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1,900 | In physics, at equilibrium, an ideal conductor has no charge on its interior; instead, the entirety of the charge of the conductor resides on the surface. However, this only applies to the ideal case of infinite electrical conductivity; the majority of the charge of an actual conductor resides within the skin depth of ... | Surface potential | 0.839636 |
1,901 | quotient group Given a group G {\displaystyle G} and a normal subgroup N {\displaystyle N} of G {\displaystyle G} , the quotient group is the set G {\displaystyle G} / N {\displaystyle N} of left cosets { a N: a ∈ G } {\displaystyle \{aN:a\in G\}} together with the operation a N ∗ b N = a b N . {\displaystyle aN*bN=abN... | Glossary of group theory | 0.839635 |
1,902 | The Liénard–Wiechert formulation always provides two sets of solutions: Advanced fields are absorbed by the charges and retarded fields are emitted. Schwarzschild and Fokker considered the advanced field of a system of moving charges, and the retarded field of a system of charges having the same geometry and opposite c... | Liénard–Wiechert potential | 0.839633 |
1,903 | An algebraic plane curve is a curve in an affine or projective plane given by one polynomial equation f ( x , y ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(x,y)=0} (or F ( x , y , z ) = 0 , {\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0,} where F is a homogeneous polynomial, in the projective case.) Algebraic curves have been studied extensively since the 18th... | Plane curve | 0.83963 |
1,904 | Pascal's work on this problem began an important correspondence between him and fellow mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665). Communicating through letters, the two continued to exchange their ideas and thoughts. These interactions led to the conception of basic probability theory. To this day, many gamblers still... | Poker probability | 0.839628 |
1,905 | In mathematics and computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem (German for 'decision problem'; pronounced ) is a challenge posed by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann in 1928. The problem asks for an algorithm that considers, as input, a statement and answers "yes" or "no" according to whether the statement is universa... | Entscheidungsproblem | 0.839625 |
1,906 | Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit: A deep learning toolkit written by Microsoft with several unique features enhancing scalability over multiple nodes. It supports full-fledged interfaces for training in C++ and Python and with additional support for model inference in C# and Java. TensorFlow: Apache 2.0-licensed Theano-like... | Pooling (neural networks) | 0.839621 |
1,907 | Bodirsky, M. (2007), Graph Homomorphisms and Universal Algebra, Course Notes (PDF) Hell, Pavol; Nešetřil, Jaroslav (2008), "Colouring, constraint satisfaction, and complexity" (PDF), Computer Science Review, 2 (3): 143–163, doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2008.10.003 | Graph homomorphism | 0.83962 |
1,908 | A further generalization and refinement of these results due to Samson Abramsky, Rui Soares Barbosa and Shane Mansfield appeared in 2017, proving a precise quantifiable relationship between the probability of successfully computing any given non-linear function and the degree of contextuality present in the l2-MBQC as ... | Quantum contextuality | 0.83962 |
1,909 | Machine learning – Constrained Conditional Models – Deep learning – Neural modeling fields – | Outline of artificial intelligence | 0.839604 |
1,910 | A method analogous to piece-wise linear approximation but using only arithmetic instead of algebraic equations, uses the multiplication tables in reverse: the square root of a number between 1 and 100 is between 1 and 10, so if we know 25 is a perfect square (5 × 5), and 36 is a perfect square (6 × 6), then the square ... | Methods of computing square roots | 0.839597 |
1,911 | M {\displaystyle \mathbb {M} } is of type 3 {\displaystyle {\bf {3}}} , or Boolean type, iff M {\displaystyle \mathbb {M} } is polynomially equivalent to a two-element Boolean algebra. M {\displaystyle \mathbb {M} } is of type 4 {\displaystyle {\bf {4}}} , or lattice type, iff M {\displaystyle \mathbb {M} } is polynomi... | Minimal algebra | 0.839568 |
1,912 | Examples include "do two polygons overlap?" or 'is there a residence located within a mile of the area we are planning to build the landfill?' (see DE-9IM) Geometry Constructors: Creates new geometries, usually by specifying the vertices (points or nodes) which define the shape. Observer Functions: Queries that return ... | Geographical database | 0.839559 |
1,913 | This is one argument against Cobham's thesis, the convention that P is a practical class of algorithms. If such a collapse did occur, we could deduce that P ≠ PSPACE, since it is a well-known theorem that DTIME(f(n)) is strictly contained in DSPACE(f(n)). However, the time hierarchy theorems provide no means to relate ... | Time hierarchy theorem | 0.839555 |
1,914 | Candidates often need an extra year of intense study after high-school, and many take the test multiple times before being selected. The exam is composed of two phases: the first includes general tests in each of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Portuguese and English. The English exam is only eliminatory, requiring ca... | Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica | 0.839551 |
1,915 | : 168–169 The published mise en pratique is not the only way in which a base unit can be determined: the SI Brochure states that "any method consistent with the laws of physics could be used to realise any SI unit. ": 111 Various consultative committees of the CIPM decided in 2016 that more than one mise en pratique wo... | International System of Units | 0.839548 |
1,916 | In computer science, region-based memory management is a type of memory management in which each allocated object is assigned to a region. A region, also called a zone, arena, area, or memory context, is a collection of allocated objects that can be efficiently reallocated or deallocated all at once. Like stack allocat... | Region inference | 0.839546 |
1,917 | An integer may be regarded as a real number that can be written without a fractional component. For example, 21, 4, 0, and −2048 are integers, while 9.75, 5+1/2, and √2 are not.The integers form the smallest group and the smallest ring containing the natural numbers. In algebraic number theory, the integers are sometim... | Negative integer | 0.839545 |
1,918 | For example, cholesterol-related compounds have opened ways to synthesize complex human hormones and their modified derivatives. Since the start of the 20th century, complexity of total syntheses has been increased to include molecules of high complexity such as lysergic acid and vitamin B12. The discovery of petroleum... | Synthetic organic chemistry | 0.839543 |
1,919 | Unfortunately, the rate at which new sequences are discovered far exceeds the rate of structure determination – out of more than 7,400,000 protein sequences available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant (nr) protein database, fewer than 52,000 proteins' 3D structures have been solve... | Rosetta@home | 0.839542 |
1,920 | Martin Rees, author of the book Our Final Hour which also addresses this issue, states that while better understanding of viruses may allow for an improved capability to develop vaccines it may also lead to an increase in "the spread of 'dangerous knowledge' that would enable mavericks to make viruses more virulent and... | Pandemic prevention | 0.839539 |
1,921 | If the geometry and gradient are such that the ionized region continues to grow until it reaches another conductor at a lower potential, a low resistance conductive path between the two will be formed, resulting in an electric spark or electric arc, depending upon the source of the electric field. If the source continu... | Corona effect | 0.839533 |
1,922 | The term genome assembly refers to the process of taking a large number of DNA fragments that are generated during shotgun sequencing and assembling them into the correct order such as to reconstruct the original genome. Sequencing involves using automated machines to determine the order of nucleic acids in the DNA of ... | Hybrid genome assembly | 0.839533 |
1,923 | In computational complexity theory, Karp's 21 NP-complete problems are a set of computational problems which are NP-complete. In his 1972 paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", Richard Karp used Stephen Cook's 1971 theorem that the boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete (also called the Cook-Levin t... | Karp's 21 NP-complete problems | 0.839533 |
1,924 | In atomic physics, the spectral optical depth of a cloud of atoms can be calculated from the quantum-mechanical properties of the atoms. It is given bywhere d is the transition dipole moment; n is the number of atoms; ν is the frequency of the beam; c is the speed of light; ħ is Planck's constant; ε0 is the vacuum perm... | Optical depth | 0.839526 |
1,925 | This reveals a knowledge of descriptive geometry. The regularity of elements suggests they are part of a system of proportions. | Tiwanaku | 0.83952 |
1,926 | Basic topics in solid geometry and stereometry include: Advanced topics include: projective geometry of three dimensions (leading to a proof of Desargues' theorem by using an extra dimension) further polyhedra descriptive geometry. | Three dimensional geometry | 0.839519 |
1,927 | The time required to train and test a model can depend upon the choice of its hyperparameters. A hyperparameter is usually of continuous or integer type, leading to mixed-type optimization problems. The existence of some hyperparameters is conditional upon the value of others, e.g. the size of each hidden layer in a ne... | Hyperparameter (machine learning) | 0.839518 |
1,928 | Some earlier workers, including Newton and Voltaire, had believed that "energy" was not distinct from momentum and therefore proportional to velocity. According to this understanding, the deformation of the clay should have been proportional to the square root of the height from which the balls were dropped. In classic... | Energy is conserved | 0.839515 |
1,929 | When electronic calculators were originally marketed they normally had only four or five capabilities (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root). Modern scientific calculators generally have many more capabilities than the original four or five function calculator, and the capabilities differ bet... | Scientific pocket calculator | 0.839513 |
1,930 | In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values.The more inferences are made, the more likely erroneous inferences become. Several statistical... | Multiple comparisons problem | 0.839508 |
1,931 | The picometre's length is of an order so small that its application is almost entirely confined to particle physics, quantum physics, chemistry, and acoustics. Atoms are between 62 and 520 pm in diameter, and the typical length of a carbon–carbon single bond is 154 pm. Smaller units still may be used to describe smalle... | Picometre | 0.839501 |
1,932 | Those aiming for a career in mathematics, the physical sciences, and engineering can pursue the traditional pathway, taking Algebra II and Precalculus. Those who want to pursue a career in the life sciences, the social sciences, or business can take Statistics and Mathematical Modelling. Students bound for technical tr... | Mathematics education in the United States | 0.839499 |
1,933 | The groups of order pn and nilpotency class n − 1 were the beginning of the classification of all p-groups via coclass. The modular maximal-cyclic group of order 2n always has nilpotency class 2. This makes the modular maximal-cyclic group less interesting, since most groups of order pn for large n have nilpotency clas... | Quasi-dihedral group | 0.839494 |
1,934 | Genome and gene sequences can be searched by a variety of tools for certain properties. Sequence profiling tools can find restriction enzyme sites, open reading frames in nucleotide sequences, and predict secondary structures. Phylogenetic trees can be constructed and evolutionary hypotheses developed using special sof... | Protein interactions | 0.839493 |
1,935 | Machine learning algorithms in bioinformatics can be used for prediction, classification, and feature selection. Methods to achieve this task are varied and span many disciplines; most well known among them are machine learning and statistics. Classification and prediction tasks aim at building models that describe and... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.83949 |
1,936 | Multicellular organisms fare poorly. Eventually an equilibrium of micro-organisms is established. Make magazine Volume 10 contained instructions for creating a self-contained fresh-water "biosphere", which contained a freshwater amano shrimp, snails, amphipods, ostracods, copepods, rigid hornwort, duckweed, pond scum (... | Ecosphere (aquarium) | 0.839489 |
1,937 | In mathematics, a structure is a set endowed with some additional features on the set (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Often, the additional features are attached or related to the set, so as to provide it with some additional meaning or significance. A partial list of possible structures are measure... | Mathematical structure | 0.839487 |
1,938 | In particular, this leads to quantum numbers that take values in discrete sets of integers or half-integers; although they could approach infinity in some cases. This distinguishes quantum mechanics from classical mechanics where the values that characterize the system such as mass, charge, or momentum, all range conti... | Additive quantum number | 0.839486 |
1,939 | However, the accuracy of a machine-learning potential can be converged to be comparable with the underlying quantum calculations, unlike analytical models. Hence, they are in general more accurate than traditional analytical potentials, but they are correspondingly less able to extrapolate. Further, owing to the comple... | Interatomic potential | 0.839481 |
1,940 | Unlike conventional evolutionary and biochemical approaches to studying proteins, i.e. the so-called horizontal comparison of related protein homologues from different branch ends of the tree of life; ASR probes the statistically inferred ancestral proteins within the nodes of the tree – in a vertical manner (see diagr... | Ancestral gene resurrection | 0.83948 |
1,941 | List of artificial intelligence projects List of datasets for machine learning research | Outline of machine learning | 0.839478 |
1,942 | The set of natural numbers N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } with the usual operations is not a ring, since ( N , + ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {N} ,+)} is not even a group (not all the elements are invertible with respect to addition – for instance, there is no natural number which can be added to 3 to get 0 as a result). ... | Ring (mathematics) | 0.839472 |
1,943 | In this way, the resulting geometries of origami are stronger than the geometries of compass and straightedge, where the maximum number of solutions an axiom has is 2. Thus compass and straightedge geometry solves second-degree equations, while origami geometry, or origametry, can solve third-degree equations, and solv... | Beloch fold | 0.839463 |
1,944 | For example, consider two threads with the following instructions, executing concurrently, where the variables x and y are both initialized to 0: If no reorderings are performed, and the read of y in Thread 2 returns the value 2, then the subsequent read of x should return the value 1, because the write to x was perfor... | Java Memory Model | 0.839461 |
1,945 | Consider the following problem of high school students’ evaluations: Each object (student) is described by three criteria q 1 , q 2 , q 3 {\displaystyle q_{1},q_{2},q_{3}\,\!} , related to the levels in Mathematics, Physics and Literature, respectively. According to the decision attribute, the students are divided into... | Dominance-based rough set approach | 0.839459 |
1,946 | Although these algorithms address only the most basic formulation of the protein design problem, Equation (1), when the optimization goal changes because designers introduce improvements and extensions to the protein design model, such as improvements to the structural flexibility allowed (e.g., protein backbone flexib... | Protein Design | 0.839457 |
1,947 | Combinatorics 3. Theory of Functions 4. Geometry 5. | Miklós Schweitzer Competition | 0.839452 |
1,948 | If y2 = P(x), where P is any polynomial of degree three in x with no repeated roots, the solution set is a nonsingular plane curve of genus one, an elliptic curve. If P has degree four and is square-free this equation again describes a plane curve of genus one; however, it has no natural choice of identity element. Mor... | Elliptic curves | 0.839452 |
1,949 | Another key feature is the presence of "anchoring" residues at the ends of the helix, which are tryptophan residues in the WALP versions. Substituting the anchoring tryptophan residues for charged residues, such as lysine, yields "KALP" peptides. This class of model peptides has proved useful for studying the impact of... | WALP peptide | 0.83945 |
1,950 | Thus, consider the circle centers (or stations) C1 and C2 in Fig. 1 which have known coordinates (e.g., have already been surveyed) and thus whose separation U {\displaystyle U} is known. The figure 'page' contains C1 and C2. If a third 'point of interest' P (e.g., a vehicle or another point to be surveyed) is at unkno... | True-range trilateration | 0.839448 |
1,951 | Configuration interaction (CI) Coupled cluster (CC) Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH,) Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4, etc.) Quadratic configuration interaction (QCI) Quantum chemistry composite methods (G2, G3, CBS, T1. etc.) | Post–Hartree–Fock | 0.839439 |
1,952 | The Standard Model of physics features a total of 25 elementary particles: 12 fermions (made of 6 quarks and 6 leptons) and 13 bosons (made of 12 gauge bosons and 1 scalar boson). The atomic number of manganese. The average percentage DNA overlap of an individual with their half-sibling, grandparent, grandchild, aunt, ... | 25 (number) | 0.839422 |
1,953 | The Journal of Chemical Physics Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Journal of Physical Chemistry A Journal of Physical Chemistry B Journal of Physical Chemistry C Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Chemical Physics Letters Chemical Physics ChemPhysChem Molecular Physics (journal) | Chemical physicist | 0.839413 |
1,954 | Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases. Neurochemistry is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, ma... | Chemical Science | 0.83941 |
1,955 | Decrypting protein surfaces by combining evolution, geometry, and molecular docking. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2019). Hidden partners: Using cross-docking calculations to predict binding sites for proteins with multiple interactions. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics (2018). | Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy | 0.839406 |
1,956 | Schröder number Search algorithm Binary search Interpolation search Linear search Local search String searching algorithm Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm Fuzzy string searching grep, agrep, wildcard character Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm Sequences with zero autocorrelation function Series-parallel networks probl... | Index of combinatorics articles | 0.839406 |
1,957 | The most exciting event was in 1942, when Edlén proved the identification of some solar coronal lines on the basis of his precise analyses of spectra of MIA. This implied that the solar corona has a temperature of a million degrees, and strongly advanced understanding of solar and stellar physics. After the WW II exper... | History of spectroscopy | 0.839405 |
1,958 | Due to complex interactions which arise from electron-electron repulsion, algebraic solutions of the Schrödinger equation are only possible for systems with one electron such as the hydrogen atom, H2+, H32+, etc.; however, from these simple models arise all the familiar atomic (s,p,d,f) and bonding (σ,π) orbitals. In s... | Physical organic chemistry | 0.839403 |
1,959 | Imperative languages such as Java provide a notion of imperative variables, which basically represent memory locations that can be written to and read from. OptimJ also introduces the notion of a decision variable, which basically represents an unknown quantity whose value one is searching. A solution to an optimizatio... | OptimJ | 0.839401 |
1,960 | Continues Série I. Comptes Rendus Mécanique – mechanics. Continues Série IIB. Comptes Rendus Palévol – paleontology and evolutionary biology. | Comptes Rendus Mathématique | 0.839388 |
1,961 | Hence, tic-tac-toe is often played by young children who may not have discovered the optimal strategy. Because of the simplicity of tic-tac-toe, it is often used as a pedagogical tool for teaching the concepts of good sportsmanship and the branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees. I... | Tic Tac Toe | 0.839387 |
1,962 | The Engineering Technologist Mobility Forum (ETMF) is an international forum held by signatories of the Sydney Accord to explore mutual recognition for experienced engineering technologists and to remove artificial barriers to the free movement and practice of engineering technologists amongst their countries. ETMF can... | Engineering technology | 0.839385 |
1,963 | An algebraic theory consists of a collection of n-ary functional terms with additional rules (axioms). For example, the theory of groups is an algebraic theory because it has three functional terms: a binary operation a × b, a nullary operation 1 (neutral element), and a unary operation x ↦ x−1 with the rules of associ... | Algebraic theory | 0.839385 |
1,964 | The scientific relevance of the project can be understood considering that cracking crosswords requires human-level knowledge. Unlike chess and related games and there is no closed world configuration space. A first nucleus of technology, such as search engines, information retrieval, and machine learning techniques en... | WebCrow | 0.839384 |
1,965 | The preliminary round of the Sri Lankan Astronomy and Astrophysics Olympiad competition is a two-hour theory paper on Astronomy and Astrophysics. It usually consists of 20-30 multiple choice questions and five structured essay type questions. The competition is conducted in three languages Sinhala, Tamil and English. | Sri Lankan Astronomy and Astrophysics Olympiad | 0.839384 |
1,966 | As of 2014, the leading conferences in the field include Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) and Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB). The development of computer-assisted mathematics (using products such as Mathematica or Matlab) has helped engineers, mathematicians and computer scientists... | Computational genomics | 0.839382 |
1,967 | In the program of reverse mathematics, all mathematical objects discussed are encoded as naturals or subsets of naturals. Subsystems of Z 2 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Z}}_{2}} with very low complexity comprehension have a language that does not merely express arithmetical sets, while all sets of naturals particular such ... | Intuitionistic set theory | 0.839382 |
1,968 | This example has the same atoms and coatoms as Example 4, whence it is not atomless and therefore not isomorphic to Example 5/6. However it contains an infinite atomless subalgebra, namely Example 5, and so is not isomorphic to Example 4, every subalgebra of which must be a Boolean algebra of finite sets and their comp... | Power set algebra | 0.83938 |
1,969 | The second has ~12" diameter full casing, metal rings. Eindhoven Technical University Amirkabir University of Technology and Atomic Energy Organization of Iran have investigated the effect of strong pulsed magnetic fields on the neutron production rate of IEC device. Their study showed that by 1-2 Tesla magnetic field ... | Inertial electrostatic confinement | 0.83938 |
1,970 | In January 2012, Scientific American reported that Foldit gamers achieved the first crowdsourced redesign of a protein, an enzyme that catalysed the Diels–Alder reactions widely used in synthetic chemistry. A team including David Baker in the Center for Game Science at University of Washington in Seattle computationall... | Foldit | 0.839376 |
1,971 | Every infinite-dimensional vector field contains an infinite linearly independent subset (this requires dependent choice, but not the full axiom of choice). Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras needs the Boolean prime ideal theorem. The Nielsen–Schreier theorem, that every subgroup of a free group is fre... | Axiom of Choice | 0.839365 |
1,972 | Helicos Biosciences, Pacific Biosciences, Complete Genomics, Illumina, Sequenom, ION Torrent Systems, Halcyon Molecular, NABsys, IBM, and GE Global appear to all be going head to head in the race to commercialize full genome sequencing.With sequencing costs declining, a number of companies began claiming that their equ... | Whole genome sequence | 0.839362 |
1,973 | The word problem for free lattices has some interesting aspects. Consider the case of bounded lattices, i.e. algebraic structures with the two binary operations ∨ and ∧ and the two constants (nullary operations) 0 and 1. The set of all well-formed expressions that can be formulated using these operations on elements fr... | Free semilattice | 0.839361 |
1,974 | : ch13 The field is defined by the Lorentz force law and is, at each instant, perpendicular to both the motion of the charge and the force it experiences. There are two different, but closely related vector fields which are both sometimes called the "magnetic field" written B and H. While both the best names for these ... | Magnetic Field | 0.839358 |
1,975 | In physics or engineering education, a Fermi problem (or Fermi quiz, Fermi question, Fermi estimate), also known as a order-of-magnitude problem (or order-of-magnitude estimate, order estimation), is an estimation problem designed to teach dimensional analysis or approximation of extreme scientific calculations, and su... | Fermi Problem | 0.839352 |
1,976 | Probability theory Probability space Sample space Standard probability space Random element Random compact set Dynkin system Probability axioms Normalizing constant Event (probability theory) Complementary event Elementary event Mutually exclusive Boole's inequality Probability density function Cumulative distribution ... | List of probability topics | 0.839347 |
1,977 | Algorithm selection is not limited to single domains but can be applied to any kind of algorithm if the above requirements are satisfied. Application domains include: hard combinatorial problems: SAT, Mixed Integer Programming, CSP, AI Planning, TSP, MAXSAT, QBF and Answer Set Programming combinatorial auctions in mach... | Algorithm selection | 0.839333 |
1,978 | This approach relies on the determination of the mean square amplitude of the cantilever displacement due to spontaneous thermal fluctuations. This quantity is related to the spring constant by means of the equipartition theorem. In the added mass method one attaches a series of metal beads to the cantilever and each c... | Colloidal probe technique | 0.839327 |
1,979 | In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space. The order of the coordinates is significant, and they are sometimes identified by their position in an ordered t... | Coordinate surface | 0.839322 |
1,980 | In the perspective of quantum mechanics, helium is the second simplest atom to model, following the hydrogen atom. Helium is composed of two electrons in atomic orbitals surrounding a nucleus containing two protons and (usually) two neutrons. As in Newtonian mechanics, no system that consists of more than two particles... | Superfluid helium | 0.83932 |
1,981 | The speciality is chosen in the second year. Students have four possibilities: Chemistry: Organic Chemistry: With this speciality, students attain a high level in synthesis and characterization of organic chemistry. Analytical Chemistry: Students are trained in techniques of analysis within the context of quality contr... | École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux | 0.839319 |
1,982 | The polony sequencing method, developed in the laboratory of George M. Church at Harvard, was among the first high-throughput sequencing systems and was used to sequence a full E. coli genome in 2005. It combined an in vitro paired-tag library with emulsion PCR, an automated microscope, and ligation-based sequencing ch... | High throughput sequencing | 0.839317 |
1,983 | Apart from electromagnetics and network theory, other items in the syllabus are particular to electronics engineering course. Electrical engineering courses have other specializations such as machines, power generation and distribution. Note that the following list does not include the large quantity of mathematics (ma... | Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers | 0.839316 |
1,984 | Theorem: There exist strings of arbitrarily large Kolmogorov complexity. Formally: for each natural number n, there is a string s with K(s) ≥ n.Proof: Otherwise all of the infinitely many possible finite strings could be generated by the finitely many programs with a complexity below n bits. Theorem: K is not a computa... | Algorithmic complexity theory | 0.83931 |
1,985 | Some classification algorithms/models have been adapted to the multi-label task, without requiring problem transformations. Examples of these including for multi-label data are k-nearest neighbors: the ML-kNN algorithm extends the k-NN classifier to multi-label data. decision trees: "Clare" is an adapted C4.5 algorithm... | Multi-label classification | 0.839303 |
1,986 | Addition and multiplication are commutative in most number systems, and, in particular, between natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers and complex numbers. This is also true in every field. Addition is commutative in every vector space and in every algebra. Union and intersection are commutative oper... | Commutative law | 0.839296 |
1,987 | The uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation states that, for a large class of boundary conditions, the equation may have many solutions, but the gradient of every solution is the same. In the case of electrostatics, this means that there is a unique electric field derived from a potential function satisfying Poisson'... | Uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation | 0.83929 |
1,988 | For example, is ( x 1 + 3 x 2 − x 3 ) ( 3 x 1 + x 4 − 1 ) ⋯ ( x 7 − x 2 ) ≡ 0 ? {\displaystyle (x_{1}+3x_{2}-x_{3})(3x_{1}+x_{4}-1)\cdots (x_{7}-x_{2})\equiv 0\ ?} To solve this, we can multiply it out and check that all the coefficients are 0. However, this takes exponential time. In general, a polynomial can be algeb... | Schwartz–Zippel lemma | 0.839287 |
1,989 | An example of a degenerate case, in which n(n + 3) / 2 points on the curve are not sufficient to determine the curve uniquely, was provided by Cramer as part of Cramer's paradox. Let the degree be n = 3, and let nine points be all combinations of x = –1, 0, 1 and y = –1, 0, 1. More than one cubic contains all of these ... | Cramer's theorem (algebraic curves) | 0.839286 |
1,990 | al., the analogy highlights two vital limitations: (i) The predictions made by a learning machine are essentially repeating back the contents of the data, with some added noise (or stochasticity) caused by the limitations of the model. (ii) The machine learning algorithm does not understand the problem it has learnt. I... | Stochastic parrot | 0.839279 |
1,991 | In Optimality Theory, a mathematical model for the development of natural language based on optimization under constraints, grammars are logically equivalent to antimatroids.In mathematical psychology, antimatroids have been used to describe feasible states of knowledge of a human learner. Each element of the antimatro... | Antimatroid | 0.839278 |
1,992 | In algebra, a cubic equation in one variable is an equation of the form a x 3 + b x 2 + c x + d = 0 {\displaystyle ax^{3}+bx^{2}+cx+d=0} in which a is nonzero. The solutions of this equation are called roots of the cubic function defined by the left-hand side of the equation. If all of the coefficients a, b, c, and d o... | Chebyshev cube root | 0.839272 |
1,993 | More general games can be used to assign a meaning to (possibly open) IF formulas; more exactly, it is possible to define what it means for an IF formula φ {\displaystyle \varphi } to be satisfied, on a structure M {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}} , by a team X {\displaystyle X} (a set of assignments of common variable d... | Independence-friendly logic | 0.839266 |
1,994 | This would enable study of epigenetics in patch-seq experiments. Likewise separating out proteins would be useful for judging protein abundances allowing for integration with proteomics. CRISPR could be included in the pipette and injected during recording to examine the effects of mutation at the single cell level. | Patch-sequencing | 0.839263 |
1,995 | permutation group A permutation group is a group whose elements are permutations of a given set M (the bijective functions from set M to itself) and whose group operation is the composition of those permutations. The group consisting of all permutations of a set M is the symmetric group of M. p-group If p is a prime nu... | Glossary of group theory | 0.83926 |
1,996 | The balls into bins (or balanced allocations) problem is a classic problem in probability theory that has many applications in computer science. The problem involves m balls and n boxes (or "bins"). Each time, a single ball is placed into one of the bins. | Balls into bins | 0.839249 |
1,997 | This multi-layered approach allows such systems to make sophisticated predictions when appropriately trained. These methods contrast with other computational biology approaches which, while exploiting existing datasets, do not allow the data to be interpreted and analyzed in unanticipated ways. In recent years, the siz... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.839249 |
1,998 | In some contexts, especially in optimization, one differentiates between strongly polynomial time and weakly polynomial time algorithms. These two concepts are only relevant if the inputs to the algorithms consist of integers. Strongly polynomial time is defined in the arithmetic model of computation. In this model of ... | Cubic time | 0.839241 |
1,999 | R can be eliminated using Equation 3. After some algebra, and after setting γ = 5 / 3 {\displaystyle \gamma =5/3} , we get: ln T e f f = A ln L + B ln M + c o n s t {\displaystyle \ln {T_{eff}}=A\ln {L}+B\ln {M}+const} where A = 0.75 a − 0.25 5.5 a + b + 1.5 {\displaystyle A={\frac {0.75a-0.25}{5.5a+b+1.5}}} B = ... | Hayashi track | 0.839235 |
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