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2,600 | The following C programs, and accompanying assembler language excerpts, demonstrate how the volatile keyword affects the compiler's output. The compiler in this case was GCC. While observing the assembly code, it is clearly visible that the code generated with volatile objects is more verbose, making it longer so the n... | Volatile variable | 0.836968 |
2,601 | Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data. Bioinformatics is considered bot... | Medical electronics | 0.836958 |
2,602 | Other organizations, such as the UCSC Genome Browser at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Ensembl present additional data and annotation and powerful tools for visualizing and searching it. Computer programs have been developed to analyze the data because the data itself is difficult to interpret without su... | Human Genome Project | 0.836956 |
2,603 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6115. pp. | MilkyWay@home | 0.836956 |
2,604 | The above theorem can be generalized from disjoint rectangles to k-thick rectangles. Additionally, by induction on d, it is possible to generalize the above theorem to d dimensions and get the following theorem: Given N axis-parallel d-boxes whose interiors are k-thick, there exists an axis-parallel hyperplane such tha... | Geometric separator | 0.836955 |
2,605 | As a counter-example, considering the non-square-free n=60, the greatest common divisor of 30 and its complement 2 would be 2, while it should be the bottom element 1. Other examples of Boolean algebras arise from topological spaces: if X is a topological space, then the collection of all subsets of X which are both op... | Boolean algebra (structure) | 0.836954 |
2,606 | Quantum mechanics provides equations based on the Hartree–Fock method and the Roothaan equations that CNDO uses to model atoms and their locations. These equations are solved iteratively to the point where the results do not vary significantly between two iterations. CNDO does not involve knowledge about chemical bonds... | CNDO/2 | 0.836953 |
2,607 | In this case "parameter variation" was used to map-out and survey a subject where no comprehensive scientific theory (in physics) existed. : 160–161 Finally, chapter 6 describes the problem of designing flush-riveted joints for aircraft. This case study conveys how requirements of production can have a reverse influenc... | What Engineers Know and How They Know It | 0.836951 |
2,608 | The problem has been mitigated in some cases by adding a latency term to the instruments – for example, to cause the climb rate indication to not only reflect the current climb rate, but also be sensitive to the rate of change of the climb rate. The physics of flight make such oscillations more probable for pilots than... | Pilot induced oscillation | 0.836949 |
2,609 | Trisecting the angle: Given any angle dividing it into three smaller angles all of the same size.For more than 2,000 years, many people had tried and failed to find such constructions; in the 19th century, they were all proven impossible. : 47 Another notable case were "Fermatists", who plagued mathematical institution... | Pseudomathematics | 0.836947 |
2,610 | In order to do in-situ measurements, the user must be provided with the correct calibration constant E s e n {\displaystyle E_{sen}} . This constant is also called sensitivity. The sensitivity is primarily determined by the sensor construction and operation temperatures, but also by the geometry and material properties... | Heat flux sensor | 0.836945 |
2,611 | Properties of materials such as electrical conduction and heat capacity are investigated by solid state physics. An early model of electrical conduction was the Drude model, which applied kinetic theory to the electrons in a solid. By assuming that the material contains immobile positive ions and an "electron gas" of c... | Solid State Physics | 0.836937 |
2,612 | Only a chapter called "Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations", on the solution of quadratic equations, has survived. The manuscript gives exactly the same geometric demonstration as is found in Al-Jabr, and in one case the same example as found in Al-Jabr, and even goes beyond Al-Jabr by giving a geometric proof that ... | 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk | 0.836927 |
2,613 | Datasets provide the raw material that researchers use to formulate educational insights. For example, Carnegie Mellon University hosts a large volume of learning interaction data in LearnLab's DataShop. Their datasets range from sources like Intelligent Writing Tutors to Chinese tone studies to data from Carnegie Lear... | Learning engineering | 0.836927 |
2,614 | In atomic physics, a two-electron atom or helium-like ion is a quantum mechanical system consisting of one nucleus with a charge of Ze and just two electrons. This is the first case of many-electron systems where the Pauli exclusion principle plays a central role. It is an example of a three-body problem. The first few... | Two-electron atom | 0.836927 |
2,615 | In mathematics and computer science, polynomial evaluation refers to computation of the value of a polynomial when its indeterminates are substituted for some values. In other words, evaluating the polynomial P ( x 1 , x 2 ) = 2 x 1 x 2 + x 1 3 + 4 {\displaystyle P(x_{1},x_{2})=2x_{1}x_{2}+x_{1}^{3}+4} at x 1 = 2 , x 2... | Polynomial evaluation | 0.836918 |
2,616 | In mathematics, in the area of abstract algebra known as group theory, a verbal subgroup is a subgroup of a group that is generated by all elements that can be formed by substituting group elements for variables in a given set of words. For example, given the word xy, the corresponding verbal subgroup is generated by t... | Verbal subgroup | 0.836916 |
2,617 | Wolfram Language includes a wide range of integrated machine learning capabilities, from highly automated functions like Predict and Classify to functions based on specific methods and diagnostics. The functions work on many types of data, including numerical, categorical, time series, textual, and image. Julia, e.g. f... | Programming languages for artificial intelligence | 0.836913 |
2,618 | The integers with their usual order An ordered vector space is a partially ordered group A Riesz space is a lattice-ordered group A typical example of a partially ordered group is Zn, where the group operation is componentwise addition, and we write (a1,...,an) ≤ (b1,...,bn) if and only if ai ≤ bi (in the usual order o... | Lattice-ordered group | 0.836913 |
2,619 | This type of astronomy is a relatively unexplored frontier, revealing a universe which cannot be seen in more-familiar visible or infrared light and ideal for studying the "cold universe"; light at these wavelengths shines from vast cold clouds in interstellar space at temperatures only a few tens of degrees above abso... | ESO Messenger | 0.83691 |
2,620 | These matter because macromolecular chains, such as polymers, proteins, and DNA, can have thousands of connected atoms and atoms consecutively distant along the chain that may be close in Cartesian space (and thus small round-off errors can accumulate to large force-field errors.) The optimally fastest and most numeric... | Internal coordinate | 0.83691 |
2,621 | In particular, all transcendence bases of a field extension have the same cardinality, called the transcendence degree of the extension. Thus, a field extension is a transcendental extension if and only if its transcendence degree is positive. Transcendental extensions are widely used in algebraic geometry. For example... | Transcendence degree | 0.836909 |
2,622 | Electrons and how they interact with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. | Optical oscillator | 0.836909 |
2,623 | This project had applications in medical therapy, new pharmaceuticals, and assigning functions to newly sequenced genes.Genome@home directly studied genomes and proteins by virtually designing new sequences for existing 3-D protein structures, which other scientists obtained through X-ray crystallography or NMR techniq... | Genome@home | 0.836904 |
2,624 | In C#, this analysis was formalized by Fruja, and is precise as well as sound, in the sense that all variables assigned along all control flow paths will be considered definitely assigned. The Cyclone language also requires programs to pass a definite assignment analysis, but only on variables with pointer types, to ea... | Definite assignment analysis | 0.836901 |
2,625 | RNA-Seq has the potential to identify new disease biology, profile biomarkers for clinical indications, infer druggable pathways, and make genetic diagnoses. These results could be further personalized for subgroups or even individual patients, potentially highlighting more effective prevention, diagnostics, and therap... | RNA seq | 0.836896 |
2,626 | The most common coordinate system to use is the Cartesian coordinate system, where each point has an x-coordinate representing its horizontal position, and a y-coordinate representing its vertical position. These are typically written as an ordered pair (x, y). This system can also be used for three-dimensional geometr... | Analytic Geometry | 0.83689 |
2,627 | This problem may seem simple, but its mathematical proof requires some sophisticated theorems. The isoperimetric problem is sometimes simplified by restricting the type of figures to be used. In particular, to find the quadrilateral, or the triangle, or another particular figure, with the largest area amongst those wit... | Perimeter | 0.836879 |
2,628 | In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team. Enzyme kinetics: Why do some enzymes exhibit ... | Unsolved problems in biology | 0.836879 |
2,629 | 1964: Inspired by the fundamental randomness in physics, Gregory Chaitin starts publishing results on algorithmic information theory (measuring incompleteness and randomness in mathematics). 1966: Paul Cohen showed that the axiom of choice is unprovable in ZF even without urelements. 1970: Hilbert's tenth problem is pr... | Foundational mathematics | 0.836863 |
2,630 | There are two main complaints from academic community concerning this work, the first one is about "reinventing and ignoring previous ideas", the second one is about "improper naming and popularizing", as shown in some debates in 2008 and 2015. In particular, it was pointed out in a letter to the editor of IEEE Transac... | Extreme learning machine | 0.836859 |
2,631 | Many critics have voiced concerns about the risk of bias in the decisions made by models trained using machine learning approaches such as sentencing decisions, arguing that a model could learn the bias in existing decisions. : 1335 Others have voiced concerns about the explainable of the decisions made by machine lear... | Legal technology | 0.836851 |
2,632 | History of machine learning Timeline of machine learning | Outline of machine learning | 0.83685 |
2,633 | Books XI–XIII concern solid geometry. A typical result is the 1:3 ratio between the volume of a cone and a cylinder with the same height and base. | Foundations of geometry | 0.836849 |
2,634 | Magnetic couplings can transmit power via a linear motion, rotary motion, or helical compound motion (a combination of linear motion and rotary motion). The combination of these transmission methods and different mechanical geometry can realize a wide variety of orderly motion in three-dimensional space. | Magnetic coupling | 0.836848 |
2,635 | Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities. Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry, it offers a bridge between the two subjects. At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates. With a degree in this discipline, the graduate is ... | Molecular Medicine | 0.836846 |
2,636 | Current research also aims to produce these biogenic substances on a commercial level using metabolic engineering techniques. By pairing these techniques with biochemical engineering design, algae and their biogenic substances can be produced on a large scale using photobioreactors. Different system types can be used t... | Biogenic substance | 0.836843 |
2,637 | Now, condition 2 is violated: the states (s1,s1) and (s1,s2) may be (d,r)-close, but g(s1,s1) = 0 while g(s1,s2) > 0. so the above theorem cannot be applied. Indeed, the problem does not have an FPTAS unless P=NP, since an FPTAS could be used to decide in polytime whether the optimal value is 0.2. | Fully polynomial-time approximation scheme | 0.836839 |
2,638 | Within computer science and operations research, many combinatorial optimization problems are computationally intractable to solve exactly (to optimality). Many such problems do admit fast (polynomial time) approximation algorithms—that is, algorithms that are guaranteed to return an approximately optimal solution give... | Randomized rounding | 0.836838 |
2,639 | In analytical chemistry, the Charlot equation, which can be used to find the pH of buffer solutions, can be solved using a cubic equation. In thermodynamics, equations of state (which relate pressure, volume, and temperature of a substances), e.g. the Van der Waals equation of state, are cubic in the volume. Kinematic ... | Cardano–Tartaglia formula | 0.836837 |
2,640 | Furthermore, the class of cores of groups is not closed under subalgebras. Here is an outline of the proof: Cores of abelian groups are medial, by (Romanowska and Smith, 1985), (Rozskowska-Lech, 1999). The smallest nonabelian group S 3 {\displaystyle S_{3}} has core containing a submagma G {\displaystyle G} of order 4 ... | List of problems in loop theory and quasigroup theory | 0.836837 |
2,641 | It also cover problems, in their formulation, synthesis and delivery process HiveBio: HIV Bioinformatics (HIVbio) site contains various types of information on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) life cycle and Infection. GDP bio: GDP bio (Genome based prediction of Diseases and Personal medicines using Bioinformatics) ... | Computational Resource for Drug Discovery | 0.836837 |
2,642 | Geometric complexity theory (GCT), is a research program in computational complexity theory proposed by Ketan Mulmuley and Milind Sohoni. The goal of the program is to answer the most famous open problem in computer science – whether P = NP – by showing that the complexity class P is not equal to the complexity class N... | Geometric complexity theory | 0.836834 |
2,643 | The CFSAN Pathogen Detection Challenge evaluated bioinformatics pipelines for accurate and rapid detection of foodborne pathogens in metagenomics samples. The CDRH ID-NGS Diagnostics Biothreat Challenge addressed the issue of early detection during pathogen outbreaks by evaluating algorithms for identifying and quantif... | PrecisionFDA | 0.836831 |
2,644 | Finding ψ(G) is an optimization problem. The decision problem for complete coloring can be phrased as: INSTANCE: a graph G = (V, E) and positive integer k QUESTION: does there exist a partition of V into k or more disjoint sets V1, V2, …, Vk such that each Vi is an independent set for G and such that for each pair of d... | Achromatic number | 0.836831 |
2,645 | Sequence comparison between wild type and mutant DNA in that region is then required to locate the DNA mutation that causes the phenotypic difference. Modern positional cloning can more directly extract information from genomic sequencing projects and existing data by analyzing the genes in the candidate region. | Map-based cloning | 0.836829 |
2,646 | AP Computer Science AB included all the topics of AP Computer Science A, as well as a more formal and a more in-depth study of algorithms, data structures, and data abstraction. For example, binary trees were studied in AP Computer Science AB but not in AP Computer Science A. The use of recursive data structures and dy... | AP Computer Science | 0.836823 |
2,647 | The most widely employed method is altering program code at the assembly language level.Assembly language is still taught in most computer science and electronic engineering programs. Although few programmers today regularly work with assembly language as a tool, the underlying concepts remain important. Such fundament... | Op code mnemonic | 0.836822 |
2,648 | Base calling is the process of assigning nucleobases to chromatogram peaks, light intensity signals, or electrical current changes resulting from nucleotides passing through a nanopore. One computer program for accomplishing this job is Phred, which is a widely used base calling software program by both academic and co... | Base calling | 0.836819 |
2,649 | In geometry, it is often useful to introduce coordinates. For example, in order to study the geometry of the Euclidean plane, one defines the coordinates x and y as the distances between any point in the plane and a pair of axes. In ordinary geometry, the coordinates of a point are numbers, so they can be multiplied, a... | BFSS matrix model | 0.836812 |
2,650 | By introducing a list of 37 definitions, Book 11 contextualizes the next two. Although its foundational character resembles Book 1, unlike the latter it features no axiomatic system or postulates. The three sections of Book 11 include content on solid geometry (1–19), solid angles (20–23) and parallelepipedal solids (2... | Euclid | 0.836805 |
2,651 | A game based on the algebra with binary variables can be visualized in many different ways. One generic way is to represent the right side of an equation as a clue in a cell (clue cell), and the neighbors of a clue cell as variables. A simple case is shown in Figure 1. The neighbors can be assumed to be the up/down, le... | Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables | 0.8368 |
2,652 | This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are possible, non-biological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. | Nanoscale machines | 0.836795 |
2,653 | Major techniques used by modern SAT solvers include the Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland algorithm (or DPLL), conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL), and stochastic local search algorithms such as WalkSAT. Almost all SAT solvers include time-outs, so they will terminate in reasonable time even if they cannot find a solut... | Boolean Satisfiability | 0.836794 |
2,654 | There is a strong relationship between linear algebra and geometry, which started with the introduction by René Descartes, in 1637, of Cartesian coordinates. In this new (at that time) geometry, now called Cartesian geometry, points are represented by Cartesian coordinates, which are sequences of three real numbers (in... | Linear Algebra | 0.836792 |
2,655 | Sieving step of the quadratic sieve and the number field sieve. Tree growth step of the random forest machine learning technique. Discrete Fourier transform where each harmonic is independently calculated. | Embarrassingly parallel | 0.836792 |
2,656 | Antifreeze protein, class of polypeptides produced by certain fish, vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria Conjugated protein, protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds Denatured protein, protein which has lost its functional conformation Matrix protein, structural pro... | Index of protein-related articles | 0.83679 |
2,657 | The most common types of performance measures for CAA systems are based on two approaches: retrospective (non-blinded) studies using existing data and prospective blinded clinical studies on new patients. In retrospective CAA studies, a classifier is trained with machine learning algorithms using existing data. The per... | Computer-aided Auscultation | 0.836784 |
2,658 | The game subtract-a-square can also be played with multiple numbers. At each turn the player to make a move first selects one of the numbers, and then subtracts a square from it. Such a 'sum of normal games' can be analysed using the Sprague–Grundy theorem. This theorem states that each position in the game subtract-a-... | Subtract a square | 0.836775 |
2,659 | Concern for informed human nutrition resulted in the following note in 1942: If our boys and girls are to be exposed to the superficial and frequently ill-informed statements about science and medicine made over the radio and in the daily press, it is desirable, if not necessary, that some corrective in the form of acc... | Problem of demarcation | 0.836775 |
2,660 | Crystal structures of proteins (which are irregular and hundreds of times larger than cholesterol) began to be solved in the late 1950s, beginning with the structure of sperm whale myoglobin by Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz in 1962. Since that success, over 1... | Laue diffraction | 0.836772 |
2,661 | Protein sequence data can be downloaded from public genebanks (UniProt/NCBI) and exported as FASTA files for sequencing algorithms. Recently, open search engines such as MetaMorpheus, pFind and Fragpipe have received attention, because they make it possible to identify all modifications associated with peptide spectral... | Ancient protein | 0.836771 |
2,662 | Hall (1928) proved that if G is a finite solvable group and π is any set of primes, then G has a Hall π-subgroup, and any two Hall π-subgroups are conjugate. Moreover, any subgroup whose order is a product of primes in π is contained in some Hall π-subgroup. This result can be thought of as a generalization of Sylow's ... | Sylow system | 0.836762 |
2,663 | This was later sped up to O(n3).As with treewidth, branchwidth can be used as the basis of dynamic programming algorithms for many NP-hard optimization problems, using an amount of time that is exponential in the width of the input graph or matroid. For instance, Cook & Seymour (2003) apply branchwidth-based dynamic pr... | Branch-decomposition | 0.836761 |
2,664 | For example, ( 1 , 1 ) + ( 1 , 0 ) = ( 0 , 1 ) , {\displaystyle (1,1)+(1,0)=(0,1),} which translates in the other system as 1 + 3 = 4. {\displaystyle 1+3=4.} Even though these two groups "look" different in that the sets contain different elements, they are indeed isomorphic: their structures are exactly the same. More... | Canonical isomorphism | 0.836757 |
2,665 | The conic sections have some very similar properties in the Euclidean plane and the reasons for this become clearer when the conics are viewed from the perspective of a larger geometry. The Euclidean plane may be embedded in the real projective plane and the conics may be considered as objects in this projective geomet... | Focal parameter | 0.836754 |
2,666 | There are a number of results that relate solvability of the word problem and algebraic structure. The most significant of these is the Boone-Higman theorem: A finitely presented group has solvable word problem if and only if it can be embedded in a simple group that can be embedded in a finitely presented group.It is ... | Word problem for groups | 0.836753 |
2,667 | Stability and other properties can be predicted using energy calculations and computational chemistry. " the Born–Haber cycle to estimate ... the heat of formation ... can be used to determine whether a hypothetical compound is stable." However, "a negative formation enthalpy does not automatically imply the existence ... | Hypothetical chemical compound | 0.83675 |
2,668 | With the ability of rapid screening of diverse compounds (such as small molecules or siRNAs) to identify active compounds, HTS has led to an explosion in the rate of data generated in recent years . Consequently, one of the most fundamental challenges in HTS experiments is to glean biochemical significance from mounds ... | High throughput screening | 0.836749 |
2,669 | Expanding on the methods of musical set theory, some theorists have used abstract algebra to analyze music. For example, the pitch classes in an equally tempered octave form an abelian group with 12 elements. It is possible to describe just intonation in terms of a free abelian group. | Music Theory | 0.836749 |
2,670 | ), John Wiley & Sons (2006) Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Solutions Manual to Accompany Biochemistry (3rd ed. ), John Wiley & Sons (2004) Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry (3rd ed. ), John Wiley & Sons (2004) Voet, D. and Voet, J. G., Biochemistry (4th ed. ), John Wiley & Sons (2010) == References == | Judith G. Voet | 0.836748 |
2,671 | In an early paper, he discovered that a cubic equation can have more than one solution and stated that it cannot be solved using compass and straightedge constructions. He also found a geometric solution. In his later work, the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra, he wrote a complete classification of cubi... | Chebyshev cube root | 0.836748 |
2,672 | Dehn's proof is an instance in which abstract algebra is used to prove an impossibility result in geometry. Other examples are doubling the cube and trisecting the angle. Two polyhedra are called scissors-congruent if the first can be cut into finitely many polyhedral pieces that can be reassembled to yield the second.... | Scissors congruence | 0.836746 |
2,673 | That paper has been criticized for how it categorized opinions as expert or non-expert.In 2012, Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey Hinton developed a neural network called AlexNet, which won the ImageNet competition with a top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, significantly better than the second-best entry's rate... | Artificial General Intelligence | 0.836745 |
2,674 | Louis Georges Gouy in 1910 and David Leonard Chapman in 1913 both observed that capacitance was not a constant and that it depended on the applied potential and the ionic concentration. The "Gouy–Chapman model" made significant improvements by introducing a diffuse model of the DL. In this model, the charge distributio... | Electric surface potential | 0.836742 |
2,675 | Finding k required physical testing for any new component, as the F = kx relationship is a function of both geometry and material. Young's Modulus depends only on the material, not its geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategies. Young's problems in sometimes not expressing himself clearly were shown... | Thomas Young (scientist) | 0.83674 |
2,676 | Maximum shear stress. Maxwell's equationsAre a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and radio technologies, su... | Virtual leak | 0.83674 |
2,677 | Whereas in the CN-case, the resulting maximal subgroups M are still Frobenius groups, the maximal subgroups that occur in the proof of the odd-order theorem need no longer have this structure, and the analysis of their structure and interplay produces 5 possible types of maximal subgroups, called types I, II, III, IV, ... | Odd order theorem | 0.83674 |
2,678 | Hierarchical memory is a hardware optimization that takes the benefits of spatial and temporal locality and can be used on several levels of the memory hierarchy. Paging obviously benefits from temporal and spatial locality. A cache is a simple example of exploiting temporal locality, because it is a specially designed... | Data locality | 0.836737 |
2,679 | The third essential description of a curve is the parametric one, where the x- and y-coordinates of curve points are represented by two functions x(t), y(t) both of whose functional forms are explicitly stated, and which are dependent on a common parameter t . {\displaystyle t.} Examples of implicit curves include: a l... | Implicit curve | 0.836737 |
2,680 | Organic Division for organic chemistry. 6 Subject Groups. Chemical Biology Interface Division. | Royal Society of Chemistry | 0.836732 |
2,681 | Another protein, aequorin, found in certain jellyfish, produces blue light in the presence of calcium. It can be used in molecular biology to assess calcium levels in cells. What these biological reactions have in common is their use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source. | Infrared chemiluminescence | 0.836732 |
2,682 | In computer science, k-way merge algorithms or multiway merges are a specific type of sequence merge algorithms that specialize in taking in k sorted lists and merging them into a single sorted list. These merge algorithms generally refer to merge algorithms that take in a number of sorted lists greater than two. Two-w... | K-way merge algorithm | 0.836729 |
2,683 | Proteins are typically acetylated on lysine residues and this reaction relies on acetyl-coenzyme A as the acetyl group donor. In histone acetylation and deacetylation, histone proteins are acetylated and deacetylated on lysine residues in the N-terminal tail as part of gene regulation. Typically, these reactions are ca... | H2BK5ac | 0.83672 |
2,684 | Support vector machines, developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories by Vladimir Vapnik with colleagues (Boser et al., 1992, Isabelle Guyon et al., 1993, Corinna Cortes, 1995, Vapnik et al., 1997) and simpler methods such as linear classifiers gradually overtook neural networks. However, neural networks transformed domains suc... | History of artificial neural networks | 0.836716 |
2,685 | Since instructions inside loops can be executed repeatedly, it is frequently not possible to give a bound on the number of instruction executions that will be impacted by a loop optimization. This presents challenges when reasoning about the correctness and benefits of a loop optimization, specifically the representati... | Loop optimization | 0.836715 |
2,686 | Proposition 44The difference of the forces, by which two bodies may be made to move equally, one in a fixed, the other in the same orbit revolving, varies inversely as the cube of their common altitudes.To find the magnitude of F2(r) from the original central force F1(r), Newton calculated their difference F2(r) − F1(r... | Newton's theorem of revolving orbits | 0.83671 |
2,687 | In astrophysics, the thermal time scale or Kelvin-Helmholtz time scale is the approximate time it takes for a star to radiate away its total kinetic energy content at its current luminosity rate. Along with the nuclear and free-fall (aka dynamical) time scales, it is used to estimate the length of time a particular sta... | Thermal time scale | 0.836709 |
2,688 | A general theorem of Matiyasevich says that if a set is defined by a system of Diophantine equations, it can also be defined by a system of Diophantine equations in only 9 variables. Hence, there is a prime-generating polynomial as above with only 10 variables. However, its degree is large (in the order of 1045). On th... | Formula for primes | 0.836708 |
2,689 | It has been speculated that bats may have a role in the ecology of the Ebola virus, though this is unconfirmed. While transmission of rabies from bats to humans usually occurs via biting, most other zoonotic bat viruses are transmitted by direct contact with infected bat fluids like urine, guano, or saliva, or through ... | Bat virome | 0.836703 |
2,690 | In silico PCR (digital PCR, virtual PCR, electronic PCR, e-PCR) refers to computational tools used to calculate theoretical polymerase chain reaction results using a given set of primers (probes) to amplify DNA sequences from a sequenced genome or transcriptome. In silico PCR was proposed as an educational tool for mol... | Single Specific Primer-PCR | 0.836696 |
2,691 | A group G is called solvable if it has a subnormal series whose factor groups (quotient groups) are all abelian, that is, if there are subgroups 1 = G0 < G1 < ⋅⋅⋅ < Gk = G such that Gj−1 is normal in Gj, and Gj /Gj−1 is an abelian group, for j = 1, 2, …, k. Or equivalently, if its derived series, the descending normal ... | Soluble Group | 0.836696 |
2,692 | There are several techniques to produce peptides chemically, generally it is by solid-phase protection chemistry. This means that any (protected) amino acid can be added into the nascent sequence. In November 2017, a team from the Scripps Research Institute reported having constructed a semi-synthetic E. coli bacteria ... | Expanded genetic code | 0.836694 |
2,693 | Her certificate of election reads: Jane Clarke is distinguished for the rigorous physical chemistry approaches she has adapted and applied to understand protein folding and misfolding. Her fundamental studies revealed the presence of both parallel pathways and frustration in the energy landscape of apparently simple pr... | Jane Clarke (scientist) | 0.836694 |
2,694 | Keeping track of non-decimal notation also explains the need to distinguish numbers (values) from the numerals that represent them.Topics introduced in the New Math include set theory, modular arithmetic, algebraic inequalities, bases other than 10, matrices, symbolic logic, Boolean algebra, and abstract algebra.All of... | New Math | 0.836689 |
2,695 | Janusz and Rotman construct it thus: S5 acts transitively by conjugation on the set of its 6 Sylow 5-subgroups, yielding an embedding S5 → S6 as a transitive subgroup of order 120.This follows from inspection of 5-cycles: each 5-cycle generates a group of order 5 (thus a Sylow subgroup), there are 5!/5 = 120/5 = 24 5-c... | The exceptional outer automorphism of S6 | 0.836684 |
2,696 | Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays (Academic Press, 1982) by Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy is a compendium of information on mathematical games. It was first published in 1982 in two volumes. The first volume introduces combinatorial game theory and its foundation in the surreal numbers; ... | Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays | 0.836677 |
2,697 | Inorganic chemistry has greatly benefited from qualitative theories. Such theories are easier to learn as they require little background in quantum theory. Within main group compounds, VSEPR theory powerfully predicts, or at least rationalizes, the structures of main group compounds, such as an explanation for why NH3 ... | Inorganic chemist | 0.836675 |
2,698 | Quantum electrodynamics (QED) is perhaps the most stringently tested theory in physics, with highly nontrivial predictions verified to an accuracy better than 10 parts per billion: See precision tests of QED. Since Maxwell's equations can be derived as the classical limit of the equations of QED, it follows that if QED... | Weber electrodynamics | 0.836671 |
2,699 | A system with infinitely many solutions is said to be positive-dimensional. A zero-dimensional system with as many equations as variables is sometimes said to be well-behaved.Bézout's theorem asserts that a well-behaved system whose equations have degrees d1, ..., dn has at most d1⋅⋅⋅dn solutions. | Polynomial system | 0.83667 |
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