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1,800 | Another proposed solution is to question one of the assumptions Zeno used in his paradoxes (particularly the Dichotomy), which is that between any two different points in space (or time), there is always another point. Without this assumption there are only a finite number of distances between two points, hence there i... | Zeno's paradoxes | 0.840132 |
1,801 | The laws of classical physics predict that the collection of condensed silver atoms on the plate should form a thin solid line in the same shape as the original beam. However, the in-homogeneous magnetic field caused the beam to split in two separate directions, creating two lines on the metallic plate. The phenomenon ... | Spin quantum number | 0.840127 |
1,802 | It is important to note that one algorithm can have several performance profiles. Most of the time performance profiles are constructed using mathematical statistics using representative cases. For example, in the traveling salesman problem, the performance profile was generated using a user-defined special program to ... | Anytime algorithm | 0.840125 |
1,803 | In the 1980s, researchers were divided about the most effective approach to machine learning: deductive models or neural networks. The former approach requires large decision trees and uses binary logic, matching the hardware on which it runs. The physical devices might be limited to binary logic, but AI can use softwa... | Fuzzy logics | 0.840125 |
1,804 | In May 1985, Robert L. Sinsheimer, then Chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, conducted a workshop on the feasibility of sequencing the human genome. Sinsheimer and his colleagues in the Biology Department had determined that the project would require developing more powerful methods for genetic mappi... | Jack Baskin School of Engineering | 0.840116 |
1,805 | The analogous statement about polyhedra in three dimensions, known as Hilbert's third problem, is false, as proven by Max Dehn in 1900. The problem has also been considered in some non-Euclidean geometries. In two-dimensional hyperbolic and spherical geometry, the theorem holds. However, the problem is still open for t... | Wallace–Bolyai–Gerwien theorem | 0.840114 |
1,806 | In 2023, Nature Biomedical Engineering wrote that "it is no longer possible to accurately distinguish" human-written text from text created by large language models, and that "It is all but certain that general-purpose large language models will rapidly proliferate... It is a rather safe bet that they will change many ... | Large language models | 0.840111 |
1,807 | Elementary algebra Left-hand side and right-hand side of an equation – Linear equation – Quadratic equation – Solution point – Arithmetic progression – Recurrence relation – Finite difference – Difference operator – Groups – Group isomorphism – Subgroups – Fermat's little theorem – Cryptography – Faulhaber's formula – | Outline of discrete mathematics | 0.840102 |
1,808 | The following conditions comprise the classification theorem for Min CSP problems. If setting all variables false or all variables true satisfies all clauses, it is in PO. If all clauses, when converted to disjunctive normal form, have two terms, one consisting of all positive (unnegated) variables and the other all ne... | Max/min CSP/Ones classification theorems | 0.840095 |
1,809 | We need only mention, as an example of the power of his method, the following: — Suppose that there is a hollow conducting shell, bounded by two closed surfaces, and that a number of electrified bodies are placed, some within and some without it; and let the inner surface and interior bodies be called the interior syst... | An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism | 0.840094 |
1,810 | Any Boolean algebra, with the monoid multiplication • taken to be conjunction and both residuals taken to be material implication x→y. Of the remaining 15 binary Boolean operations that might be considered in place of conjunction for the monoid multiplication, only five meet the monotonicity requirement, namely 0, 1, x... | Residuated Boolean algebra | 0.840081 |
1,811 | In spectroscopy and quantum chemistry, the multiplicity of an energy level is defined as 2S+1, where S is the total spin angular momentum. States with multiplicity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are respectively called singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets and quintets.In the ground state of an atom or molecule, the unpaired electrons... | Multiplicity (chemistry) | 0.840076 |
1,812 | However, there are also a variety of results between non-Euclidean spaces and other commonly used architectures and, more generally, algorithmically generated sets of functions, such as the convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, radial basis functions, or neural networks with specific properties. Most univers... | Universal approximator | 0.840064 |
1,813 | Basic questions addressed in molecular neuroscience include the mechanisms by which neurons express and respond to molecular signals and how axons form complex connectivity patterns. At this level, tools from molecular biology and genetics are used to understand how neurons develop and how genetic changes affect biolog... | Brain science | 0.840064 |
1,814 | The constant ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the vacuum electric permittivity (also known as the electric constant). It should not be confused with ε r {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{r}} , which is the dimensionless relative permittivity of the material in which the charges are immersed, or with their product ε a... | Coulomb force constant | 0.84006 |
1,815 | 8. Two-dimensional geometry ("Digressions de géométrie bidimensionnelle"). 9. | Esquisse d'un Programme | 0.840058 |
1,816 | The application of biomechanical principles to plants, plant organs and cells has developed into the subfield of plant biomechanics. Application of biomechanics for plants ranges from studying the resilience of crops to environmental stress to development and morphogenesis at cell and tissue scale, overlapping with mec... | Biomechanics | 0.840056 |
1,817 | NER systems have been created that use linguistic grammar-based techniques as well as statistical models such as machine learning. Hand-crafted grammar-based systems typically obtain better precision, but at the cost of lower recall and months of work by experienced computational linguists. Statistical NER systems typi... | Named entities recognition | 0.840056 |
1,818 | With three or more possible outcomes, constructing a probability function requires choosing which of the above three conditions to violate. Interpreting A → B as A′ ∪ B produces an ordinary Boolean algebra that violates 2. With CEAs, the choice is between 1 and 3. | Conditional event algebra | 0.840054 |
1,819 | In microbiology, the cultures are incubated and assessed by eye, bypassing tedious colony counting or expensive and tedious microscopic counts. Presumptive, confirmative and completed tests are a part of MPN.In molecular biology, a common application involves DNA templates diluted into polymerase chain reactions (PCR).... | Most probable number | 0.84005 |
1,820 | On the other hand, if there exists an algorithm that can solve the optimization problem efficiently, then it can be utilized in solving the decision problem by comparing the input with the optimal value. Another theme in literature is to identify what are the "hard" problems. Researchers who study the 0-1 QKP often per... | 0-1 quadratic knapsack problem | 0.840046 |
1,821 | Example 2. All bit vectors of a given length form a Boolean algebra "pointwise", meaning that any n-ary Boolean operation can be applied to n bit vectors one bit position at a time. For example, the ternary OR of three bit vectors each of length 4 is the bit vector of length 4 formed by oring the three bits in each of ... | Power set algebra | 0.840033 |
1,822 | Biology / Mechanics comparison Some differences between biological and physical signals The use of mechanical signals is therefore also the support of mechanobiology whose objective is very different from the PO. Indeed, as shown in the table above, the study of mechanotransduction, which is the support of mechanobiolo... | Physical oncology | 0.840026 |
1,823 | ": 26 According to Hastings' decision, Byers' testimony "was far outweighed by the testimony of Dr. Brent and respondent's other witnesses ...";: 33 he also concluded that "her insistence that it was acceptable to use adult norms to measure the immune function of infants and young children was, frankly, incredible." Ha... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.840024 |
1,824 | Later in 1964, he was accepted for a Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry by the Duke University (1964-1968). He performed equilibrium unfolding studies on ribonuclease protein in guanidine hydrochloride, and the work was found suitable for Ph.D. | Ahmad Salahuddin | 0.840019 |
1,825 | AP Physics C: Mechanics covers Newtonian mechanics, including: Unit 1: Kinematics Unit 2: Newton’s Laws of Motion Unit 3: Work, Energy, and Power Unit 4: Systems of Particles and Linear Momentum Unit 5: Rotation Unit 6: Oscillations Unit 7: Gravitation | AP Physics | 0.84 |
1,826 | In computer science, it is common to analyze the computational complexity of problems, including real life problems and games. It was proven that for the "offline" version of Tetris (the player knows the complete sequence of pieces that will be dropped, i.e. there is no hidden information) the following objectives are ... | Tetris | 0.84 |
1,827 | Polynomial is a new geometry producing well defined differences in regions of high and low forces and so particles could be collected by positive and negative DEP. This electrode geometry showed that the electrical field was highest at the middle of the inter-electrode gaps. Interdigitated geometry comprises alternatin... | Dielectrophoresis | 0.839999 |
1,828 | Hufford et al., 2012 finds that 83% of allelic variation within the genome derives from its teosinte ancestors, primarily due to the freedom of Zeas to outcross.Barbara McClintock used these knob markers to validate her transposon theory of "jumping genes", for which she won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medici... | Maize | 0.839995 |
1,829 | Chemical modification of surfaces provides the potential to precisely control the chemistry of the surface, and with the correct chemical modifications, there are several advantages to this approach. First, the proteins adsorbed on the surface are more stable over a wide range of conditions. The proteins also adopt a m... | Silanization of silicon and mica | 0.839989 |
1,830 | In electrical engineering, electrical terms are associated into pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging voltage and current in an expression. The dual expression thus produced is of the same form, and the reason that the dual is always a valid statement can be traced to the duality of el... | Duality (electrical circuits) | 0.839987 |
1,831 | Once we establish that the model fits the data, the attribute probabilities can be calculated. The use of attribute probabilities is important in the psychometric analyses of the AHM because these probabilities provide examinees with specific information about their attribute-level performance as part of the diagnostic... | Attribute hierarchy method | 0.839979 |
1,832 | HMMs can be applied in many fields where the goal is to recover a data sequence that is not immediately observable (but other data that depend on the sequence are). Applications include: Computational finance Single-molecule kinetic analysis Neuroscience Cryptanalysis Speech recognition, including Siri Speech synthesis... | Hidden Markov Model | 0.839972 |
1,833 | Mechanobiology is an emerging field of science at the interface of biology, engineering, chemistry and physics. It focuses on how physical forces and changes in the mechanical properties of cells and tissues contribute to development, cell differentiation, physiology, and disease. Mechanical forces are experienced and ... | Mechanobiology | 0.839971 |
1,834 | Historically, distances were often measured by chains, such as Gunter's chain, and angles using graduated circles and, later, the theodolite. An application of Euclidean solid geometry is the determination of packing arrangements, such as the problem of finding the most efficient packing of spheres in n dimensions. | Euclidean geometry of the plane | 0.83996 |
1,835 | A quadratic integer is an algebraic integer of degree two. More explicitly, it is a complex number x = − b ± b 2 − 4 c 2 {\displaystyle x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4c}}}{2}}} , which solves an equation of the form x2 + bx + c = 0, with b and c integers. Each quadratic integer that is not an integer is not rational—na... | Quadratic integer ring | 0.839957 |
1,836 | In a common framework (x, y, z) are homogeneous coordinates with the line at infinity determined by the equation z = 0. For instance, C. G. Gibson wrote: For the standard rectangular hyperbola f = x 2 − y 2 − 1 {\displaystyle f=x^{2}-y^{2}-1} in ℝ2, the corresponding projective curve is F = x 2 − y 2 − z 2 , {\displays... | Unit hyperbola | 0.839955 |
1,837 | If a greedy algorithm can be proven to yield the global optimum for a given problem class, it typically becomes the method of choice because it is faster than other optimization methods like dynamic programming. Examples of such greedy algorithms are Kruskal's algorithm and Prim's algorithm for finding minimum spanning... | Greedy heuristic | 0.839943 |
1,838 | Some of the teaching modules at CCBR are neuroscience, machine learning, vision, audition, natural language processing and reinforcement learning. The center has also organized an annual winter course/workshop on "Machine Intelligence and Brain Research" during the first week of January. | Center for Computational Brain Research | 0.83994 |
1,839 | Machine Learning. 14 (3): 313–320. doi:10.1007/BF00993981. | Machine Learning (journal) | 0.839937 |
1,840 | However, not every function has an inverse. For example, y = x2 fails the horizontal line test: it fails to be one-to-one. The inverse is the algebraic "function" x = ± y {\displaystyle x=\pm {\sqrt {y}}} . Another way to understand this, is that the set of branches of the polynomial equation defining our algebraic fun... | Algebraic functions | 0.839935 |
1,841 | In computer science, the Sharp Satisfiability Problem (sometimes called Sharp-SAT, #SAT or model counting) is the problem of counting the number of interpretations that satisfy a given Boolean formula, introduced by Valiant in 1979. In other words, it asks in how many ways the variables of a given Boolean formula can b... | Sharp-SAT | 0.839933 |
1,842 | Alternative statements of the paradox include "If given the axioms of Euclidean geometry, can an omnipotent being create a triangle whose angles do not add up to 180 degrees?" and "Can God create a prison so secure that he cannot escape from it? ". | Omnipotence paradox | 0.83993 |
1,843 | : p.7 The n-ellipse is in general a subset of the points satisfying a particular algebraic equation. : Figs. 2 and 4, p. | N-ellipse | 0.839929 |
1,844 | In both classical and quantum physics, the precise dynamics of a system form a set of coupled differential equations, which are almost always too complicated to be solved exactly, even at the level of statistical mechanics. In the context of electromagnetism, this remark applies to not only the dynamics of free charges... | Constitutive equations | 0.839904 |
1,845 | First it is important to realize that transitions that only change the magnetic dipole moment of the system are much weaker than transitions that change the electric dipole moment and that transitions to higher order moments like quadrupole transitions are weaker than dipole transitions. Second, not all transitions hav... | Absorption band | 0.839902 |
1,846 | The case n = 2 can also be proven by contradiction based on a theorem about non-vanishing vector fields. For n > 2, however, proving the impossibility of the retraction is more difficult. | Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem | 0.839874 |
1,847 | Various mathematicians have presented methods to calculate the focal subgroup from smaller groups. For instance, the influential work (Alperin 1967) develops the idea of a local control of fusion, and as an example application shows that: P ∩ Ap(G) is generated by the commutator subgroups where Q varies over a family ... | Lower p-series | 0.839871 |
1,848 | Proteolysis is widely used in biochemistry and cell biology to probe protein structure. In "limited trypsin proteolysis", low amounts of protease digest both folded and unfolded protein but at largely different rates: unstructured proteins are cut more rapidly, while structured proteins are cut at a slower rate (someti... | Fast parallel proteolysis | 0.839863 |
1,849 | Molecular diagnostics is a collection of techniques used to analyze biological markers in the genome and proteome, and how their cells express their genes as proteins, applying molecular biology to medical testing. In medicine the technique is used to diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapie... | Molecular diagnosis | 0.839862 |
1,850 | Number theory numbers, operations Combinatorics permutations, derangements, combinations Set theory sets, set partitions functions, and relations Geometry points, lines, line segments, polygons (triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, ...), circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, polyhedra (tetrahedrons, cubes, octa... | Mathematical object | 0.839861 |
1,851 | Subsequent authors have greatly extended Dehn's algorithm and applied it to a wide range of group theoretic decision problems.It was shown by Pyotr Novikov in 1955 that there exists a finitely presented group G such that the word problem for G is undecidable. It follows immediately that the uniform word problem is also... | Word problem for groups | 0.839859 |
1,852 | : 150–151 Alam remained associated with the centrifuge program and was its design director until 1981 when he developed intellectual differences with Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1981.: 431 He was confided by Abdul Qadeer Khan about selling the centrifuge technology to unknown Arab country, which he vehemently opposed the idea... | Ghulam Dastagir Alam | 0.839857 |
1,853 | In computer science, a mark–compact algorithm is a type of garbage collection algorithm used to reclaim unreachable memory. Mark–compact algorithms can be regarded as a combination of the mark–sweep algorithm and Cheney's copying algorithm. First, reachable objects are marked, then a compacting step relocates the reach... | Mark–compact algorithm | 0.839852 |
1,854 | Protein structure prediction is of high importance in medicine (for example, in drug design) and biotechnology (for example, in the design of novel enzymes). Every two years, the performance of current methods is assessed in the Critical Assessment of protein Structure Prediction (CASP) experiment. There has also been ... | Biomolecular structure | 0.839848 |
1,855 | There are different ways to estimate the mean radiant temperature, either applying its definition and using equations to calculate it, or measuring it with particular thermometers or sensors.Since the amount of radiant heat lost or received by human body is the algebraic sum of all radiant fluxes exchanged by its expos... | Black globe thermometer | 0.839846 |
1,856 | On January 3, 2020, Chinese virologist Yong-Zhen Zhang of Fudan University and the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center received a test sample from Wuhan, China, where patients had a pneumonia-like illness. By January 5, Zhang and his team had sequenced a virus from the sample and deposited its genome on GenBank, an ... | COVID Moonshot | 0.839841 |
1,857 | A statistical machine learning algorithm to detect whether a sentence contained a "That's what she said" double entendre was developed by Kiddon and Brun (2011). There is an open-source Python implementation of Kiddon & Brun's TWSS system.A program to recognize knock-knock jokes was reported by Taylor and Mazlack. This... | Computational humor | 0.83984 |
1,858 | The methods used for biological sequence alignment have also found applications in other fields, most notably in natural language processing and in social sciences, where the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm is usually referred to as Optimal matching. Techniques that generate the set of elements from which words will be sele... | Sequence alignment | 0.839838 |
1,859 | In number theory, quadratic integers are a generalization of the usual integers to quadratic fields. Quadratic integers are algebraic integers of degree two, that is, solutions of equations of the form x2 + bx + c = 0with b and c (usual) integers. When algebraic integers are considered, the usual integers are often cal... | Quadratic integers | 0.839838 |
1,860 | Biochemically active amino acids tend to have wide buffer ranges and non-sigmoidal titration patterns. While the method predicts biochemically active amino acids successfully, it also provides input features to a machine learning predictor, Partial Order Optimum Likelihood (POOL). == References == | THEMATICS | 0.839837 |
1,861 | If φ denotes the electrostatic potential associated to a charge distribution q, then the charge distribution itself is given by the negative of the Laplacian of φ: where ε0 is the electric constant. This is a consequence of Gauss's law. Indeed, if V is any smooth region with boundary ∂V, then by Gauss's law the flux of... | Vector Laplacian | 0.839836 |
1,862 | If negative, the error is added to the mean reading the instrument reads. Thus if the instrument reads 4.39 cm and as above the error is −0.05 cm, the actual length will be 4.39 + 0.05 = 4.44. (Considering that, the quantity is called zero correction which should always be added algebraically to the observed reading to... | Vernier scale | 0.839836 |
1,863 | The SOPHiA DDM Platform's AI algorithms then pull out unique genetic variants and pre-classifies data according to pathogenic predictions. Doctors and researchers can then review the detected variants and take action – the SOPHiA DDM Platform in turn learns from those actionsIn 2017, Sophia Genetics was ranked as one o... | Sophia Genetics | 0.839831 |
1,864 | Every query can be represented as a 1-by-n vector whose elements are all in the set {0,1}. The response to the query is just the dot product of the query vector by v. Every set of k queries can be represented by an k-by-n matrix over {0,1}; the set of responses is the product of the matrix by v. A matrix M is "good" if... | Non-constructive algorithm existence proofs | 0.839829 |
1,865 | Every abelian group is a BCI-algebra, with * defined as group subtraction and 0 defined as the group identity. The subsets of a set form a BCK-algebra, where A*B is the difference A\B (the elements in A but not in B), and 0 is the empty set. A Boolean algebra is a BCK algebra if A*B is defined to be A∧¬B (A does not im... | BCK algebra | 0.839821 |
1,866 | Biophysical chemists employ various techniques used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These techniques include spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other techniques like X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy. An example of research in biophysical ... | Biophysical Chemistry | 0.839819 |
1,867 | Postgraduate specialist and master academic studies are organized through two study groups: Applied Computer Sciences Energy and Automatics, with the course of studies Electrical Engineering Systems, Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automatics Electronics, Telecommunications and Computers, with the course of studi... | University of Montenegro Faculty of Electrical Engineering | 0.839814 |
1,868 | An example of such a solver is PPfolio. It was designed to find a lower bound for the performance a parallel SAT solver should be able to deliver. Despite the large amount of duplicate work due to lack of optimizations, it performed well on a shared memory machine. | SAT Solver | 0.839792 |
1,869 | Geometric Constructions has ten chapters. The first two discuss straightedge and compass constructions, including many of the constructions from Euclid's Elements, and their algebraic model, the constructible numbers. They also include impossibility results for the classical Greek problems of straightedge and compass c... | Geometric Constructions | 0.839774 |
1,870 | On complex geometry, like a crankshaft, the operator needs to visualize the changing direction of the current and magnetic field created. The current starts at 0 degrees then 45 degrees to 90 degree back to 45 degrees to 0 then -45 to -90 to -45 to 0 and this is repeated for each crankpin. Thus, it can be time consumin... | Magnetic-particle inspection | 0.839772 |
1,871 | pgEd develops tools for teachers and general audiences that examine the potential benefits and risks of personalized genome analysis. These include freely accessible, interactive lesson plans that tackle issues such as genetic testing of minors, reproductive genetics, complex human traits and genetics, and the history ... | Personal Genetics Education Project | 0.839771 |
1,872 | In mathematics and abstract algebra, the two-element Boolean algebra is the Boolean algebra whose underlying set (or universe or carrier) B is the Boolean domain. The elements of the Boolean domain are 1 and 0 by convention, so that B = {0, 1}. Paul Halmos's name for this algebra "2" has some following in the literatur... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.83977 |
1,873 | Angles ∠ DAB and ∠ DAC are equal. Therefore, the right hand sides of equations (1) and (2) are equal, so their left hand sides must also be equal. | B D | | C D | = | A B | | A C | , {\displaystyle {\frac {|BD|}{|CD|}}={\frac {|AB|}{|AC|}},} which is the angle bisector theorem. | Angle bisector theorem | 0.839763 |
1,874 | Hill and Petrucci, General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach (3rd edition), Prentice Hall. (Elements 1–106) 58 Ce: 4f2 6s2 103 Lr: 5f14 6d1 7s2 104 Rf: 5f14 6d2 7s2 (agrees with guess above) 105 Db: 5f14 6d3 7s2 106 Sg: 5f14 6d4 7s2 | Electron configurations of the elements (data page) | 0.839755 |
1,875 | Questions are answered with on-screen interfaces (staff, piano, guitar, bass, violin, cello, banjo and other stringed instruments), a functional keyboard with scale degrees and solfege syllables, multiple-choice buttons, a MIDI instrument, or through a microphone (voice, clapping or acoustic instruments). The user can ... | EarMaster | 0.839751 |
1,876 | The axiom it fails is x•I = x = I•x, for want of a suitable value for I. Hence conjunction is the only binary Boolean operation making the monoid multiplication that of a residuated Boolean algebra. The power set 2X2 made a Boolean algebra as usual with ∩, ∪ and complement relative to X2, and made a monoid with relatio... | Residuated Boolean algebra | 0.839749 |
1,877 | 80 well-ranked students can join the Summer school 1. About one organic chemistry questions appear in the test. All the tests are held in Konkuk University. | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.839747 |
1,878 | dynamic braking A braking system that extracts energy from a moving system to bring it to rest; a dynamic braking system generally is not used to hold a position of a stationary object. dynamic demand A technique for load management on an electrical grid based on frequency measurement. dynamic programming A technique f... | Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | 0.839739 |
1,879 | Division algebras, in which multiplicative inverses exist. The finite-dimensional alternative division algebras over the field of real numbers have been classified. They are the real numbers (dimension 1), the complex numbers (dimension 2), the quaternions (dimension 4), and the octonions (dimension 8). | Quadratic representation | 0.839726 |
1,880 | The study of polynomial equations or algebraic equations has a long history. c. 1700 BC, the Babylonians were able to solve quadratic equations specified as word problems. This word problem stage is classified as rhetorical algebra and was the dominant approach up to the 16th century. | Abstract Algebra | 0.839724 |
1,881 | 116 is a noncototient, meaning that there is no solution to the equation m − φ(m) = n, where φ stands for Euler's totient function.116! + 1 is a factorial prime.There are 116 ternary Lyndon words of length six, and 116 irreducible polynomials of degree six over a three-element field, which form the basis of a free Lie ... | 116 (number) | 0.839716 |
1,882 | kernel method In machine learning, kernel methods are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support vector machine (SVM). The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classif... | Glossary of artificial intelligence | 0.83971 |
1,883 | Much of the field and public attention was focused on the race between the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP) and the private company Celera to generate the complete sequence of a single whole genome to use as a reference for future research. This was a technical challenge to generate and assemble raw data. By ... | DeCODE genetics | 0.8397 |
1,884 | In geometry, the tests for congruence and similarity involve comparing corresponding sides and corresponding angles of polygons. In these tests, each side and each angle in one polygon is paired with a side or angle in the second polygon, taking care to preserve the order of adjacency.For example, if one polygon has se... | Corresponding sides | 0.839691 |
1,885 | As parallel computers become larger and faster, we are now able to solve problems that had previously taken too long to run. Fields as varied as bioinformatics (for protein folding and sequence analysis) and economics (for mathematical finance) have taken advantage of parallel computing. Common types of problems in par... | Parallel computer hardware | 0.839689 |
1,886 | There are topological and algebraic proofs. | Gordan's lemma | 0.839681 |
1,887 | : 1710–181 The narrow-sense heritability (h2) is usually used, thereby linking to the genic variance (σ2A) . However, if appropriate, use of the broad-sense heritability (H2) would connect to the genotypic variance (σ2G) ; and even possibly an allelic heritability might be contemplated, connecting to (σ2a ). To apply ... | Quantitative genetics | 0.839667 |
1,888 | Casimir's analysis of idealized metal plates was generalized to arbitrary dielectric and realistic metal plates by Evgeny Lifshitz and his students. Using this approach, complications of the bounding surfaces, such as the modifications to the Casimir force due to finite conductivity, can be calculated numerically using... | Casimir energy | 0.839664 |
1,889 | The theorem is used in solution of triangles, i.e., to find (see Figure 3): the third side of a triangle if one knows two sides and the angle between them: the angles of a triangle if one knows the three sides: the third side of a triangle if one knows two sides and an angle opposite to one of them (this side can also ... | Law of cosines | 0.839664 |
1,890 | American Mathematics Contest 8 (AMC->8), formerly the American Junior High School Mathematics Examination (AJHSME) Math League (grades 4–12) MATHCOUNTS Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools (MOEMS) Rocket City Math League (pre-algebra to calculus) United States of America Mathematical Talent Search (... | Math competition | 0.839659 |
1,891 | Various inequivalent definitions of Kleene algebras and related structures have been given in the literature. Here we will give the definition that seems to be the most common nowadays. A Kleene algebra is a set A together with two binary operations +: A × A → A and ·: A × A → A and one function *: A → A, written as a ... | Kleene algebra | 0.839658 |
1,892 | Recently, a paper was published in PRL Special Section: PER that identified over 30 behaviors, attitudes, and skills that are used in the solving of a typical physics problem. Greater resolution and specific attention to the details are used in the field of problem solving. Attitudes: The University of Colorado develop... | Physics education research | 0.839657 |
1,893 | They are also variously referred to as markov random fields (in statistics and signal processing) and energy minimization problems (in physics). While weighted constraint satisfaction problems are NP-hard to solve in general, several subclasses can be solved in polynomial time when their weighted constraints exhibit sp... | Constraint composite graph | 0.839656 |
1,894 | Some harsh environment applications include transportation/automotive, renewable energy, military/space/avionics, mineral exploration, industrial, and safety & security. Device Definitions: HT: -55 °C to 150 °C EP: Enhanced products -55 °C to 125 °C Q1: Automotive Q100 qualified -40 °C to 105 °C T: Extended temperature... | MSP430 microcontroller | 0.839654 |
1,895 | As an example of the typical limitations of the scope of a model, in evaluating Newtonian classical mechanics, we can note that Newton made his measurements without advanced equipment, so he could not measure properties of particles traveling at speeds close to the speed of light. Likewise, he did not measure the movem... | Mathematical modelling | 0.839652 |
1,896 | Number theory, particularly focusing on Diophantine equations, continuing the theme of word problems but with discrete variables for numbers of people, goods, or costs, and also including material on divisibility, prime numbers, and the Chinese remainder theorem. Numeral systems and cryptarithms. Graph theory, includin... | Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics | 0.839647 |
1,897 | It is a trivial task when the convex polygon is specified in a traditional way for polygons, i.e., by the ordered sequence of its vertices v 1 , … , v m {\displaystyle v_{1},\dots ,v_{m}} . When the input list of vertices (or edges) is unordered, the time complexity of the problems becomes O(m log m). A matching lower ... | Polyhedral set | 0.839646 |
1,898 | Fundamental theorem of algebra – states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with an imaginary part equal to zero. Equations – equality of two mathematical... | Outline of algebra | 0.839641 |
1,899 | This field is a field extension of the rational numbers and in turn is contained in the field of algebraic numbers. It is the Euclidean closure of the rational numbers, the smallest field extension of the rationals that includes the square roots of all of its positive numbers.The proof of the equivalence between the al... | Constructible numbers | 0.839638 |
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