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2,000 | The set of (congruence classes of) integers modulo n with the operations of addition and multiplication is a ring. It is denoted Z / n Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} } or Z / ( n ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /(n)} (the notation refers to taking the quotient of integers modulo the ideal n Z {\displaystyle n\... | Multiplicative group of integers modulo n | 0.839225 |
2,001 | Several researchers have studied the complexity of exponential time algorithms restricted to cubic graphs. For instance, by applying dynamic programming to a path decomposition of the graph, Fomin and Høie showed how to find their maximum independent sets in time 2n/6 + o(n). The travelling salesman problem in cubic gr... | Trivalent graph | 0.839224 |
2,002 | Control engineers often use feedback when designing control systems. Instrumentation engineering deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow, and temperature.The design of such instrumentation requires a good understanding of electronics engineering and physics; for example, r... | Electronics engineering | 0.839209 |
2,003 | Power associative: the subalgebra generated by any element is associative, i.e., nth power associative for all n ≥ 2. nth power commutative with n ≥ 2: xn−kxk = xkxn−k for all integers k so that 0 < k < n. Third power commutative: x2x = xx2. Fourth power commutative: x3x = xx3 (compare with fourth power associative abo... | Quadratic representation | 0.839209 |
2,004 | Leading examples are the gravitational potential and the electric potential, from which the motion of gravitating or electrically charged bodies may be obtained. Specific forces have associated potentials, including the Coulomb potential, the van der Waals potential, the Lennard-Jones potential and the Yukawa potential... | Potential | 0.839208 |
2,005 | An example of calculus of relations arises in erotetics, the theory of questions. In the universe of utterances there are statements S and questions Q. There are two relations π and α from Q to S: q α a holds when a is a direct answer to question q. The other relation, q π p holds when p is a presupposition of question... | Algebraic logic | 0.839207 |
2,006 | Heapsort can be thought of as an improved selection sort: like that algorithm, it divides its input into a sorted and an unsorted region, and it iteratively shrinks the unsorted region by extracting the largest element and moving that to the sorted region. The improvement consists of the use of a heap data structure ra... | Glossary of computer science | 0.839206 |
2,007 | BLOSUM80: more related proteins BLOSUM62: midrange BLOSUM45: distantly related proteins An article in Nature Biotechnology revealed that the BLOSUM62 used for so many years as a standard is not exactly accurate according to the algorithm described by Henikoff and Henikoff. Surprisingly, the miscalculated BLOSUM62 impro... | BLOSUM | 0.839203 |
2,008 | : 7: 348 Rule learning algorithm are taking training data as input and creating rules by partitioning the table with cluster analysis. : 7 A possible alternative over the ID3 algorithm is genetic programming which evolves a program until it fits to the data. : 2 Creating different algorithm and testing them with input ... | Rule induction | 0.839202 |
2,009 | Digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS) is a bioinformatics method to detect the presence of novel pathogen transcripts through computational removal of the host sequences. DTS is the direct in silico analogue of the wet-lab approach representational difference analysis (RDA), and is made possible by unbiased high-thro... | Digital transcriptome subtraction | 0.839202 |
2,010 | The first-order theory of Abelian groups, established by Szmielew in 1955. The first-order theory of hyperbolic geometry, established by Schwabhäuser in 1959. Specific decidable sublanguages of set theory investigated in the 1980s through today. (Cantone et al., 2001) The monadic second-order theory of trees (see S2S).... | Decidability (logic) | 0.839202 |
2,011 | Users have access to an insertion-device, a bending-magnet, and a biochemistry laboratory. SBC beamlines are often used to map out the crystal structures of proteins; in the past, users have imaged proteins from anthrax, meningitis-causing bacteria, salmonella, and other pathogenic bacteria. The Network Enabled Optimiz... | Argonne National Laboratory | 0.839202 |
2,012 | Solar physics is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the Sun. It deals with detailed measurements that are possible only for our closest star. It intersects with many disciplines of pure physics, astrophysics, and computer science, including fluid dynamics, plasma physics including magnetohydrod... | Solar physicist | 0.839196 |
2,013 | Ask an Astrophysicist — black holes Ask an Astrophysicist — neutron stars and pulsars Goddard Space Center's Teachers Corner Archived 2009-01-17 at the Wayback Machine Basics of Radio Astronomy SETI Science Links Planetary Society Article | Astropulse | 0.839195 |
2,014 | In the same year they first published this article, Debye and Hückel, hereinafter D&H, also released an article that covered their initial characterization of solutions under the influence of electric fields called "On the Theory of Electrolytes. II. Limiting Law for Electric Conductivity", but that subsequent article ... | Debye–Hückel equation | 0.839191 |
2,015 | A less utility-influenced controller framework is that from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the IEEE 2030.7. The concept relies on 4 blocks: a) Device level control (e.g. voltage and frequency control), b) Local area control (e.g. data communication), c) Supervisory (software) control (e.g. forwa... | Microgrid | 0.839189 |
2,016 | In biological systems, methylation is accomplished by enzymes. Methylation can modify heavy metals, regulate gene expression, RNA processing and protein function. It has been recognized as a key process underlying epigenetics. | Purdie methylation | 0.839183 |
2,017 | (neutrality) Condition 4. If the group decision was 0 or 1 and a voter raises a vote from −1 to 0 or 1, or from 0 to 1, the group decision is 1. (positive responsiveness)Theorem: A group decision function with an odd number of voters meets conditions 1, 2, 3, and 4 if and only if it is the simple majority method. | May's theorem | 0.83918 |
2,018 | Before Java 6, allocation of registers was very primitive in the client virtual machine (they did not live across blocks), which was a problem in CPU designs which had fewer processor registers available, as in x86s. If there are no more registers available for an operation, the compiler must copy from register to memo... | Java performance | 0.839172 |
2,019 | Paul D. Scholten, a professor at Miami University (Ohio), opined that the first edition of this book offers a streamlined, though not always in-depth, coverage of the fundamental physics of electrodynamics. Special topics such as superconductivity or plasma physics are not mentioned. Breaking with tradition, Griffiths ... | Introduction to Electrodynamics | 0.839166 |
2,020 | The sample is spread across one quadrant of a Petri dish containing a growth medium. Bacteria need different nutrients to grow. This includes water, a source of energy, sources of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, certain minerals, and other vitamins and growth factors. A very common type of media used in microbiol... | Streak plate method | 0.839159 |
2,021 | The constant K measures the intensity of the kicks on the kicked rotator. The kicked rotator approximates systems studied in the fields of mechanics of particles, accelerator physics, plasma physics, and solid state physics. For example, circular particle accelerators accelerate particles by applying periodic kicks, as... | Standard map | 0.839149 |
2,022 | If z represents a pair of distinct lines, then the statement, For all z, if z is in X then z is not in Y,is Playfair's axiom (in De Morgan's terms, No X is Y) and its logically equivalent contrapositive, For all z, if z is in Y then z is not in X,is Euclid I.30, the transitivity of parallelism (No Y is X). More recentl... | Playfair's axiom | 0.839142 |
2,023 | By the above paragraph, one can show that any constructible point can be obtained by such a sequence of extensions. As a corollary of this, one finds that the degree of the minimal polynomial for a constructible point (and therefore of any constructible length) is a power of 2. In particular, any constructible point (o... | Constructive geometry | 0.839139 |
2,024 | {\displaystyle y-p(x)=0.\,} More generally, any rational function y = p ( x ) q ( x ) {\displaystyle y={\frac {p(x)}{q(x)}}} is algebraic, being the solution to q ( x ) y − p ( x ) = 0. {\displaystyle q(x)y-p(x)=0.} Moreover, the nth root of any polynomial y = p ( x ) n {\textstyle y={\sqrt{p(x)}}} is an algebraic func... | Algebraic functions | 0.839138 |
2,025 | It is common in electrochemistry and solid-state physics to discuss both the chemical potential and the electrochemical potential of the electrons. However, in the two fields, the definitions of these two terms are sometimes swapped. In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential of electrons (or any other species)... | Electrochemical potential | 0.839137 |
2,026 | In physics, this phenomenon is known as Friedel oscillations, and applies both to surface and bulk screening. In each case the net electric field does not fall off exponentially in space, but rather as an inverse power law multiplied by an oscillatory term. Theoretical calculations can be obtained from quantum hydrodyn... | Electric field screening | 0.839133 |
2,027 | There are several conserved residues, include Glutamate (E) 91 and Lysine (K) 72, that mediate the positioning of alpha- and beta-phosphate groups. The hydroxyl group of the peptide substrate's Serine/Threonine attacks the gamma phosphate group at the phosphorus via an SN2 nucleophilic reaction, which results in the tr... | CAMP-dependent protein kinase | 0.839126 |
2,028 | Secondary structures result from hydrogen bond interactions between adjacent amino acids sequences to form alpha helices or beta-sheets. Tertiary structures are a higher order of protein folding that depict the conformation of and connectivity between alpha-helices and beta-sheets in 3D. Richardson's ribbon diagrams il... | Jane S. Richardson | 0.839124 |
2,029 | The operations of a direct product are the corresponding operations of the constituent algebras acting within their respective coordinates; in particular operation nfj of the product operates on n I-tuples by applying operation nfj of Bi to the n elements in the i-th coordinate of the n tuples, for all i in I. When all... | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.839123 |
2,030 | Diagnostic qualitative PCR is applied to rapidly detect nucleic acids that are diagnostic of, for example, infectious diseases, cancer and genetic abnormalities. The introduction of qualitative PCR assays to the clinical microbiology laboratory has significantly improved the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and is dep... | Quantitative polymerase chain reaction | 0.839119 |
2,031 | The advantage of this interface is that the user program may loop over the arrays, which makes it easy to integrate legacy code . The disadvantage is that the library can not handle cache blocking (as this has to be done within the loops) or wrapping of the API-calls for accelerators (e.g. via CUDA or OpenCL). Implemen... | Stencil code | 0.839119 |
2,032 | In particular √D belongs to Z, being a root of the equation x2 − D = 0, which has 4D as its discriminant. The square root of any integer is a quadratic integer, as every integer can be written n = m2D, where D is a square-free integer, and its square root is a root of x2 − m2D = 0. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic... | Quadratic integer ring | 0.839105 |
2,033 | An illustration of their capabilities is given by the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge; this is a benchmark in object classification and detection, with millions of images and 1000 object classes used in the competition. Performance of convolutional neural networks on the ImageNet tests is now close to... | Computer Vision | 0.839101 |
2,034 | Broadly speaking, there are essentially three different kinds of problems based on the kind of prediction being made: Problems involving numeric (continuous) predictions; Problems involving categorical or nominal predictions, both binomial and multinomial; Problems involving binary or Boolean predictions.The first type... | Gene expression programming | 0.839099 |
2,035 | In this case, the weakened restriction of non-negativity instead of positivity means that we can place multiple bars between stars, before the first star and after the last star. For example, when n = 7 and k = 5, the tuple (4, 0, 1, 2, 0) may be represented by the following diagram: To see that there are ( n + k − 1 k... | Stars and bars (combinatorics) | 0.839091 |
2,036 | Biomechanics – the study of the mechanics of living beings Biophysics – study of biological processes by applying the theories and methods that have been traditionally used in the physical sciences Botany – study of plants Cell biology (cytology) – study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical in... | Life science | 0.83909 |
2,037 | Instrument mechanics are required to study a large body of knowledge. This includes information on: Process Control Measurement Instrumentation Final Control Elements Motors Electronics Industrial networks Signalling standards Chemistry Fluid Dynamics == References == | Instrument mechanic | 0.839088 |
2,038 | Under the law of dominance in genetics, an individual expressing a dominant phenotype could contain either two copies of the dominant allele (homozygous dominant) or one copy of each dominant and recessive allele (heterozygous dominant). By performing a test cross, one can determine whether the individual is heterozygo... | Test cross | 0.839088 |
2,039 | Using this separator theorem, we can solve certain problems in computational geometry in the following way: Separate the input set of squares to two disjoint subsets; Solve the problem on each subset separately; Combine the solutions to the two sub-problems and get an approximate solution to the original problem. | Geometric separator | 0.839087 |
2,040 | : xliii At the age of eleven, he began attending regular school. : xliii In Saint Petersburg, he went to attend a trade school which he completed at the age of fifteen and found work at a local mechanical workshop where he learned how to operate various machinery as a machinist. : xlii In 1920, he enrolled in the Lenin... | Yulii Khariton | 0.83908 |
2,041 | In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that electron's state. Its values are natural numbers (from 1) making it a discrete variable. Apart from the principal quantum number, the other quantum numbers for bound ele... | Principal quantum level | 0.839079 |
2,042 | The nature and complexity of the data (in volume and variability) demands highly developed processes of automated handling and storage. The analysis usually involves a wide array of bioinformatics and statistics, often including statistical classification approaches. | Toxicogenomics | 0.839075 |
2,043 | In probability theory, a fair coin is defined as a probability space ( Ω , F , P ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},P)} , which is in turn defined by the sample space, event space, and probability measure. Using H {\displaystyle H} for heads and T {\displaystyle T} for tails, the sample space of a coin is defined... | Fair coin | 0.839073 |
2,044 | Suppose there are n point charges arranged in three-dimensional space, and the i-th point charge has charge Qi and is located at position pi in R3. We would like to calculate the work done on a particle of charge q as it travels from a point a to a point b in R3. Using Coulomb's law, we can easily determine that the fo... | Fundamental theorem of line integrals | 0.839068 |
2,045 | In the context of abstract algebra, a mathematical object is an algebraic structure such as a group, ring, or vector space. An automorphism is simply a bijective homomorphism of an object with itself. (The definition of a homomorphism depends on the type of algebraic structure; see, for example, group homomorphism, rin... | Field automorphism | 0.839062 |
2,046 | When a function is called, the computer must "remember" the place it was called from, the return address, so that it can return to that location with the result once the call is complete. Typically, this information is saved on the call stack, a list of return locations in the order that the call locations they describ... | Tail recursive | 0.839056 |
2,047 | In biology, photosynthetic organisms require that light of the appropriate wavelengths be absorbed within the active area of chloroplasts, so that the light energy can be converted into chemical energy within sugars and other molecules. In physics, the D-region of Earth's ionosphere is known to significantly absorb rad... | Absorption of light | 0.839051 |
2,048 | Therefore, my cat is a dog.Although 1 and 2 are true statements, 3 does not follow because the argument commits the formal fallacy of affirming the consequent. An argument could contain both an informal fallacy and a formal fallacy yet lead to a conclusion that happens to be true, for example, again affirming the conse... | Logical fallacies | 0.83905 |
2,049 | In September 2013, The University of California in San Diego bioinformatics department, proposed a massive online open course which would feature "an opportunity (for students) to work on specific research projects under the leadership of prominent bioinformatics scientists". | Massive online open research | 0.83904 |
2,050 | The machine then uses these keywords to classify each text unit into a category. Individual Methods: the researcher pre-labels a sample of texts and trains a machine learning algorithm (i.e. SVM algorithm) using those labels. The machine labels the remainder of the observations by extrapolating information from the tra... | Online content analysis | 0.839035 |
2,051 | Rearranging gives 8x3 − 6x − 1 = 0, which fails the rational root test as none of the rational numbers suggested by the theorem is actually a root. Therefore, the minimal polynomial of cos(20°) has degree 3, whereas the degree of the minimal polynomial of any constructible number must be a power of two. Expressing cos(... | Casus irreducibilis | 0.839034 |
2,052 | Proteins are typically acetylated on lysine residues, and the acetylation reaction relies on acetyl-coenzyme A as the acetyl group donor. In histone acetylation and deacetylation, histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. Typically, these reac... | H3K27ac | 0.839031 |
2,053 | Accurate packing of the amino acid side chains represents a separate problem in protein structure prediction. Methods that specifically address the problem of predicting side-chain geometry include dead-end elimination and the self-consistent mean field methods. The side chain conformations with low energy are usually ... | Protein folding problem | 0.839029 |
2,054 | Each non-negative x {\displaystyle x} is the sum of x {\displaystyle x} copies of 1 {\displaystyle 1} , and each negative integer x {\displaystyle x} is the sum of − x {\displaystyle -x} copies of − 1 {\displaystyle -1} , so the basis property is also satisfied.An example where the group operation is different from the... | Free abelian group | 0.839026 |
2,055 | EMP proposes to standardize the bioinformatics aspects of sample processing.Data analysis usually includes the following steps: 1) Data clean up. A pre-procedure to clean up any reads with low quality scores removing any sequences containing "N" or ambiguous nucleotides and 2) Assigning taxonomy to the sequences which ... | Earth Microbiome Project | 0.839025 |
2,056 | The maximal subgroups of Sn fall into three classes: the intransitive, the imprimitive, and the primitive. The intransitive maximal subgroups are exactly those of the form Sk × Sn–k for 1 ≤ k < n/2. The imprimitive maximal subgroups are exactly those of the form Sk wr Sn/k, where 2 ≤ k ≤ n/2 is a proper divisor of n an... | Symmetric group | 0.839023 |
2,057 | A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, volume, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium. | Binary phase diagram | 0.839023 |
2,058 | Truncations similarly define homomorphisms of Gk onto Gk − 1; the kernel consists of maps f with f(z) = z + bzk, so is Abelian. Thus the group Gk is solvable, a fact also clear from the fact that it is in triangular form for the basis of monomials. A flat pseudogroup Γ is said to be "defined by differential equations" ... | Schwarzian derivative | 0.839019 |
2,059 | One primary goal of PER is to develop pedagogical techniques and strategies that will help students learn physics more effectively and help instructors to implement these techniques. Because even basic ideas in physics can be confusing, together with the possibility of scientific misconceptions formed from teaching thr... | Physics education research | 0.839018 |
2,060 | For example, with this model transmission lines and power grids were developed and radio frequency communication explored. An effort to mount a full-fledged electromechanics on a relativistic basis is seen in the work of Leigh Page, from the project outline in 1912 to his textbook Electrodynamics (1940) The interplay (... | Relativistic electromagnetism | 0.839001 |
2,061 | In genetics, symbols began as algebraic placeholders. When one allele is dominant to another, the oldest convention is to symbolize the dominant allele with a capital letter. The recessive allele is assigned the same letter in lower case. In the pea example, once the dominance relationship between the two alleles is kn... | Recessive trait | 0.838995 |
2,062 | A computer algorithm has achieved human-level performance on multiple-choice analogy questions from the SAT test. The algorithm measures the similarity of relations between pairs of words (e.g., the similarity between the pairs HAND:PALM and FOOT:SOLE) by statistically analysing a large collection of text. It answers S... | Analogical reasoning | 0.838994 |
2,063 | If the unknown, say x, occurs only in exponents: applying the natural logarithm to both sides may yield an algebraic equation, e.g. 4 x = 3 x 2 − 1 ⋅ 2 5 x {\displaystyle 4^{x}=3^{x^{2}-1}\cdot 2^{5x}} transforms to x ln 4 = ( x 2 − 1 ) ln 3 + 5 x ln 2 {\displaystyle x\ln 4=(x^{2}-1)\ln 3+5x\ln 2} , which simplif... | Transcendental equation | 0.838993 |
2,064 | Then R3(y) = y3 + 2a2y2 + (a22 − 4a0)y − a12. There are two cases: If a1 ≠ 0 then R3(0) = −a12 < 0. Since R3(y) > 0 if y is large enough, then, by the intermediate value theorem, R3(y) has a root y0 with y0 > 0. | Resolvent cubic | 0.838984 |
2,065 | When there is a need to determine which bacteria or fungi are present (in agriculture, medicine, or biotechnology), scientists can also turn to other tools besides cultures, such as nucleic acid tests (which instead detect that organism's DNA or RNA, even if only in fragments or spores as opposed to entire cells) or im... | Fastidious organism | 0.838983 |
2,066 | In other words, we can say that classical genetics is basis of the modern genetics. Classical genetics is the Mendelian genetics or the older concepts of the genetics, which solely expressed based on the phenotypes resulted from breeding experiments while the modern genetics is the new concept of genetics, which allows... | Classical genetics | 0.838983 |
2,067 | Real algebraic geometry also investigates, more broadly, semi-algebraic sets, which are the solutions of systems of polynomial inequalities. For example, neither branch of the hyperbola of equation x y − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle xy-1=0} is a real algebraic variety. However, the branch in the first quadrant is a semi-algebr... | Computational algebraic geometry | 0.838982 |
2,068 | The numbers can be clued in various ways: The clue can make it possible to find the number required directly, by using general knowledge (e.g. "Date of the Battle of Hastings") or arithmetic (e.g. "27 times 79") or other mathematical facts (e.g. "Seventh prime number") The clue may require arithmetic to be applied to a... | Cross-figure | 0.838982 |
2,069 | SEA-PHAGES stands for Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science; it was formerly called the National Genomics Research Initiative. This was the first initiative launched by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Science Education Alliance (SEA) by their director Tuajuanda ... | SEA-PHAGES | 0.838973 |
2,070 | Now substitute this expression for x into the bottom equation: 4 ( 3 − 3 2 y ) + 9 y = 15. {\displaystyle 4\left(3-{\frac {3}{2}}y\right)+9y=15.} This results in a single equation involving only the variable y {\displaystyle y} . Solving gives y = 1 {\displaystyle y=1} , and substituting this back into the equation for... | Homogeneous equation | 0.838968 |
2,071 | CS23D output consists of a set of 10 best-score PDB coordinates. A hyperlink to the single best score structure is also provided. The overall CS23D score, knowledge-based score, chemical shift score, Ramachandran plot statistics, correlations between the observed and calculated shifts before and after refinement are di... | CS23D | 0.838959 |
2,072 | (def) 9. An algebraic lattice is complete. (def) 10. | Map of lattices | 0.838951 |
2,073 | Ruzicka and Butenandt were offered the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work, but the Nazi government forced Butenandt to decline the honor, although he accepted the prize after the end of World War II.Clinical trials on humans, involving either PO doses of methyltestosterone or injections of testosterone propio... | Anabolic agents | 0.83895 |
2,074 | A number of special cases of this conjecture have been proved; for example: Any connected group of Morley rank 1 is abelian. Cherlin proved that a connected rank 2 group is solvable. Cherlin proved that a simple group of Morley rank 3 is either a bad group or isomorphic to PSL2(K) for some algebraically closed field K ... | Cherlin-Zilber conjecture | 0.838949 |
2,075 | Computational/theoretical chemistry and biology methods are continuously pushing the horizon. Recently, DeepMind, which is a company specializing in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), created an AI system named AlphaFold. AlphaFold is the most advanced system to date that can accurately predict a protein'... | Molecular Operating Environment | 0.838946 |
2,076 | In general, the decision version of the knapsack problem (Can a value of at least V be achieved under a restriction of a certain capacity W?) is NP-complete. Thus, a given solution can be verified to in polynomial time while no algorithm can identify a solution efficiently. The optimization knapsack problem is NP-hard ... | Quadratic knapsack problem | 0.838941 |
2,077 | The field of numerical analysis studies the stability and accuracy of numerical algorithms implemented with approximate arithmetic. Alternately, computer algebra systems can operate on irrational quantities exactly by manipulating symbolic formulas for them (such as 2 , {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}},} arctan 5 , {\textstyl... | Real number | 0.838937 |
2,078 | In the case of backpropagation based artificial neural networks or perceptrons, the type of decision boundary that the network can learn is determined by the number of hidden layers the network has. If it has no hidden layers, then it can only learn linear problems. If it has one hidden layer, then it can learn any con... | Decision boundary | 0.838932 |
2,079 | Learning can be represented with both explicit and implicit knowledge individually while also representing bottom-up and top-down learning. Learning with implicit knowledge is represented through Q-learning, while learning with just explicit knowledge is represented with one-shot learning such as hypothesis testing. Bo... | CLARION (cognitive architecture) | 0.838928 |
2,080 | Machine learning cannot carry out some of the tasks as a human does easily. For example, in the quantification of water inflow in rock tunnel faces by images for Rock Mass Rating system (RMR), the damp and the wet state was not classified by machine learning because discriminating the two only by visual inspection is n... | Machine learning in earth sciences | 0.838922 |
2,081 | By the Rouché–Capelli theorem, the system of equations is inconsistent, meaning it has no solutions, if the rank of the augmented matrix (the coefficient matrix augmented with an additional column consisting of the vector b) is greater than the rank of the coefficient matrix. If, on the other hand, the ranks of these t... | Coefficient matrix | 0.838921 |
2,082 | From this difference in angle, the known speed of rotation and the distance to the distant mirror the speed of light may be calculated. Foucault used this apparatus to measure the speed of light in air versus water, based on a suggestion by François Arago.Today, using oscilloscopes with time resolutions of less than on... | Speed of light in vacuum | 0.838917 |
2,083 | In computational geometry, a maximum disjoint set (MDS) is a largest set of non-overlapping geometric shapes selected from a given set of candidate shapes. Every set of non-overlapping shapes is an independent set in the intersection graph of the shapes. Therefore, the MDS problem is a special case of the maximum indep... | Maximum disjoint set | 0.838911 |
2,084 | The National Science Foundation updated its list of grand challenges, removing largely completed challenges such as the Human Genome Project, and adding new challenges such as better prediction of climate change, carbon dioxide sequestration, tree of life genetics, understanding biological systems, virtual product desi... | Grand Challenges | 0.838908 |
2,085 | Papadimitriou (1994) investigated the computational complexity of questions such as this, or more generally of finding a second odd-degree vertex when one is given a single odd vertex in a large implicitly-defined graph. He defined the complexity class PPA to encapsulate problems such as this one; a closely related cla... | Degree sum formula | 0.838906 |
2,086 | The large amount of sequence data available has created the subfield of genomics, research that uses computational tools to search for and analyze patterns in the full genomes of organisms. Genomics can also be considered a subfield of bioinformatics, which uses computational approaches to analyze large sets of biologi... | Genetic trait | 0.838881 |
2,087 | Another common acronym is NBIC (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology, and Cognitive Science). These technologies are hoped - or feared, depending on the viewpoint, to be leading to improving human bodies and functionalities, see transhumanism. The possible application of nanotechnology in human genome ... | Ethics of nanotechnologies | 0.838873 |
2,088 | For the one-versus-one approach, classification is done by a max-wins voting strategy, in which every classifier assigns the instance to one of the two classes, then the vote for the assigned class is increased by one vote, and finally the class with the most votes determines the instance classification. Directed acycl... | Support Vector Machines | 0.838866 |
2,089 | . Indeed, M cannot form an algebra if it is not even a magma. | Biquaternion | 0.838862 |
2,090 | Addition and multiplication are prototypical examples of operations that combine two elements of a set to produce a third element of the same set. These operations obey several algebraic laws. For example, a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c and a(bc) = (ab)c are associative laws, and a + b = b + a and ab = ba are commutative la... | Algebraic system | 0.838848 |
2,091 | The balance spring problem was solved with a nickel-steel alloy named Elinvar for its invariable elasticity at normal temperatures. The inventor was Charles Édouard Guillaume, who won the 1920 Nobel Prize for physics in recognition for his metallurgical work. | Marine chronometers | 0.838847 |
2,092 | Bioelectrical engineering involves the electrical fields generated by living cells or organisms. Examples include the electric potential developed between muscles or nerves of the body. This discipline requires knowledge in the fields of electricity and biology to understand and utilize these concepts to improve or bet... | Biomolecular engineering | 0.838841 |
2,093 | The precise answer is given by Bayes' theorem. Let H 1 {\displaystyle H_{1}} correspond to bowl #1, and H 2 {\displaystyle H_{2}} to bowl #2. It is given that the bowls are identical from Fred's point of view, thus P ( H 1 ) = P ( H 2 ) {\displaystyle P(H_{1})=P(H_{2})} , and the two must add up to 1, so both are equal... | Confirmation theory | 0.838841 |
2,094 | X-ray crystallography of proteins and other macromolecules (PX or MX) are routinely performed. Synchrotron-based crystallography experiments were integral to solving the structure of the ribosome; this work earned the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. The size and shape of nanoparticles are characterized using small an... | Synchrotron Light | 0.838837 |
2,095 | Addition and multiplication are compatible, which is expressed in the distribution law: a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c). These properties of addition and multiplication make the natural numbers an instance of a commutative semiring. Semirings are an algebraic generalization of the natural numbers where multiplication i... | Nonnegative integers | 0.838831 |
2,096 | A system is overdetermined if the number of equations is higher than the number of variables. A system is inconsistent if it has no complex solution (or, if the coefficients are not complex numbers, no solution in an algebraically closed field containing the coefficients). By Hilbert's Nullstellensatz this means that 1... | Polynomial system | 0.838825 |
2,097 | , p n {\displaystyle p_{0},...,p_{n}} . The gambler always spends all their money to buy lotteries. If the gambler starts with k {\displaystyle k} dollars, what's the probability of going bankrupt?Ronald A. Fisher in 1922 studied the same problem formulated in terms of genetics. | Galton-Watson process | 0.838823 |
2,098 | Breadth-first search can be used to solve many problems in graph theory, for example: finding all vertices within one connected component; Cheney's algorithm; finding the shortest path between two vertices; testing a graph for bipartiteness; Cuthill–McKee algorithm mesh numbering; Ford–Fulkerson algorithm for computing... | Graph search algorithm | 0.838816 |
2,099 | Non parametric decision rules for machine learned classification Aperture angle optimizations for visibility problems in computer vision Finding longest cells in millions of biological cells Comparing precision of two people at firing range Classify sections of brain from scan images | Rotating calipers | 0.838806 |
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