For the basic ... | Three phase inverter | 0.840298 |
1,764 | Having reads of 400-500 base pairs length is sufficient to determine the species or strain of the organism where the DNA comes from, provided its genome is already known, by using for example a k-mer based taxonomic classifier software. With millions of reads from next generation sequencing of an environmental sample, ... | Whole genome shotgun sequencing | 0.840296 |
1,765 | These include various types of integer programming problems in operations research, many problems in logistics, protein structure prediction in biology, and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems. The P versus NP problem is one of the Millennium Prize Problems proposed by the Clay Mathematics In... | Tractable problem | 0.840293 |
1,766 | A stack hardware optimization is the provision of D (or "display") registers. These are registers that point to the start of each called stack frame. These registers are updated automatically as procedures are entered and exited and are not accessible by any software other than the MCP. There are 32 D registers, which ... | Burroughs large systems | 0.840262 |
1,767 | There are many problems related to the satisfiability of conjunctive normal form Boolean formulas. Decision problems: 2SAT 3SAT Optimization problems, where the goal is to maximize the number of clauses satisfied: MAX-SAT, and the corresponded weighted version Weighted MAX-SAT MAX-kSAT, where each clause has exactly k ... | Maximum satisfiability problem | 0.840262 |
1,768 | The book is organized into three sections. The first section provides introductory material, describing different mathematical situations in which multiple curves might meet, and providing different possible explanations for this phenomenon, including symmetry, geometric transformations, and membership of the curves in... | 99 Points of Intersection | 0.840253 |
1,769 | As such, the equation can be simplified to the following: 0 = m 1 v 1 f + m 2 v 2 f {\displaystyle 0=m1v1f+m2v2f} After some more simple algebra, we can calculate that v2 (the velocity of the rocket) is the following: v 2 f = − ( m 1 v 1 ) / m 2 {\displaystyle v2f=-(m1v1)/m2} This gives us the velocity of the aircraft ... | Jet force | 0.84025 |
1,770 | Studies show no evidence to support tailoring lessons to an individual students learning style to be beneficial.New concepts can be taught through play acting, cooperative groups, visual aids, hands on activities or information technology. To help with learning statistics, there are many applets found on the Internet t... | Math phobia | 0.840249 |
1,771 | Cosets of Q in R are used in the construction of Vitali sets, a type of non-measurable set. Cosets are central in the definition of the transfer. Cosets are important in computational group theory. For example, Thistlethwaite's algorithm for solving Rubik's Cube relies heavily on cosets. In geometry, a Clifford–Klein f... | Right coset | 0.840245 |
1,772 | 2 can be seen as grounded in the following trivial "Boolean" arithmetic: 1 + 1 = 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1 0 + 0 = 0 0 ⋅ 0 = 0 ⋅ 1 = 1 ⋅ 0 = 0 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 1 ¯ = 0 0 ¯ = 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&1+1=1+0=0+1=1\\&0+0=0\\&0\cdot 0=0\cdot 1=1\cdot 0=0\\&1\cdot 1=1\\&{\overline {1}}=0\\&{\overline {0}}=1\end{aligned}}} Note t... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.840245 |
1,773 | Due to the equipartition theorem, larger molecules re-orient more slowly than do smaller objects and, hence, measurements of the rotational diffusion constants can give insight into the overall mass and its distribution within an object. Quantitatively, the mean square of the angular velocity about each of an object's ... | Rotational diffusion | 0.840242 |
1,774 | The VSH are especially useful in the study of multipole radiation fields. For instance, a magnetic multipole is due to an oscillating current with angular frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } and complex amplitude and the corresponding electric and magnetic fields, can be written as Substituting into Maxwell equations, ... | Vector spherical harmonics | 0.840242 |
1,775 | That performance of convolutional neural networks on the ImageNet tests was close to that of humans. The best algorithms still struggle with objects that are small or thin, such as a small ant on a stem of a flower or a person holding a quill in their hand. They also have trouble with images that have been distorted wi... | Deep convolutional neural network | 0.840237 |
1,776 | Other figure-eight shaped algebraic curves include The Devil's curve, a curve defined by the quartic equation y 2 ( y 2 − a 2 ) = x 2 ( x 2 − b 2 ) {\displaystyle y^{2}(y^{2}-a^{2})=x^{2}(x^{2}-b^{2})} in which one connected component has a figure-eight shape, Watt's curve, a figure-eight shaped curve formed by a mecha... | Lemniscate | 0.840236 |
1,777 | Every student of basic algebra must learn to convert “word problems” to algebraic variables and equations, to which the rules of algebra apply in solving for x. Apollonius had no such rules. His solutions are geometric. Relationships not readily amenable to pictorial solutions were beyond his grasp; however, his repert... | Apollonius of Perga | 0.840235 |
1,778 | Modern red algae are mostly multicellular with differentiated cells and include many notable seaweeds. As coralline algae, they play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. They form a (disputed) phylum containing about 7,000 recognized species. | Marine primary productivity | 0.840231 |
1,779 | As a mathematical subject, the theory of probability arose very late—as compared to geometry for example—despite the fact that we have prehistoric evidence of man playing with dice from cultures from all over the world. One of the earliest writers on probability was Gerolamo Cardano. He perhaps produced the earliest kn... | Classical definition of probability | 0.840218 |
1,780 | Students of control engineering may start with a linear control system course dealing with the time and complex-s domain, which requires a thorough background in elementary mathematics and Laplace transform, called classical control theory. In linear control, the student does frequency and time domain analysis. Digital... | Control engineer | 0.840217 |
1,781 | With the sequence in hand, the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes.It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Clear practical results of the project emer... | Human Genome Project | 0.840217 |
1,782 | Continuum mechanics Solid mechanics Fluid mechanics Engineering Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Aerospace engineering Biomedical engineering Chemical engineering | Deformable body | 0.840213 |
1,783 | One possible choice of basis is the matrices with a single entry equal to 1 and all other entries 0. When m = n the matrix is square and matrix multiplication of two such matrices produces a third. This vector space of dimension n2 forms an algebra over a field. | Examples of vector spaces | 0.840209 |
1,784 | The use of alignment in computational biology often involves sequences of varying lengths. It is important to pick a model that would efficiently run at a known input size. The time taken to run the algorithm is known as the time complexity. | Gap penalty | 0.840197 |
1,785 | The converse of Lagrange's theorem states that if d is a divisor of the order of a group G, then there exists a subgroup H where |H| = d. We will examine the alternating group A4, the set of even permutations as the subgroup of the Symmetric group S4. A4 = {e, (1 2)(3 4), (1 3)(2 4), (1 4)(2 3), (1 2 3), (1 3 2), (1 2 ... | Lagrange's theorem (group theory) | 0.840196 |
1,786 | A reviewer calls it a "first class textbook" and indispensable for teachers of combinatorial optimization. The second edition appeared in 2005, the third in 2008, and the fourth in 2013. == References == | Dieter Jungnickel | 0.840194 |
1,787 | In abstract algebra, a magma, binar, or, rarely, groupoid is a basic kind of algebraic structure. Specifically, a magma consists of a set equipped with a single binary operation that must be closed by definition. No other properties are imposed. | Magma (algebra) | 0.840189 |
1,788 | The algorithm has run time 2O(√n log n) for graphs with n vertices and relies on the classification of finite simple groups. Without this classification theorem, a slightly weaker bound 2O(√n log2 n) was obtained first for strongly regular graphs by László Babai (1980), and then extended to general graphs by Babai & Lu... | Graph isomorphism problem | 0.840177 |
1,789 | In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farthe... | F subshell | 0.840168 |
1,790 | A hyperbola with equation y = a x − b + c , a ≠ 0 {\displaystyle y={\tfrac {a}{x-b}}+c,\ a\neq 0} is uniquely determined by three points ( x 1 , y 1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ( x 3 , y 3 ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},y_{1}),\;(x_{2},y_{2}),\;(x_{3},y_{3})} with different x- and y-coordinates. A simple way to determine the shape pa... | Rectangular hyperbola | 0.840162 |
1,791 | Threading: In threading strategies, the fold recognition technique is expanded further. In this process, empirically based energy functions for the interaction of residue pairs are used to place the unknown protein onto a putative backbone as a best fit, accommodating gaps where appropriate. The best interactions are t... | De novo protein structure prediction | 0.840157 |
1,792 | Transfer learning has been applied in cognitive science. Pratt guest-edited an issue of Connection Science on reuse of neural networks through transfer in 1996.Ng said in his NIPS 2016 tutorial that TL would become the next driver of machine learning commercial success after supervised learning. In the 2020 paper "Reth... | Transfer learning | 0.840151 |
1,793 | Several types of methods are used to combine all the available data to form a 3-state prediction, including neural networks, hidden Markov models and support vector machines. Modern prediction methods also provide a confidence score for their predictions at every position. Secondary-structure prediction methods were ev... | Secondary structure | 0.840151 |
1,794 | In general, an underdetermined system of linear equations has an infinite number of solutions, if any. However, in optimization problems that are subject to linear equality constraints, only one of the solutions is relevant, namely the one giving the highest or lowest value of an objective function. Some problems speci... | Underdetermined system | 0.84015 |
1,795 | System 1 is the kind used for pattern recognition while System 2 is far better suited for planning, deduction, and deliberative thinking. In this view, deep learning best models the first kind of thinking while symbolic reasoning best models the second kind and both are needed. Garcez and Lamb describe research in this... | Symbolic artificial intelligence | 0.840146 |
1,796 | Burnside's fusion theorem can be used to give a more powerful factorization called a semidirect product: if G is a finite group whose Sylow p-subgroup P is contained in the center of its normalizer, then G has a normal subgroup K of order coprime to P, G = PK and P∩K = {1}, that is, G is p-nilpotent. Less trivial appli... | Sylow group | 0.840145 |
1,797 | A-STEM (arts, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics); more focus and based on humanism and arts. eSTEM (environmental STEM) GEMS (girls in engineering, math, and science); used for programs to encourage women to enter these fields. MINT (mathematics, informatics, natural sciences, and technology) SHTEAM (sc... | STEM education | 0.840143 |
1,798 | Macroscopic – Machine learning -- Magnet wire – Magnet – Magnetic blowout – Magnetic circuit – Magnetic constant – Magnetic core – Magnetic-core memory – Magnetic field – Magnetic flux density – Magnetic flux – Magnetic moment – Magnetics – Magnetism – Magnetization – Magnetization current – Magnetostatics – Magnetostr... | Index of electrical engineering articles | 0.840137 |
1,799 | In his 1924 book A New Principle of Biology. Essay on the Theory of Symbiogenesis, he wrote, "The theory of symbiogenesis is a theory of selection relying on the phenomenon of symbiosis. "These theories did not gain traction until more detailed electron-microscopic comparisons between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts wer... | Primary endosymbiosis | 0.840134 |
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