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4,800 | Photosystem – They are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. They are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria (in ... | Outline of cell biology | 0.831803 |
4,801 | In mathematics, in the area of algebra studying the character theory of finite groups, an M-group or monomial group is a finite group whose complex irreducible characters are all monomial, that is, induced from characters of degree 1 (Isaacs 1994). In this section only finite groups are considered. A monomial group is ... | Monomial group | 0.831802 |
4,802 | The calculator can compute basic arithmetic functions with a precision up to 13 digits. Many functions integrated into the calculator include arithmetic and algebraic computations such as: square roots reciprocals exponential functions factorials logarithms trig functionsOther specialized functions also implemented int... | Casio fx-7000G | 0.8318 |
4,803 | A high-pass filter for scattered electrons in the form of a retarding field analyzer, which blocks all but elastically scattered electrons. It usually contains three or four hemispherical concentric grids. Because only radial fields around the sampled point would be allowed and the geometry of the sample and the surrou... | Low-energy electron diffraction | 0.831798 |
4,804 | This is common in both traditional horticulture and modern agriculture; many commercially useful fruits, flowers, garden herbs, and trees have been produced by hybridization. One such flower, Oenothera lamarckiana, was central to early genetics research into mutationism and polyploidy. | Hybrid animal | 0.831797 |
4,805 | It is common to represent polymers backbones, notably proteins, in internal coordinates; that is, a list of consecutive dihedral angles and bond lengths. However, some types of computational chemistry instead use cartesian coordinates. In computational structure optimization, some programs need to flip back and forth b... | Torsion angle | 0.831794 |
4,806 | Combinatorial game theory is a branch of mathematics and theoretical computer science that typically studies sequential games with perfect information. Study has been largely confined to two-player games that have a position that the players take turns changing in defined ways or moves to achieve a defined winning cond... | Combinatorial game | 0.831794 |
4,807 | Ribosomes translate RNA into protein and because they have slightly different structures in microbes, when compared to eukaryotes, such as human cells, they are often a target for antibiotics. In 2000 and 2001, she determined the complete high-resolution structures of both ribosomal subunits and discovered within the o... | Ada Yonath | 0.83179 |
4,808 | In molecular biology, biochips are engineered substrates ("miniaturized laboratories") that can host large numbers of simultaneous biochemical reactions. One of the goals of biochip technology is to efficiently screen large numbers of biological analytes, with potential applications ranging from disease diagnosis to de... | Biochip | 0.831789 |
4,809 | Quantum mechanical effects become significant for physics in the range of the de Broglie wavelength. For condensed matter, this is when the de Broglie wavelength of a particle is greater than the spacing between the particles in the lattice that comprises the matter. The de Broglie wavelength associated with a massive ... | Quantum fluids | 0.831787 |
4,810 | AP Physics 1 covers Newtonian mechanics, including: Unit 1: Kinematics Unit 2: Dynamics Unit 3: Circular Motion and Gravitation Unit 4: Energy Unit 5: Momentum Unit 6: Simple Harmonic Motion Unit 7: Torque and Rotational MotionUntil 2020, the course also covered topics in electricity (including Coulomb's Law and resist... | AP Physics | 0.831785 |
4,811 | The MNIST database (Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology database) is a large database of handwritten digits that is commonly used for training various image processing systems. The database is also widely used for training and testing in the field of machine learning. It was created by "re-mixing" t... | MNIST database | 0.831782 |
4,812 | Of the twenty-four propositions, the first three are quoted without proof from Euclid's Elements of Conics (a lost work by Euclid on conic sections). Propositions 4 and 5 establish elementary properties of the parabola. Propositions 6–17 give the mechanical proof of the main theorem; propositions 18–24 present the geom... | The Quadrature of the Parabola | 0.831782 |
4,813 | In mathematics, in the realm of group theory, a group is said to be a CA-group or centralizer abelian group if the centralizer of any nonidentity element is an abelian subgroup. Finite CA-groups are of historical importance as an early example of the type of classifications that would be used in the Feit–Thompson theor... | CA-group | 0.831781 |
4,814 | Rote learning is also used to describe a simple learning pattern used in machine learning, although it does not involve repetition, unlike the usual meaning of rote learning. The machine is programmed to keep a history of calculations and compare new input against its history of inputs and outputs, retrieving the store... | Rote learning | 0.831781 |
4,815 | Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, inclu... | Protein chemistry | 0.831779 |
4,816 | In mathematics, a quadratic irrational number (also known as a quadratic irrational or quadratic surd) is an irrational number that is the solution to some quadratic equation with rational coefficients which is irreducible over the rational numbers. Since fractions in the coefficients of a quadratic equation can be cle... | Quadratic irrationalities | 0.831779 |
4,817 | PAST was used for studies in paleontology, forensics, archaeology or microbiology.The software was recommended because it is "... designed specifically for paleontologists" and "... incorporates a vast majority of analytical methods suitable for paleontological and current ecological work". | Paleontological Statistics | 0.831779 |
4,818 | The problem can be solved in polynomial time. One method of showing this uses the Havel–Hakimi algorithm constructing a special solution with the use of a recursive algorithm. Alternatively, following the characterization given by the Erdős–Gallai theorem, the problem can be solved by testing the validity of n {\displa... | Graph realization problem | 0.831775 |
4,819 | LAMP is less versatile than PCR, the most well-established nucleic acid amplification technique. LAMP is useful primarily as a diagnostic or detection technique, but is not useful for cloning or many other molecular biology applications enabled by PCR. Because LAMP uses 4 (or 6) primers targeting 6 (or 8) regions withi... | Loop-mediated isothermal amplification | 0.831772 |
4,820 | The book emphasizes Silver's skill, which is the practical art of mathematical model building using probability and statistics. Silver takes a big-picture approach to using statistical tools, combining sources of unique data (e.g., timing a minor league ball player's fastball using a radar gun), with historical data an... | The Signal and the Noise | 0.831772 |
4,821 | In mathematics, a classification theorem answers the classification problem "What are the objects of a given type, up to some equivalence?". It gives a non-redundant enumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class. A few issues related to classification are the following. The equivalence problem is "given t... | Classification theorem | 0.83177 |
4,822 | According to ABI, the SOLiD 3plus platform yields 60 gigabases of usable DNA data per run. Due to the two base encoding system, an inherent accuracy check is built into the technology and offers 99.94% accuracy. The chemistry of the systems also means that it is not hindered by homopolymers unlike the Roche 454 FLX sys... | ABI Solid Sequencing | 0.83177 |
4,823 | It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads. TorqueIn physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. | Glossary of engineering: M–Z | 0.831769 |
4,824 | In pure mathematics, differential equations are studied from several different perspectives, mostly concerned with their solutions — the set of functions that satisfy the equation. Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit formulas; however, some properties of solutions of a given differential e... | Mathematical equations | 0.831768 |
4,825 | While random forests often achieve higher accuracy than a single decision tree, they sacrifice the intrinsic interpretability present in decision trees. Decision trees are among a fairly small family of machine learning models that are easily interpretable along with linear models, rule-based models, and attention-base... | Random Forest | 0.831765 |
4,826 | Euclid's Elements contained five postulates that form the basis for Euclidean geometry. One of these, the parallel postulate, has been the subject of debate among mathematicians for many centuries. It states that on any plane on which there is a straight line L1 and a point P not on L1, there is exactly one straight li... | Physical space | 0.831765 |
4,827 | This angular motion is quantified by the angular velocity vector. As long as we stay below relativistic speeds (see Relativistic dynamics), this model will accurately simulate all relevant behavior. This method requires the Physics engine to solve six ordinary differential equations at every instant we want to render, ... | Physics simulation | 0.831762 |
4,828 | They are needed to convert high voltage mains electricity into low voltage electricity which can be safely used in homes. Maxwell's formulation of the law is given in the Maxwell–Faraday equation—the fourth and final of Maxwell's equations—which states that a time-varying magnetic field produces an electric field. Toge... | Introduction to electromagnetism | 0.831758 |
4,829 | Pair potentials are very common in physics and computational chemistry and biology; exceptions are very rare. An example of a potential energy function that is not a pair potential is the three-body Axilrod-Teller potential. Another example is the Stillinger-Weber potential for silicon, which includes the angle in a tr... | Pair potential | 0.831756 |
4,830 | Computational mechanics (CM) is interdisciplinary. Its three pillars are mechanics, mathematics, and computer science and physics. | Tangent stiffness matrix | 0.831753 |
4,831 | The following is an example in pseudocode based on Applied Cryptography by Bruce Schneier. The inputs base, exponent, and modulus correspond to b, e, and m in the equations given above. function modular_pow(base, exponent, modulus) is if modulus = 1 then return 0 Assert :: (modulus - 1) * (modulus - 1) does not overflo... | Modular exponentiation | 0.831753 |
4,832 | Algebra also studies Diophantine equations where the coefficients and solutions are integers. The techniques used are different and come from number theory. These equations are difficult in general; one often searches just to find the existence or absence of a solution, and, if they exist, to count the number of soluti... | Mathematical equation | 0.831752 |
4,833 | Given a flux according to the electromagnetism definition, the corresponding flux density, if that term is used, refers to its derivative along the surface that was integrated. By the Fundamental theorem of calculus, the corresponding flux density is a flux according to the transport definition. Given a current such as... | Flux of a vector field | 0.831749 |
4,834 | Covalent modification of either DNA (e.g. cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation) or of histone proteins (e.g. lysine acetylation, lysine and arginine methylation, serine and threonine phosphorylation, and lysine ubiquitination and sumoylation) play central roles in many types of epigenetic inheritance. Therefore,... | Epigenetic alteration | 0.831748 |
4,835 | Since the development of the FCI, other physics instruments have been developed. These include the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation concept and the Brief Electricity and Magnetism Assessment. | Concept inventory | 0.831748 |
4,836 | The approach has been applied to solve a wide range of problems, including learning to rank, computer graphics and visual design, robotics, sensor networks, automatic algorithm configuration, automatic machine learning toolboxes, reinforcement learning, planning, visual attention, architecture configuration in deep lea... | Bayesian Optimization | 0.831743 |
4,837 | The system can do global code optimizations (e.g. inlining of library functions) without losing the advantages of dynamic linking and without the overheads inherent to static compilers and linkers. Specifically, when doing global inline substitutions, a static compilation process may need run-time checks and ensure tha... | Just-in-time compiler | 0.831742 |
4,838 | The ring basis emerged in the 20th century with the work of Zhegalkin and Stone and became the basis of choice for algebraists coming to the subject from a background in abstract algebra. Most treatments of Boolean algebra assume the lattice basis, a notable exception being Halmos whose linear algebra background eviden... | Power set algebra | 0.831737 |
4,839 | The instructions reside in memory that takes one cycle to read. This memory can be dedicated to SRAM, or an Instruction Cache. The term "latency" is used in computer science often and means the time from when an operation starts until it completes. Thus, instruction fetch has a latency of one clock cycle (if using sing... | Classic RISC pipeline | 0.831734 |
4,840 | Perpendicular axes theorem – states that the moment of inertia of a planar lamina (i.e. 2-D body) about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about the two axes at right angles to each other, in its own plane intersecting each other at the point whe... | Glossary of aerospace engineering | 0.831731 |
4,841 | Most calculations using Gaussian surfaces begin by implementing Gauss's law (for electricity): Φ E = {\displaystyle \Phi _{E}=} S {\displaystyle \scriptstyle S} E ⋅ d A = Q enc ε 0 . {\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \;\cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {A} ={\frac {Q_{\text{enc}}}{\varepsilon _{0}}}.} Thereby Qenc is the electrical c... | Gaussian surface | 0.83173 |
4,842 | In the second set of the proceedings, which pertained to thimerosal alone (as opposed to thimerosal working in conjunction with MMR), Brent testified, with regard to Jordan King and one other child with autism who also served as a test case in this trial, that there was "absolutely no reason to chelate them for any mer... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.831727 |
4,843 | A study conducted by Schoen and Hirsch, two authors of Core-Plus Mathematics, reported that students using early versions of Core-Plus Mathematics did as well as or better than those in traditional single-subject curricula on all measures except paper-and-pencil algebra skills.A study on field-test versions of Core-Plu... | Core-Plus Mathematics Project | 0.831725 |
4,844 | The above groups can be described algebraically as well as geometrically. Given the curve y2 = x3 + ax + b over the field K (whose characteristic we assume to be neither 2 nor 3), and points P = (xP, yP) and Q = (xQ, yQ) on the curve, assume first that xP ≠ xQ (case 1). Let y = sx + d be the equation of the line that i... | Weierstrass equation | 0.831721 |
4,845 | In chemistry, compositions can be expressed as molar concentrations of each component. As the sum of all concentrations is not determined, the whole composition of D parts is needed and thus expressed as a vector of D molar concentrations. These compositions can be translated into weight per cent multiplying each compo... | Compositional data | 0.831719 |
4,846 | These findings led Faraday to a new theory of electrochemistry. The electric force, he argued, threw the molecules of a solution into a state of tension. When the force was strong enough to distort the forces that held the molecules together so as to permit the interaction with neighbouring particles, the tension was r... | History of electrochemistry | 0.831717 |
4,847 | For time-varying electromagnetic fields, the electromagnetic energy is typically viewed as waves propagating either through free space, in a transmission line, in a microstrip line, or through a waveguide. Dielectrics are often used in all of these environments to mechanically support electrical conductors and keep the... | Loss tangent | 0.831716 |
4,848 | Noyan et al. demonstrated a convolutional neural network that achieved 94% accuracy at identifying skin cells from microscopic Tzanck smear images. A concern raised with this work is that it has not engaged with disparities related to skin color or differential treatment of patients with non-white skin tones.Recent adv... | Artificial intelligence in healthcare | 0.831716 |
4,849 | After the Human Genome Project researchers focused on evolutionary comparisons of the genome structures of different species. The whole genome of any species can be sequenced completely and repeatedly to obtain a comprehensive single-nucleotide map. This method makes it possible to compare genomes for any two species r... | Genome diversity and karyotype evolution of mammals | 0.831714 |
4,850 | If two points lie in a plane, the line containing them lies in the plane. Unique plane assumption. Through three non-collinear points, there is exactly one plane. Intersecting planes assumption. If two different planes have a point in common, then their intersection is a line.The first three assumptions of the postulat... | Point-line-plane postulate | 0.831713 |
4,851 | In May of 2000, Jim Kent, a biology graduate student at UC Santa Cruz who had a background as a computer programmer, approached Computer Science Professor David Haussler and offered to write an assembly program using a sampler strategy. Haussler had rigged together a makeshift supercomputer out of 100 Dell Pentium III ... | Jack Baskin School of Engineering | 0.831713 |
4,852 | The DM is expected to be an expert in the problem domain. The most preferred results can be found using different philosophies. Multi-objective optimization methods can be divided into four classes. | Multiobjective optimization | 0.831709 |
4,853 | Here are some of the ways in which schemes go beyond older notions of algebraic varieties, and their significance. Field extensions. Given some polynomial equations in n variables over a field k, one can study the set X(k) of solutions of the equations in the product set kn. If the field k is algebraically closed (for ... | Category of schemes | 0.831708 |
4,854 | The force lines pictures are used for 1) Analysis of stress concentration (Figure1 and Figure 2): the number of the force lines increases in areas with stress concentration.2) Optimization of structures: reinforcing the structure in the areas with concentration of force lines and deleting the components where there are... | Force lines | 0.831706 |
4,855 | 2002 — Manindra Agrawal, Nitin Saxena, and Neeraj Kayal of IIT Kanpur present an unconditional deterministic polynomial time algorithm to determine whether a given number is prime. 2002 — Preda Mihăilescu proves Catalan's conjecture. 2004 — Ben Green and Terence Tao prove the Green–Tao theorem, which states that the se... | Timeline of number theory | 0.831706 |
4,856 | In computer science, several computational problems related to independent sets have been studied. In the maximum independent set problem, the input is an undirected graph, and the output is a maximum independent set in the graph. If there are multiple maximum independent sets, only one need be output. This problem is ... | Maximum independent set problem | 0.831703 |
4,857 | In mathematics, a quaternionic structure or Q-structure is an axiomatic system that abstracts the concept of a quaternion algebra over a field. A quaternionic structure is a triple (G, Q, q) where G is an elementary abelian group of exponent 2 with a distinguished element −1, Q is a pointed set with distinguished eleme... | Quaternionic structure | 0.831703 |
4,858 | Prior to the first administration of the new SAT Reasoning Test (which included the writing section) in March 2005, some highly selective colleges required applicants to take three SAT Subject Tests, including the writing test and two other tests of the applicant's choosing, in addition to the SAT. However, when writin... | SAT Subject Tests | 0.8317 |
4,859 | In these problems, someone solicits ideas for projects, designs or solutions from the crowd. For example, ideas on solving a data science problem (as in Kaggle) or getting a good design for a T-shirt (as in Threadless) or in getting answers to simple problems that only humans can do well (as in Amazon's Mechanical Turk... | Collective learning | 0.831699 |
4,860 | The former is predicted by Moore's Law and the forecasted improvements in hardware, and is comparatively similar to previous technological advances. But there are some AI researchers, who believe software is more important than hardware.A 2017 email survey of authors with publications at the 2015 NeurIPS and ICML machi... | Seed AI | 0.831699 |
4,861 | Examples of metatheorems include: The deduction theorem for first-order logic says that a sentence of the form φ→ψ is provable from a set of axioms A if and only if the sentence ψ is provable from the system whose axioms consist of φ and all the axioms of A. The class existence theorem of von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set ... | Metatheorem | 0.831693 |
4,862 | Applied Physics Letters. 73 (17): 2447–2449. doi:10.1063/1.122477. | Phaedon Avouris | 0.831692 |
4,863 | Marine Perception (Oliver Zielinski) Interactive Machine Learning (Daniel Sonntag) | German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence | 0.831691 |
4,864 | Such a royal route to electromagnetic understanding may be lacking, but a path has been opened with differential geometry: The tangent space at an event in spacetime is a four-dimensional vector space, operable by linear transformations. Symmetries observed by electricians find expression in linear algebra and differen... | Relativistic electromagnetism | 0.831691 |
4,865 | x + 1 / 2 ∗ ( 100 − x ) ∗ 2 {\displaystyle x+1/2*(100-x)*2} is the number of shoes worn, where x equals the number of one-legged patients. 100 − x {\displaystyle 100-x} equals the number of two-legged patients. The solution boils down to 100 shoes. In contrast to the crystallized approach to solving the problem, Horn p... | Fluid intelligence | 0.831689 |
4,866 | Even without using graph theory, it is not difficult to show that the Five Room Puzzle has no solution. First, the rules must be clarified. The rooms and the solution line must all be drawn on a single side of a normal flat sheet of paper. The solution line must be continuous, but can bend sharply or smoothly in any wa... | Five room puzzle | 0.831688 |
4,867 | Every pseudocomplemented lattice is necessarily bounded, i.e. it has a 1 as well. Since the pseudocomplement is unique by definition (if it exists), a pseudocomplemented lattice can be endowed with a unary operation * mapping every element to its pseudocomplement; this structure is sometimes called a p-algebra. However... | Pseudocomplement | 0.831688 |
4,868 | Types of living soil biota can be divided into categories of plants (flora), animals (fauna), and microorganisms. Plants play a role in soil chemistry by exchanging nutrients with microorganisms and absorbing nutrients, creating concentration gradients of cations and anions. In addition to this, the differences in wate... | Soil chemistry | 0.831687 |
4,869 | Modern biomedical datasets often have specific features which make their analyses difficult, including: Large numbers of feature (sometimes billions), typically far larger than the number of samples (typically tens or hundreds) Noisy and missing data Privacy concerns (e.g., electronic health record confidentiality) Req... | Biomedical data science | 0.831686 |
4,870 | In additive combinatorics and number theory, a subset A of an abelian group G is said to be sum-free if the sumset A + A is disjoint from A. In other words, A is sum-free if the equation a + b = c {\displaystyle a+b=c} has no solution with a , b , c ∈ A {\displaystyle a,b,c\in A} . For example, the set of odd numbers i... | Sum-free set | 0.831685 |
4,871 | For instance: the NAND operation requires that: f ( 1 , 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(1,1)=0} and f ( 1 , 0 ) = f ( 0 , 1 ) = f ( 0 , 0 ) = 1 {\displaystyle f(1,0)=f(0,1)=f(0,0)=1} .These Boolean polynomials can be immediately extended to any number of variables, producing a large potential variety of logical operators. In ... | Vector logic | 0.831685 |
4,872 | sarcoplasmic reticulum - satellite DNA - scientific notation - SDS-PAGE - second messenger - second messenger system - secondary structure - secretin - selectin - sensory receptor - sequence (biology) - sequence homology - sequence motif - sequencing - serine - serotonin - serotonin receptor - serpin - sexual reproduct... | Index of biochemistry articles | 0.831684 |
4,873 | One possible reason to forgo controlling for these random errors is that it may be too expensive to control them each time the experiment is conducted or the measurements are made. Other reasons may be that whatever we are trying to measure is changing in time (see dynamic models), or is fundamentally probabilistic (as... | Systematic effect | 0.831683 |
4,874 | “A Colorful Answer To Pregnancy Puzzle. A Eureka Moment For Chemists: Answer Found In Fruit Fly Poop.” M. Zimmer Hartford Courant, February 6, 2011. “Optogenetics: Three not-so-blind (anymore) mice” M. Zimmer Providence Journal, May 7, 2011. “Lighting Up Chickens to Prevent Bird Flu Pandemics” Huffington Post, November... | Marc Zimmer | 0.831682 |
4,875 | In mathematics, if L is a field extension of K, then an element a of L is called an algebraic element over K, or just algebraic over K, if there exists some non-zero polynomial g(x) with coefficients in K such that g(a) = 0. Elements of L which are not algebraic over K are called transcendental over K. These notions ge... | Algebraic element | 0.831681 |
4,876 | In abstract algebra, a semiring is an algebraic structure. It is a generalization of a ring, dropping the requirement that each element must have an additive inverse. At the same time, it is a generalization of bounded distributive lattices. The smallest semiring that is not a ring is the two-element Boolean algebra, e... | Star semiring | 0.83168 |
4,877 | The system is designed for hierarchical based systems with homogeneous or heterogeneous CPU cores which have local memories, connected via DMA engines or similar memory transfer models. Sieve has been shown successfully operating on multi-core x86 systems, the Ageia PhysX Physics Processing Unit, and the IBM Cell micr... | Sieve C++ Parallel Programming System | 0.831678 |
4,878 | Conformal mappings are invaluable for solving problems in engineering and physics that can be expressed in terms of functions of a complex variable yet exhibit inconvenient geometries. By choosing an appropriate mapping, the analyst can transform the inconvenient geometry into a much more convenient one. For example, o... | Conformal projection | 0.831676 |
4,879 | Schwarzschild's equation contains the fundamental physics needed to understand and quantify how increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere reduce the flux of thermal infrared radiation to space. If no other fluxes change, the law of conservation of energy demands that the Earth warm (from one steady state to ... | Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer | 0.831671 |
4,880 | Outerplanar graphs have degeneracy at most two: every subgraph of an outerplanar graph contains a vertex with degree at most two.Outerplanar graphs have treewidth at most two, which implies that many graph optimization problems that are NP-complete for arbitrary graphs may be solved in polynomial time by dynamic progra... | Outerplanar graph | 0.831667 |
4,881 | Moreover, Boolean algebra provides a convenient mathematical structure for collection of bits, with a semantic of a collection of propositional variables. Boolean algebra operations are known as "bitwise operations" in computer science. Boolean functions are also well-studied theoretically and easily implementable, eit... | Binary variable | 0.831666 |
4,882 | The Human Proteome Folding Project (HPF) is a collaborative effort between New York University (Bonneau Lab), the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) and the University of Washington (Baker Lab), using the Rosetta software developed by the Rosetta Commons. The project is managed by the Bonneau lab. HPF Phase 1 applied ... | Human Proteome Folding Project | 0.831666 |
4,883 | Then, if the answer is no, x = 5 can be propagated safely. Another optimization impacted by aliasing is code reordering. If the compiler decides that x is not aliased by *y, then code that uses or changes the value of x can be moved before the assignment *y = 10, if this would improve scheduling or enable more loop opt... | Pointer aliasing | 0.831666 |
4,884 | How much disk storage space will the master file consume? How many lines of program code will it take to perform this function? How can we cut down on CPU time when we run the system? What are the most efficient ways of storing this data? What database management system should we use? | Implementation | 0.831666 |
4,885 | In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungst... | Binary phase | 0.831664 |
4,886 | Physicists have pondered whether the fine-structure constant is in fact constant, or whether its value differs by location and over time. A varying α has been proposed as a way of solving problems in cosmology and astrophysics.String theory and other proposals for going beyond the Standard Model of particle physics hav... | Fine Structure Constant | 0.831661 |
4,887 | Naive set theory is any of several theories of sets used in the discussion of the foundations of mathematics. Unlike axiomatic set theories, which are defined using formal logic, naive set theory is defined informally, in natural language. It describes the aspects of mathematical sets familiar in discrete mathematics (... | Naïve set theory | 0.831659 |
4,888 | Some geometric optimization problems may be expressed as LP-type problems in which the number of elements in the LP-type formulation is significantly greater than the number of input data values for the optimization problem. As an example, consider a collection of n points in the plane, each moving with constant veloci... | LP-type problem | 0.831658 |
4,889 | The radio window is a range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. Typically, the lower limit of the radio window's range has a value of about 10 MHz (λ ≈ 30 m); the best upper limit achievable from optimal terrestrial observation sites is equal to approximately 1 THz (λ ≈ 0.... | Radio window | 0.831657 |
4,890 | There are also formulas for the cubic and quartic equations. For higher degrees, the Abel–Ruffini theorem asserts that there can not exist a general formula in radicals. | Polynomial curve | 0.831657 |
4,891 | Shellsort is an optimization of insertion sort that allows the exchange of items that are far apart. The idea is to arrange the list of elements so that, starting anywhere, taking every hth element produces a sorted list. Such a list is said to be h-sorted. It can also be thought of as h interleaved lists, each individ... | Shellsort | 0.831651 |
4,892 | Then the teams come together for the final stage of the tournament, and present their solutions in the format of Physics Fights. During a Physics Fight each team consequently acts as a reporter, an opponent and a reviewer. The opponent challenges the reporter for one of the problems. | Ukrainian Physicists' Tournament for University Students | 0.831649 |
4,893 | There are a number of problems in computational geometry which involve polyhedral terrains. == References == | Polyhedral terrain | 0.831649 |
4,894 | In general, there are several ways of choosing the variables in a complex system. Corresponding to each choice, a system of equations can be written and each system of equations can be represented in a graph. This formulation of the equations becomes direct and automatic if one has at his disposal techniques which perm... | Mason graph | 0.831646 |
4,895 | Complementarity was a central feature of Bohr's reply to the EPR paradox, an attempt by Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen to argue that quantum particles must have position and momentum even without being measured and so quantum mechanics must be an incomplete theory. The thought experiment proposed by E... | Complementarity principle | 0.831645 |
4,896 | The following applications involve the use of Neumann boundary conditions: In thermodynamics, a prescribed heat flux from a surface would serve as boundary condition. For example, a perfect insulator would have no flux while an electrical component may be dissipating at a known power. In magnetostatics, the magnetic fi... | Neumann boundary conditions | 0.831641 |
4,897 | Imaging studies (such as MRI or PET scans) enable non-invasive study of human subjects. Recent advances in genetics and genomics can identify disease-associated genes, which can be targeted for therapies. Many biomedical researchers argue that there is no substitute for a living organism when studying complex interacti... | Model animals | 0.831639 |
4,898 | Fermat's Last Theorem considers solutions to the Fermat equation: an + bn = cn with positive integers a, b, and c and an integer n greater than 2. There are several generalizations of the Fermat equation to more general equations that allow the exponent n to be a negative integer or rational, or to consider three diffe... | Fermat's Last Theorem | 0.831636 |
4,899 | In medicine, modern biotechnology has many applications in areas such as pharmaceutical drug discoveries and production, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing (or genetic screening). In 2021, nearly 40% of the total company value of pharmaceutical biotech companies worldwide were active in Oncology with Neurology and R... | Biotechnology products | 0.831635 |
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