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4,100 | Physics Today. 50 (10): 42–49. Bibcode:1997PhT....50j..42A. | Philip W. Anderson | 0.833149 |
4,101 | In materials science and engineering, the pascal measures the stiffness, tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. In engineering the megapascal (MPa) is the preferred unit for these uses, because the pascal represents a very small quantity. The pascal is also equivalent to the SI unit of energy density, ... | Pascal (unit) | 0.833144 |
4,102 | Where the traditional geometry allowed dimensions 1 (a line), 2 (a plane) and 3 (our ambient world conceived of as three-dimensional space), mathematicians and physicists have used higher dimensions for nearly two centuries. One example of a mathematical use for higher dimensions is the configuration space of a physica... | Geometric space | 0.833142 |
4,103 | The Physics Aptitude Test (PAT) is a 2-hour subject-specific admissions test for applicants to the University of Oxford for undergraduate degree courses in engineering, materials science and physics undergraduate degree courses. The PAT is held pre-interview stage at the beginning of November. Test results are not publ... | History Aptitude Test | 0.833139 |
4,104 | The Feit–Thompson theorem can be thought of as the next step in this process: they show that there is no non-cyclic simple group of odd order such that every proper subgroup is solvable. This proves that every finite group of odd order is solvable, as a minimal counterexample must be a simple group such that every prop... | Odd order theorem | 0.833133 |
4,105 | The regression would find the functional relationship between voltage and current to be R {\displaystyle R} , such that V = I R {\displaystyle V=IR} Classification problems are those for which the output will be an element from a discrete set of labels. Classification is very common for machine learning applications. I... | Statistical learning theory | 0.833131 |
4,106 | DeCypherHMM is an accelerated HMMER algorithm implementation, which also includes HFST, a frameshift tolerant HMM search. GeneDetective is an accelerated implementation similar to Ewan Birney's GeneWise for discovery of genes, intron, exons, and splice sites in eukaryotic genomes. PipeWorks is a drag-and-drop graphical... | TimeLogic | 0.833131 |
4,107 | If P ≠ NP, then NP-hard problems could not be solved in polynomial time. Some NP-hard optimization problems can be polynomial-time approximated up to some constant approximation ratio (in particular, those in APX) or even up to any approximation ratio (those in PTAS or FPTAS). | NP-hardness | 0.833131 |
4,108 | Sapacitabine is a chemotherapeutic drug developed by US biotechnology firm Cyclacel currently undergoing clinical trials against leukemia.Sapacitabine is an orally available nucleoside analog prodrug of 2′-C-cyano-2′-deoxy-1-β-D-arabino-pentofuranosyl-cytosine (CNDAC) that acts through a dual mechanism. CNDAC lasts lon... | Sapacitabine | 0.833129 |
4,109 | Some of the most famous straightedge-and-compass problems were proved impossible by Pierre Wantzel in 1837 using field theory, namely trisecting an arbitrary angle and doubling the volume of a cube (see § impossible constructions). Many of these problems are easily solvable provided that other geometric transformations... | Geometric construction | 0.833119 |
4,110 | The Stufe of a quadratically closed field is 1. The Stufe of an algebraic number field is ∞, 1, 2 or 4 (Siegel's theorem). Examples are Q, Q(√−1), Q(√−2) and Q(√−7). The Stufe of a finite field GF(q) is 1 if q ≡ 1 mod 4 and 2 if q ≡ 3 mod 4. The Stufe of a local field of odd residue characteristic is equal to that of i... | Stufe (algebra) | 0.833115 |
4,111 | When the curve is given by a series of points in a diagram or in a list of the coordinates of points, the slope may be calculated not at a point but between any two given points. When the curve is given as a continuous function, perhaps as an algebraic expression, then the differential calculus provides rules giving a ... | Slope of a line | 0.833115 |
4,112 | Steven Pinker wrote in 1994 that "the main lesson of thirty-five years of AI research is that the hard problems are easy and the easy problems are hard. "By the 2020s, in accordance to Moore's law, computers were hundreds of millions of times faster than in the 1970s, and the additional computer power was finally suffi... | Moravec's paradox | 0.833114 |
4,113 | Such effectors are typically proteins and are often linked to second messengers, which can activate secondary effectors, and so on. Depending on the efficiency of the nodes, a signal can be amplified (a concept known as signal gain), so that one signaling molecule can generate a response involving hundreds to millions ... | Intracellular signaling pathway | 0.833114 |
4,114 | The ripening of fruit and loss of leaves in the winter are controlled in part by the production of the gas ethylene by the plant. Finally, plant physiology includes the study of plant response to environmental conditions and their variation, a field known as environmental physiology. Stress from water loss, changes in ... | Plant Physiology | 0.833113 |
4,115 | Students taking the SAT Subject Test in Physics were prohibited from using any resources during the test, including textbooks, notes, or formula sheets. Although there were mathematics questions including trigonometry, the use of a calculator was not allowed. All scratch work was required to have been done directly in ... | SAT Subject Test in Physics | 0.833112 |
4,116 | An example of a (7,3,1) difference set in the group Z / 7 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /7\mathbb {Z} } (an abelian group written additively) is the subset {1,2,4}. The development of this difference set gives the Fano plane. Since every difference set gives an SBIBD, the parameter set must satisfy the Bruck–Ryser–Chowl... | Combinatorial design | 0.833106 |
4,117 | Building upon previous work on the PCP theorem, Johan Håstad showed that, assuming P ≠ NP, no polynomial-time algorithm for MAX 3SAT can achieve a performance ratio exceeding 7/8, even when restricted to satisfiable instances of the problem in which each clause contains exactly three literals. Both the Karloff–Zwick al... | Karloff–Zwick algorithm | 0.833105 |
4,118 | I think there are substandard vaccines for influenza in poultry all over the world." In response to the same concerns, Reuters reports Hong Kong infectious disease expert Lo Wing-lok saying that "The issue of vaccines has to take top priority", and Julie Hall, in charge of the WHO's outbreak response in China, saying t... | Social effects of H5N1 | 0.833103 |
4,119 | A lattice can be defined either order-theoretically as a partially ordered set, or as an algebraic structure. | Lattice (order theory) | 0.833103 |
4,120 | As Krakauer et al. put it: "machine learning is a powerful means of preprocessing data in preparation for mechanistic theory building, but should not be considered the final goal of a scientific inquiry." In regard to cancer biology, Raspe et al. state: "A better understanding of tumor biology is fundamental for extrac... | Philosophy of biology | 0.833098 |
4,121 | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, FL uses simulators in an undergraduate UAS operator program awarding a Bachelor of Science degree in Unmanned Aircraft Systems Science. Primarily, this program trains UAS operators, but it also serves a research role to test the application of UAS in national airsp... | Unmanned Aircraft System Simulation | 0.833098 |
4,122 | Popular techniques include the maximum likelihood principle and convolutional neural network. The Maximum likelihood principle calculates the probability of a pixel belonging to a class (i.e. feature) and allots the pixel to its most probable class. Newer convolutional neural network based methods account for both spat... | Multispectral imaging | 0.833093 |
4,123 | Let P1, P2, …, Pm be given as foci of a curve C of class m. Let P be the product of the tangential equations of these points and Q the product of the tangential equations of the circular points at infinity. Then all the lines which are common tangents to both P = 0 and Q = 0 are tangent to C. So, by the AF+BG theorem, ... | Focus (geometry) | 0.833093 |
4,124 | Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1525. pp. | Computer security compromised by hardware failure | 0.833091 |
4,125 | If S is a set of graphs, and M is a subset of S containing one representative graph for each equivalence class of minimal elements (graphs that belong to S but for which no proper minor belongs to S), then M forms an antichain; therefore, an equivalent way of stating the theorem is that, in any infinite set S of graphs... | Graph minor theorem | 0.833089 |
4,126 | In computational geometry, finite sets of points with no three in line are said to be in general position. In this terminology, the no-three-in-line problem seeks the largest subset of a grid that is in general position, but researchers have also considered the problem of finding the largest general position subset of ... | No-three-in-line problem | 0.833088 |
4,127 | An important special case of this is an algebra. (The word algebra means both a subject within mathematics as well as an object studied in the subject of algebra.) An algebra consists of a choice of two rings and an operation which takes an element from each ring and returns an element of the second ring. | Emmy Noether | 0.833083 |
4,128 | The advent of inexpensive microarray experiments created several specific bioinformatics challenges: the multiple levels of replication in experimental design (Experimental design); the number of platforms and independent groups and data format (Standardization); the statistical treatment of the data (Data analysis); m... | DNA microarray experiment | 0.833081 |
4,129 | Efficiency: The maximum number of events processed by this algorithm on algebraic or pseudo-algebraic trajectories is near quadratic, O ( n 2 + ϵ ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2+\epsilon })} for all ϵ > 0 {\displaystyle \epsilon >0} . Convex hulls of linearly moving points can change Ω ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle \Omega (n^{2})} ti... | Kinetic convex hull | 0.833077 |
4,130 | In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. | Boolean value | 0.833076 |
4,131 | Let f: A → B, g: B → C and h: C → D be morphisms of a category containing objects A, B, C and D. By repeated composition, we can construct a morphism from A to D in two ways: (h o g) o f: A → D, and h o (g o f): A → D.We have now the following coherence statement: (h o g) o f = h o (g o f).In these two particular examp... | Coherence condition | 0.833075 |
4,132 | Then there exists a unit cube in which all 2n labels are different. In two dimensions, another way to formulate this theorem is: in any labeling that satisfies conditions (1) and (2), there is at least one cell in which the sum of labels is 0 . Wolsey strengthened these two results by proving that the number of complet... | Sperner coloring | 0.833071 |
4,133 | Dokholyan developed numerous tools for functional regulation of proteins in living cells. He also introduced concept of nanocomputing agents (NCAs), discussed its benefits in terms of promoting deeper understanding of human biology and disease, and facilitating the development of in situ precision therapeutics. In 2002... | Nikolay Dokholyan | 0.833071 |
4,134 | Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning of plants. Closely related fields include plant morphology, plant ecology, phytochemistry, cell biology, genetics, biophysics, and molecular biology. Fundamental processes of plant physiology include photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutritio... | Physiology | 0.83307 |
4,135 | If the unknown x occurs only in arguments of a logarithm function: applying exponentiation to both sides may yield an algebraic equation, e.g. 2 log 5 ( 3 x − 1 ) − log 5 ( 12 x + 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle 2\log _{5}(3x-1)-\log _{5}(12x+1)=0} transforms, using exponentiation to base 5. {\displaystyle 5.} to ( 3 x − 1 ... | Transcendental equation | 0.833068 |
4,136 | Arrow's impossibility theorem Also called the general possibility theorem or Arrow's paradox. When voters have three or more distinct options, no ranked voting electoral system can convert the ranked preferences of individuals into a community-wide (complete and transitive) ranking while also meeting the specified set ... | Glossary of economics | 0.833066 |
4,137 | Veritas Genetics is a personal genomics startup based in Danvers, Massachusetts. According to the company's press release, it was among the first companies to offer whole genome sequencing and interpretation for under $1,000.It was co-founded in 2014 by George M. Church, Mirza Cifric, Preston Estep, and Jonathan Zhao.I... | Veritas Genetics | 0.833065 |
4,138 | A maximum 3-dimensional matching is a largest 3-dimensional matching. In computational complexity theory, this is also the name of the following optimization problem: given a set T, find a 3-dimensional matching M ⊆ T that maximizes |M|. Since the decision problem described above is NP-complete, this optimization probl... | 3-dimensional matching | 0.833063 |
4,139 | Typically a control table will contain values for each possible matching class of input together with a corresponding pointer to an action subroutine. Some languages claim not to support pointers (directly) but nevertheless can instead support an index which can be used to represent a 'relative subroutine number' to pe... | Control table | 0.833062 |
4,140 | Thirdly, if one is studying an object which varies in a family, as is common in algebraic geometry and differential geometry, one may ask if the property is unchanged under perturbation (for example, if an object is constant on families or invariant under change of metric). | Invariant (mathematics) | 0.833062 |
4,141 | The term physical constant expresses the notion of a physical quantity subject to experimental measurement which is independent of the time or location of the experiment. The constancy (immutability) of any "physical constant" is thus subject to experimental verification. Paul Dirac in 1937 speculated that physical con... | Time-variation of fundamental constants | 0.833061 |
4,142 | In mathematics, Hilbert's fourth problem in the 1900 list of Hilbert's problems is a foundational question in geometry. In one statement derived from the original, it was to find — up to an isomorphism — all geometries that have an axiomatic system of the classical geometry (Euclidean, hyperbolic and elliptic), with th... | Hilbert's fourth problem | 0.833058 |
4,143 | Meta AI's computer vision research aims to extract information about the environment from digital images and videos. One example of computer vision technology developed by AI is panoptic segmentation, which recognizes objects in the foreground but also classifies the scenes in the background. Meta AI seeks to improve V... | Meta AI | 0.833054 |
4,144 | The strict requirements for producing hybrid seed led to the development of careful population and inbred line maintenance, keeping plants isolated and unable to out-cross, which produced plants that better allowed researchers to tease out different genetic concepts. The structure of these populations allowed scientist... | Plant genetics | 0.833053 |
4,145 | The model fitting can include both variable selection and parameter estimation. Successively, the fitted model is used to predict the responses for the observations in a second data set called the validation data set. The validation data set provides an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training data set while ... | Trainable parameter | 0.833053 |
4,146 | In computer science, run-time algorithm specialization is a methodology for creating efficient algorithms for costly computation tasks of certain kinds. The methodology originates in the field of automated theorem proving and, more specifically, in the Vampire theorem prover project. The idea is inspired by the use of ... | Run-time algorithm specialization | 0.833052 |
4,147 | Classification of finite simple groups Classification of Abelian groups Classification of Finitely generated abelian group Classification of Rank 3 permutation group Classification of 2-transitive permutation groups Artin–Wedderburn theorem — a classification theorem for semisimple rings Classification of Clifford alge... | Classification theorems | 0.833052 |
4,148 | Gene expression through DNA sequencing can distinguish which protein complex is present in the microorganism and potentially being expressed. Most frequently, the nifH gene is used to identify the presence of molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase, followed by closely related nitrogenase reductases (component II) vnfH and an... | Nitrogen fixing | 0.83305 |
4,149 | A group is of characteristic 2 type if the generalized Fitting subgroup F*(Y) of every 2-local subgroup Y is a 2-group. As the name suggests these are roughly the groups of Lie type over fields of characteristic 2, plus a handful of others that are alternating or sporadic or of odd characteristic. Their classification ... | Classification of finite simple groups | 0.83305 |
4,150 | The order of an element m in Z/nZ is n/gcd(n,m). If n and m are coprime, then the direct product of two cyclic groups Z/nZ and Z/mZ is isomorphic to the cyclic group Z/nmZ, and the converse also holds: this is one form of the Chinese remainder theorem. For example, Z/12Z is isomorphic to the direct product Z/3Z × Z/4Z ... | Infinite cyclic | 0.833042 |
4,151 | The binary (base 2), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16) systems, extensively used in computer science, all follow the conventions of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The binary system uses only the digits "0" and "1", while the octal system uses the digits from "0" through "7". The hexadecimal system uses all th... | Digit value | 0.833039 |
4,152 | Most bacterial strains will be sequenced and assembled as draft genomes; however, the project has also produced closed genomes for a variety of enteric pathogens in the 100K bioproject.This strategy enables worldwide collaboration to identify sets of genetic biomarkers associated with important pathogen traits. This fi... | 100K Pathogen Genome Project | 0.833039 |
4,153 | Kelly's eight-point three-dimensional isosceles set can be decomposed into two sets X {\displaystyle X} (the three points on a line perpendicular to the pentagon) and Y {\displaystyle Y} (the five vertices of the pentagon), with the property that each point in X {\displaystyle X} is equidistant from all points of Y {\d... | Isosceles set | 0.833038 |
4,154 | Primality Testing for Beginners has six chapters, divided into two parts: four chapters on background material in number theory and computational complexity theory, and three on the AKS primality test.Chapter 1 includes basic material on number theory, including the fundamental theorem of arithmetic on unique factoriza... | Primality Testing for Beginners | 0.833036 |
4,155 | One of these numbers is made public and can be used in a rapid encryption procedure, while the other, used in the decryption procedure, is kept hidden. Determining the hidden number from the public number is considered to be computationally infeasible and this is what makes the system work to ensure privacy.As another ... | Modular multiplicative inverse | 0.833036 |
4,156 | THINKING MATHEMATICS! series: Volume 1: Arithmetic = Gateway to All Volume 2: Advanced Counting and Advanced Algebra Systems Volume 3: Lines, Circles, Trigonometry and Conics Volume 4: Functions and their Graphs Volume 5: e, i, pi and all that! Volume 6: Calculus GEOMETRY: Volume I and GEOMETRY: Volume 2MATH WITHOUT WO... | James Tanton | 0.833034 |
4,157 | Functions that have just the above property 2 allow for compiler optimization techniques such as common subexpression elimination and loop optimization similar to arithmetic operators. A C++ example is the length method, returning the size of a string, which depends on the memory contents where the string points to, th... | Pure function | 0.833026 |
4,158 | For example, researchers identified a neuron in CLIP that responds to images of people in spider man costumes, sketches of spiderman, and the word ‘spider.’ It also involves explaining connections between these neurons or ‘circuits’. For example, researchers have identified pattern-matching mechanisms in transformer at... | AI safety | 0.833024 |
4,159 | The engineer Jane Albright notes several scientific failings of the canopy theory, reasoning from first principles in physics. Among these are that enough water to create a flood of even 5 centimetres (2.0 in) of rain would form a vapor blanket thick enough to make the earth too hot for life, since water vapor is a gre... | Flood geology | 0.833024 |
4,160 | Their modulus is defined differently from their norm, and they also contain zero divisors. As shown by Hurwitz, R, C, H, and O are the only normed division algebras over the real numbers. These four algebras also form the only alternative, finite-dimensional division algebras over the real numbers (up to isomorphism). ... | Octonion multiplication | 0.833018 |
4,161 | The journal also features interesting gene discoveries and reports of cutting-edge computational biology and high-throughput biology methodologies. New data in these areas are published as research papers, or methods and resource reports that provide novel information on technologies or tools that will be of interest t... | Genome Research | 0.833018 |
4,162 | The latter value is computed using the 3D structures found in the Jmol and Protein Data Bank libraries of Biochemistry. In both cases, another digit of precision is needed in the calculations to resolve this spread. Such precision is difficult to obtain in bond length measurements. | Muco-Inositol | 0.833018 |
4,163 | However, soil samples failed to yield much of the fungus. It is not known whether people get the disease by eating infected rats, or by inhaling fungi from their faeces. One HIV-positive physician is known to have been infected while attending a course on tropical microbiology. | Talaromyces marneffei | 0.833017 |
4,164 | A compiler is a computer program that translates one computer language into another. To improve the execution time of the resulting code, one of the techniques of compiler optimization is register allocation, where the most frequently used values of the compiled program are kept in the fast processor registers. Ideally... | Graph coloring | 0.833016 |
4,165 | In deep learning-based language models like GPT-4 or BERT, the context model is an inherent part of the architecture. These models use mechanisms such as attention mechanisms and multi-layered transformer (machine learning) architectures to capture contextual information from the input sequence. The context model takes... | Context modeling | 0.833016 |
4,166 | For infinite Boolean algebras, this is no longer true, but every infinite Boolean algebra can be represented as a subalgebra of a power set Boolean algebra (see Stone's representation theorem). The power set of a set S forms an abelian group when it is considered with the operation of symmetric difference (with the emp... | Power set | 0.833014 |
4,167 | A new person is pointed at as each word is said. The player who is selected at the conclusion of the rhyme is "it" or "out". In an alternate version, the circle of players may each put two feet in and at the conclusion of the rhyme, that player removes one foot and the rhyme starts over with the next person. In this ca... | Counting-out game | 0.833014 |
4,168 | In computer science, a y-fast trie is a data structure for storing integers from a bounded domain. It supports exact and predecessor or successor queries in time O(log log M), using O(n) space, where n is the number of stored values and M is the maximum value in the domain. The structure was proposed by Dan Willard in ... | Y-fast trie | 0.833013 |
4,169 | machine learning The set of artificial intelligence techniques for systems that can follow examples to solve new problems. magnet wire The class of wire manufactured for winding electromagnetic coils such as in motors or transformers. magnetic blowout A component of a switching device that uses a magnetic field to assi... | Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering | 0.833012 |
4,170 | Branch prediction is used with speculative execution.It is known that the ILP is exploited by both the compiler and hardware support but the compiler also provides inherent and implicit ILP in programs to hardware by compile-time optimizations. Some optimization techniques for extracting available ILP in programs would... | Instruction level parallelism | 0.833008 |
4,171 | .NET CLR Loading Statistics for CLR Class Loader. .NET CLR Memory Counters for CLR Garbage Collected heap. .NET CLR Remoting Stats for CLR Remoting. | Performance Monitor | 0.833008 |
4,172 | The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. In addition, the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (... | Virtual leak | 0.833002 |
4,173 | Duplicate data is a significant issue in bioinformatics. Publicly available data may be of uncertain quality. Errors during experimentation. | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.832998 |
4,174 | In chemistry, there are many different processes which can lead to a surface being charged, including adsorption of ions, protonation or deprotonation, and, as discussed above, the application of an external electric field. Surface charge emits an electric field, which causes particle repulsion and attraction, affectin... | Surface potential | 0.832997 |
4,175 | The journal publishes articles on a variety of subjects including: Clinical sample collection and handling to preserve proteins, new technology, including protein arrays, mass spectrometry, microanalytic devices, nanotechnology, and biosensors for protein-based clinical bioassays and clinical chemistry assays, bioinfor... | Clinical Proteomics | 0.832996 |
4,176 | When the disk is turned, the plane of oscillation changes just like the one of a Foucault pendulum at latitude φ. Similarly, consider a nonspinning, perfectly balanced bicycle wheel mounted on a disk so that its axis of rotation makes an angle φ with the disk. When the disk undergoes a full clockwise revolution, the bi... | Foucault pendulum | 0.832995 |
4,177 | Solutions of boundary value problems for the Laplace equation satisfy the Dirichlet's principle. Plateau's problem requires finding a surface of minimal area that spans a given contour in space: a solution can often be found by dipping a frame in soapy water. Although such experiments are relatively easy to perform, th... | Calculus of variation | 0.832994 |
4,178 | Transformative learning theory focuses on the often-necessary change required in a learner's preconceptions and worldview. Geographical learning theory focuses on the ways that contexts and environments shape the learning process. Outside the realm of educational psychology, techniques to directly observe the functioni... | Learning theory (education) | 0.832994 |
4,179 | The sequencing and annotating of the genome of the T7 bacteriophage took place in the 1980s at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, under the senior biophysicist F. William Studier. Soon, the lab was able to clone the T7 RNA polymerase and use it, along with the powerful T7 promoter, to trans... | T7 expression system | 0.832993 |
4,180 | These calculations require theoretical or empirical distributions of direct and diffuse radiation in the open, without canopy or other sky obstruction. Usually calculations are performed for either photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nanometers) or insolation integrated over all wavelengths, measured in kilowa... | Hemispherical photography | 0.832993 |
4,181 | The following statements are equivalent to MA(𝛋): If X is a compact Hausdorff topological space that satisfies the ccc then X is not the union of 𝛋 or fewer nowhere dense subsets. If P is a non-empty upwards ccc poset and Y is a family of cofinal subsets of P with |Y| ≤ 𝛋 then there is an upwards-directed set A such... | Martin's axiom | 0.832989 |
4,182 | Among these attributes, attribute A4 is the prerequisite for all other attributes in the sub-hierarchy. Attribute A4 has attribute A1 as a prerequisite because A4 not only represents basic skills in arithmetic operations (i.e., attribute A1), but it also involves the substitution of values into algebraic expressions wh... | Attribute hierarchy method | 0.832987 |
4,183 | The knowledge of the thaw depth is important for the two major reasons: its influence on the ecology and on construction (buildings, pipelines, roads, etc.). These influences are mediated by the effects of the dynamics biological, pedologic, geomorphologic, biogeochemical, and hydrologic processes in permafrost. In eco... | Thaw depth | 0.832987 |
4,184 | This applies even though the particles may be so far apart that it is impossible for the result of the first measurement to have been transmitted to the second particle before the second measurement takes place. A further example is superfluidity. Liquid helium in a container, cooled to a temperature near absolute zero... | Introduction to quantum mechanics | 0.832986 |
4,185 | By contraposition, a disproof or refutation of Fermat's Last Theorem would disprove the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture. In plain English, Frey had shown that, if this intuition about his equation was correct, then any set of 4 numbers (a, b, c, n) capable of disproving Fermat's Last Theorem, could also be used to dis... | Fermat's conjecture | 0.832984 |
4,186 | Following are tables of commonly occurring expressions in physics, related to the dimensions of energy, momentum, and force. | Orientational analysis | 0.832981 |
4,187 | Power Devices Gate turn-off thyristor MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) Power BJT/MOSFET Static induction devices Electric power conversion DC to DC DC to DC converter Voltage stabiliser Linear regulator AC to DC Rectifier Mains power supply unit (PSU) Switched-mode power supply DC to AC Inverter AC to AC Cycloconverter T... | Outline of electronics | 0.83298 |
4,188 | A possible variation is to introduce additional memories for each intermediate node in the discrimination network. This increases the overhead of the Rete, but may have advantages in situations where rules are dynamically added to or removed from the Rete, making it easier to vary the topology of the discrimination net... | Rete algorithm | 0.832978 |
4,189 | All organisms are made up of chemical elements; oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen account for most (96%) of the mass of all organisms, with calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium constituting essentially all the remainder. Different elements can combine to form compounds such as water, which ... | Biological sciences | 0.832977 |
4,190 | In the field of molecular biology, the cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication. | CAMP-dependent pathway | 0.832977 |
4,191 | If a is positive, then the function increases to positive infinity at both ends; and thus the function has a global minimum. Likewise, if a is negative, it decreases to negative infinity and has a global maximum. In both cases it may or may not have another local maximum and another local minimum. The degree four (quar... | Quartic formula | 0.832975 |
4,192 | However, most districts follow a sequence of mathematics courses in secondary school typically called Pre-algebra, Algebra 1, Geometry, Algebra 2, Pre-calculus, and Calculus. Some schools teach Algebra 2 before Geometry. Trigonometry is usually integrated into one or several of these courses. | Mathematics education in the United States | 0.832971 |
4,193 | 1901: Max Planck published the blackbody equation and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions. 1905: Albert Einstein developed the theory of the photoelectric effect. | Infrared rays | 0.832967 |
4,194 | The definition of a congruence depends on the type of algebraic structure under consideration. Particular definitions of congruence can be made for groups, rings, vector spaces, modules, semigroups, lattices, and so forth. The common theme is that a congruence is an equivalence relation on an algebraic object that is c... | Congruence relation | 0.832967 |
4,195 | Informally, especially in computer science, the big O notation often can be used somewhat differently to describe an asymptotic tight bound where using big Theta Θ notation might be more factually appropriate in a given context. For example, when considering a function T(n) = 73n3 + 22n2 + 58, all of the following are ... | Soft O notation | 0.832966 |
4,196 | Advances in molecular biology have provided researchers with the ability to study genetic variation more directly. However, transplant experiments still have the advantages of being simple and requiring little technology. On the other hand, they may require considerable time and labour, and the number of test organisms... | Transplant experiment | 0.832966 |
4,197 | In universal algebra, an abstract algebra A is called simple if and only if it has no nontrivial congruence relations, or equivalently, if every homomorphism with domain A is either injective or constant. As congruences on rings are characterized by their ideals, this notion is a straightforward generalization of the n... | Simple algebra (universal algebra) | 0.832964 |
4,198 | The universal validity of a formula is a semi-decidable problem by Gödel's completeness theorem. If satisfiability were also a semi-decidable problem, then the problem of the existence of counter-models would be too (a formula has counter-models iff its negation is satisfiable). So the problem of logical validity would... | Finite satisfiability (logics) | 0.832964 |
4,199 | The UNDP Millennium Development Goals also recognise health issues as international security issue.Several instances of epidemics such as SARS increased awareness of health security (biosecurity). Several factors have rendered biosecurity issues more severe: there is a continuing advancement of biotechnology, which inc... | Biosecurity | 0.832964 |
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