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4,600 | Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Vol. II. | Ryszard S. Michalski | 0.832141 |
4,601 | Virions bud off from the cell, gaining their envelopes from the cellular membrane from which they bud. The mature progeny particles then infect other cells to repeat the cycle. The genetics of the Ebola virus are difficult to study because of EBOV's virulent characteristics. | Ebola disease | 0.83214 |
4,602 | All optimizations possible in B-trees to increase the average fill factors of clusters are possible in the equivalent multicolored binary tree. Notably, maximizing the average fill factor in a structurally equivalent B-tree is the same as reducing the total height of the multicolored tree, by increasing the number of n... | Red–black tree | 0.832138 |
4,603 | A key consideration is that more accurate diagnosis is possible when the diagnosis is based on both the morphologic changes in tissues (traditional anatomic pathology) and on molecular testing.It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classif... | Molecular pathology | 0.832136 |
4,604 | Let V be a finite-dimensional real vector space and let b1 and b2 be two ordered bases for V. It is a standard result in linear algebra that there exists a unique linear transformation A: V → V that takes b1 to b2. The bases b1 and b2 are said to have the same orientation (or be consistently oriented) if A has positive... | Orientation of a vector space | 0.832135 |
4,605 | For each additional rule, the player must follow all the previous ones to progress, which can cause conflict. When all 35 rules are fulfilled, the player is able to confirm it as the final password and then has two minutes to retype the password or the game ends.Although the initial requirements include setting a minim... | The Password Game | 0.832134 |
4,606 | Exactly how the T-DNA is integrated into the host plant genomic DNA is an active area of plant biology research. Assuming that a selection marker (such as an antibiotic resistance gene) was included in the T-DNA, the transformed plant tissue can be cultured on selective media to produce shoots. The shoots are then tran... | Genetic transformation | 0.832133 |
4,607 | Alternatively, if these comparisons result in independent probabilities for each pairwise ordering, then the maximum likelihood estimation of the overall ranking can be obtained by converting these probabilities into log-likelihoods and finding a minimum-weight feedback arc set in the resulting tournament. The same max... | Minimum feedback arc set | 0.832132 |
4,608 | For the basic problem of identifying organelles, very high accuracy values can be obtained, including better than ? results. These methods are useful in basic cell biology research, but have also been applied to the discovery of proteins whose location changes in cancer cells.However, classification into organelles is ... | Bioimage informatics | 0.83213 |
4,609 | Given a set A, the free commutative monoid on A is the set of all finite multisets with elements drawn from A, with the monoid operation being multiset sum and the monoid unit being the empty multiset. For example, if A = {a, b, c}, elements of the free commutative monoid on A are of the form {ε, a, ab, a2b, ab3c4, ...... | Free semigroup | 0.832128 |
4,610 | : 266–267: 189–190 As a tool to be used in both enterprises — astrophysics and theoretical physics — Thorne and his students have developed an unusual approach, called the "membrane paradigm", to the theory of black holes and used it to clarify the "Blandford-Znajek" mechanism by which black holes may power some quasar... | Kip Thorne | 0.832127 |
4,611 | High demand for engineering professionals is found in fields associated with process automation. Specializations include industrial instrumentation, system dynamics, process control, and control systems. Additionally, technological knowledge, particularly in computer systems, is essential to the job of an instrumentati... | Instrumentation and control engineering | 0.832121 |
4,612 | The specific mode of information transfer includes DVD to another readable medium, as shown with Mn12 patterned molecules on polymers.Another application for SMMs is in magnetocaloric refrigerants . A machine learning approach using experimental data has been able to predict novel SMMs that would have large entropy cha... | Single-molecule magnet | 0.83212 |
4,613 | Proposition. Cayley–Hamilton theorem (See section 7.1.) | Manin matrix | 0.83212 |
4,614 | In 2021 Dhungel et al., designed an R package called MegaR. This package allows working with 16S rRNA and whole metagenomic sequences to make taxonomic profiles and classification models by machine learning models. MegaR includes a comfortable visualization environment to improve the user experience. Machine learning i... | Machine learning in bioinformatics | 0.832118 |
4,615 | An early example of algorithm complexity analysis is the running time analysis of the Euclidean algorithm done by Gabriel Lamé in 1844. Before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off, numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers. Most influential among t... | Complexity theory (computation) | 0.832118 |
4,616 | A diatomic molecular orbital diagram is used to understand the bonding of a diatomic molecule. MO diagrams can be used to deduce magnetic properties of a molecule and how they change with ionization. They also give insight to the bond order of the molecule, how many bonds are shared between the two atoms.The energies o... | MO diagram | 0.832117 |
4,617 | By placing the algebra tiles to the sides of this rectangle we can determine that we need one positive x tile and one positive unit tile for the length and then one positive x tile and two positive unit tiles for the width. This means that the two factors are x + 1 {\displaystyle x+1} and x + 2 {\displaystyle x+2} . In... | Algebra tile | 0.832114 |
4,618 | In computer science, an exponential search (also called doubling search or galloping search or Struzik search) is an algorithm, created by Jon Bentley and Andrew Chi-Chih Yao in 1976, for searching sorted, unbounded/infinite lists. There are numerous ways to implement this, with the most common being to determine a ran... | Exponential search | 0.832114 |
4,619 | (2003), Basic Algebra: Groups, Rings, and Fields, Springer, pp. 51, 70–81, ISBN 9781852335878 Givant, Steven; Halmos, Paul (2009), Introduction to Boolean Algebras, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-40293-2. Goodstein, R. L. | Boolean lattice | 0.832113 |
4,620 | In mathematics, a rational monoid is a monoid, an algebraic structure, for which each element can be represented in a "normal form" that can be computed by a finite transducer: multiplication in such a monoid is "easy", in the sense that it can be described by a rational function. | Kleene monoid | 0.832112 |
4,621 | Another piece in the puzzle is work on computational complexity, specifically that critical points have been shown to exist in NP-complete problems, where near-optimum solutions are widely dispersed and separated by barriers in the search space causing local search algorithms to get stuck or severely hampered. It was t... | Extremal optimization | 0.832111 |
4,622 | Color temperature has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics and other fields. In practice, color temperature is most meaningful for light sources that correspond somewhat closely to the color of some black body, i.e., light in a range going from red to ora... | Light temperature | 0.832111 |
4,623 | . , P i m {\displaystyle P_{i_{1}},...,P_{i_{m}}} polynomials (step 4), the degree of the polynomial P must be less than or equal to t (second observation case 1, with height probability when these steps are repeated in different iterations). Diagnosis 2: One of the parameters for the problem was to avoid exposing the ... | Verifiable secret sharing | 0.83211 |
4,624 | The combination of these two forces, drag and gravity, results in a complex pseudo-parabolic trajectory. The distance that the bomb moves forward while it falls is known as its range. If the range for a given set of conditions is calculated, simple trigonometry can be used to find the angle between the aircraft and the... | Dive bombers | 0.832107 |
4,625 | Algebraic geometry likewise uses group theory in many ways. Abelian varieties have been introduced above. The presence of the group operation yields additional information which makes these varieties particularly accessible. They also often serve as a test for new conjectures. | Infinite group theory | 0.832105 |
4,626 | Another geometry of continuous-dynode electron multiplier is called the microchannel plate (MCP). It may be considered a 2-dimensional parallel array of very small continuous-dynode electron multipliers, built together and powered in parallel. Each microchannel is generally parallel-walled, not tapered or funnel-like. | Electron multiplier | 0.832103 |
4,627 | Computer science (also called computing science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. One well known subject classification system for computer science is the ACM Computing Classification System devised by the Associatio... | Outline of computer science | 0.832102 |
4,628 | A commutative ring is an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication are defined. The integers are a ring, and the prime numbers in the integers have been generalized to rings in two different ways, prime elements and irreducible elements. An element p {\displaystyle p} of a ring R {\displaystyle... | Prime divisor | 0.832102 |
4,629 | Gene duplications can also be identified through the use of next-generation sequencing platforms. The simplest means to identify duplications in genomic resequencing data is through the use of paired-end sequencing reads. Tandem duplications are indicated by sequencing read pairs which map in abnormal orientations. Thr... | Duplicate gene | 0.8321 |
4,630 | If S has more than one element, then F(S) is not abelian, and in fact the center of F(S) is trivial (that is, consists only of the identity element). Two free groups F(S) and F(T) are isomorphic if and only if S and T have the same cardinality. This cardinality is called the rank of the free group F. Thus for every car... | Free subgroup | 0.832099 |
4,631 | Even if the particles can only be in just two positions, the wavefunction for N particles requires 2N complex numbers, one for each total configuration of positions. This is exponentially many numbers in N, so simulating quantum mechanics on a computer requires exponential resources. Conversely, this suggests that it m... | Matrix Mechanics | 0.832097 |
4,632 | Biochemistry. 31 (6): 1647–1651. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.539.2952. doi:10.1021/bi00121a010. | Frederic M. Richards | 0.832091 |
4,633 | After receiving a telephone call from Crawford Hill, Dicke said "Boys, we've been scooped." A meeting between the Princeton and Crawford Hill groups determined that the antenna temperature was indeed due to the microwave background. Penzias and Wilson received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery.The int... | Primordial gravitational wave | 0.832089 |
4,634 | We are possessed of a precise standard, by which we can judge of the equality and proportion of numbers; and according as they correspond or not to that standard, we determine their relations, without any possibility of error. When two numbers are so combined, as that the one has always a unit answering to every unit o... | Hume's Principle | 0.832089 |
4,635 | The laboratory provides immunodiagnostic, virology, microbiology, and molecular testing capabilities to enable autoimmune, infectious disease, and chronic disease diagnoses, as well as health surveillance. Additionally, it provides Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and vaccination status testing to maintain DoD force ... | United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine | 0.832088 |
4,636 | Molecular Systems Biology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering systems biology at the molecular level (examples include: genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microbial systems, the integration of cell signaling and regulatory networks), synthetic biology, and systems medicine. It was established in... | Molecular Systems Biology | 0.832088 |
4,637 | Among isosceles triangles, the one whose height at its apex is 8/9 of its base length is the only one with exactly two perpendicular quadrisections. One of the two uses the symmetry axis as one of the two perpendicular lines, while the other has two lines of slope ± 1 {\displaystyle \pm 1} , each crossing the base and ... | Bernoulli quadrisection problem | 0.832088 |
4,638 | He wrote that Modern Electrodynamics by Andrew Zangwill offers a "stimulating fresh look" on this subject.James Russ, an experimental high-energy physicist at the Carnegie Mellon University, was of the opinion that examples are challenging, and the fine points of physics are often left as exercises. He added that Moder... | Classical Electrodynamics (book) | 0.832087 |
4,639 | In quantum mechanics, the energy levels of electrons in atoms depend on the reduced mass of the system of electron and nucleus. For the hydrogen atom, the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the Bohr model of the atom, where the reduced mass appears in a simple calculation of the Rydberg constant and Rydberg eq... | Deuterium | 0.832086 |
4,640 | Logic – a study of reasoning-Modal Logic: A type of logic for the study of necessity and probability Set theory – a study of collections of elements Number theory – study of integers and integer-valued functions Combinatorics – a study of Counting Finite mathematics – a course title Graph theory – a study of graphs Dig... | Outline of discrete mathematics | 0.832084 |
4,641 | Incomplete dominance (also called partial dominance, semi-dominance, intermediate inheritance, or occasionally incorrectly co-dominance in reptile genetics) occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The phenotypic result... | Homozygous dominant | 0.832079 |
4,642 | The nonassociative algebra structure of A may be studied by associating it with other associative algebras which are subalgebras of the full algebra of K-endomorphisms of A as a K-vector space. Two such are the derivation algebra and the (associative) enveloping algebra, the latter being in a sense "the smallest associ... | Example of a non-associative algebra | 0.832078 |
4,643 | While a quadtree typically has far more overhead than other simpler representations (such as using a matrix of bits), it allows for various optimizations. As the name suggests, the algorithm uses hash tables to store the nodes of the quadtree. Many subpatterns in the tree are usually identical to each other; for exampl... | Hashlife | 0.832075 |
4,644 | In number theory, there are many integer factoring algorithms that heuristically have expected running time L n = e ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) ( log n ) ( log log n ) {\displaystyle L_{n}\left=e^{(1+o(1)){\sqrt {(\log n)(\log \log n)}}}} in little-o and L-notation. Some examples of those algorithms are the elliptic curve m... | Integer factorisation | 0.832075 |
4,645 | First-ever detection of massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), a suspected but previously undetected component of dark matter. Advances in genomics, biotechnology, and biodetection, including major contributions to the complete sequencing of the human genome though the Joint Genome Institute and the development of rapi... | Titan laser | 0.832073 |
4,646 | On each of the sides BC, AB, and CA, squares are drawn, CBDE, BAGF, and ACIH, in that order. The construction of squares requires the immediately preceding theorems in Euclid, and depends upon the parallel postulate. From A, draw a line parallel to BD and CE. | Pythagorean equation | 0.832068 |
4,647 | Hydrogen is the most abundant element of the Universe, composing approximately 75% of all usual known matter, also known as baryonic matter. It is available in many different ways, among which the neutral hydrogen (HI) is the most common one. According to Quantum Mechanics, only certain electronic transitions may occur... | BINGO (telescope) | 0.832067 |
4,648 | Using online bioinformatics tools, TEDC2 is predicted to have many alpha helices, and it has two well-conserved predicted beta-pleated sheets near the end of the protein. | TEDC2 | 0.832063 |
4,649 | A comprehensive list of results on this set is available.Deep learning-based image recognition has become "superhuman", producing more accurate results than human contestants. This first occurred in 2011 in recognition of traffic signs, and in 2014, with recognition of human faces.Deep learning-trained vehicles now int... | Deep neural networks | 0.832062 |
4,650 | Hence the above is a suitable definition. In Rubik's Cube, Megaminx, and other twisting puzzles, the moves of the puzzle allow only even permutations of the puzzle pieces, so parity is important in understanding the configuration space of these puzzles.The Feit–Thompson theorem states that a finite group is always solv... | Even integer | 0.832061 |
4,651 | The sedenions have a multiplicative identity element e 0 {\displaystyle e_{0}} and multiplicative inverses, but they are not a division algebra because they have zero divisors. This means that two nonzero sedenions can be multiplied to obtain zero: an example is ( e 3 + e 10 ) ( e 6 − e 15 ) {\displaystyle (e_{3}+e_{10... | Sedenion | 0.83206 |
4,652 | 25 people directly from the Summer School 1 and 25 people from the Test 2 will join the Winter School 1, which is usually held near Seoul. In the school, students stay two weeks; studying theories in the morning and learning experiments in afternoon. Half of them of theories are related to basic chemistry and the other... | Korean Chemistry Olympiad | 0.832059 |
4,653 | Run-time analysis is a theoretical classification that estimates and anticipates the increase in running time (or run-time or execution time) of an algorithm as its input size (usually denoted as n) increases. Run-time efficiency is a topic of great interest in computer science: A program can take seconds, hours, or ev... | Computationally expensive | 0.832057 |
4,654 | The fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for the knapsack problem takes advantage of the fact that the reason the problem has no known polynomial time solutions is because the profits associated with the items are not restricted. If one rounds off some of the least significant digits of the profit values ... | Knapsack problem | 0.832057 |
4,655 | They understand the role of undefined terms, definitions, axioms and theorems in Euclidean geometry. However, students at this level believe that axioms and definitions are fixed, rather than arbitrary, so they cannot yet conceive of non-Euclidean geometry. Geometric ideas are still understood as objects in the Euclide... | Van Hiele model | 0.832054 |
4,656 | Hence all group axioms are fulfilled. This example is similar to ( Q ∖ { 0 } , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle \left(\mathbb {Q} \smallsetminus \left\{0\right\},\cdot \right)} above: it consists of exactly those elements in the ring Z / p Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z} } that have a multiplicative inverse. These groups,... | Mathematical group | 0.832054 |
4,657 | Generally, ranking SVM includes three steps in the training period: It maps the similarities between queries and the clicked pages onto a certain feature space. It calculates the distances between any two of the vectors obtained in step 1. It forms an optimization problem which is similar to a standard SVM classificati... | Ranking SVM | 0.832052 |
4,658 | Advanced System Optimizer has utilities for optimization, speedup, cleanup, memory management, etc. Its utilities include system cleaners, system and memory optimizers, junk file cleaners, privacy protectors, startup managers, security tools and other maintenance tools. The software also includes utilities to repair mi... | Advanced System Optimizer | 0.832051 |
4,659 | Lertap calculates several statistics related to decision and classification consistency, including Livingston's coefficient, the Brennan-Kane dependability index, kappa, and an estimate of p(0), number of correct classifications as a proportion, derived by using the Peng-Subkoviac adaptation of Huynh's method. More det... | Psychometric software | 0.832049 |
4,660 | He did not use primitive group but called equation primitive an equation whose Galois group is primitive. He discovered the notion of normal subgroups and found that a solvable primitive group may be identified to a subgroup of the affine group of an affine space over a finite field of prime order.Groups similar to Gal... | History of group theory | 0.832048 |
4,661 | A short calculation shows: line Q 1 Q 2 {\displaystyle Q_{1}Q_{2}} has slope 2 x 0 {\displaystyle 2x_{0}} which is the slope of the tangent at point P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} . Application: The 3-points-1-tangent-property of a parabola can be used for the construction of the tangent at point P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} ,... | Parabola | 0.832047 |
4,662 | If n ≥ 3, the group SLn(Z) is boundedly generated by its elementary subgroups, formed by matrices differing from the identity matrix only in one off-diagonal entry. In 1984, Carter and Keller gave an elementary proof of this result, motivated by a question in algebraic K-theory. A free group on at least two generators ... | Boundedly generated group | 0.832045 |
4,663 | This is particularly acute when the results of modeling influence political decisions; the existence of contradictory models could allow nations to choose the most favorable model.Genotype evolution can be modeled with the Hardy-Weinberg principle.Phylogeography uses probabilistic models.Medicine uses statistical hypot... | Mathematical discipline | 0.832045 |
4,664 | In advanced mathematics, quasi-isometry can be used as a criterion to state that two shapes are approximately the same. Simple shapes can often be classified into basic geometric objects such as a point, a line, a curve, a plane, a plane figure (e.g. square or circle), or a solid figure (e.g. cube or sphere). However, ... | Geometrical figure | 0.832044 |
4,665 | Murray Siegel describes it as a must have for "the library of every mathematics teacher, and university faculty who prepare students to teach mathematics".Singmaster complains only about two pieces of mathematics in the book: the assertion in chapter 4 that the Egyptians were familiar with the 3-4-5 right triangle (sti... | From Zero to Infinity | 0.832043 |
4,666 | If an atom is moving in a magnetic field, the Lorentz force will act in opposite directions on the nucleus and the electrons, just as an electric field does. In the frame of reference of the atom, there is an electric field, even if there is none in the laboratory frame. Consequently, certain lines will be split by the... | Plasma diagnostics | 0.832042 |
4,667 | Projects such as ELIXIR (the European life-sciences Infrastructure for biological Information) and GOBLET (Global Organization for Bioinformatics Learning, Education and Training) promote training and support biocuration as a career path.In 2011, biocuration was already recognized as a profession, but there were no for... | Biocuration | 0.832042 |
4,668 | Doug Manchester characterizes the topic of the book as "recreational engineering". It only requires a standard background in mathematics including basic geometry, trigonometry, and a small amount of calculus. Owen Smith calls it "a great book for engineers and mathematicians, as well as the interested lay person", writ... | How Round Is Your Circle? | 0.832037 |
4,669 | The traps are also called "radio frequency" traps because the switching rate is often at a radio frequency. The quadrupole is the simplest electric field geometry used in such traps, though more complicated geometries are possible for specialized devices. The electric fields are generated from electric potentials on me... | Ion trap mass spectrometer | 0.832031 |
4,670 | For any specific location there can only exist one and only one set of basis vectors (else the basis is not well defined at that point). This condition is satisfied if and only if the equation system has a single solution. In linear algebra, a linear equation system has a single solution (non-trivial) only if the deter... | Curvilinear coordinate system | 0.832029 |
4,671 | The Leibniz Institute for Solar Physics (aka: KIS; German: Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik), formerly known as Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics (KIS) is a research institute located in Freiburg, Germany. As a member of the Leibniz Association, the institute conducts basic research in astronomy and astrophysics... | Leibniz Institute for Solar Physics | 0.832026 |
4,672 | This class allows the students to gain admission to a school of the Fédération Gay Lussac (19 schools) after two years. These 2 years consist of studying engineer's trades in the domain of chemistry. There are 5 CPIs in France: Rennes, Clermont-Ferrand, Lille, Pau and Strasbourg at the ECPM The last one was opened at t... | École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux | 0.832024 |
4,673 | She participated in the IMC as a student four times, in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005. She is now a Professor and the Chair of Number Theory at the Institute of Mathematics of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. Students from over 200 universities from over 50 countries have participated over the f... | International Mathematics Competition | 0.832022 |
4,674 | Abstract algebra is the subject area of mathematics that studies algebraic structures, such as groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. The phrase abstract algebra was coined at the turn of the 20th century to distinguish this area from what was normally referred to as algebra, the study of the rule... | List of abstract algebra topics | 0.832022 |
4,675 | The carbonyl carbon in proteins is denoted as C′, which distinguishes it from the other backbone carbon, the alpha carbon, which is denoted as Cα. In physical chemistry, it is used to distinguish between the lower state and the upper state of a quantum number during a transition. For example, J ′ denotes the upper stat... | Double prime | 0.832018 |
4,676 | scRNA-Seq is becoming widely used across biological disciplines including Developmental biology, Neurology, Oncology, Immunology, Cardiovascular research and Infectious disease.Using machine learning methods, data from bulk RNA-Seq has been used to increase the signal/noise ratio in scRNA-Seq. Specifically, scientists ... | Single cell genomics | 0.832017 |
4,677 | These algebraic equations are usually referred to as discretised equations. The Scarborough criterion formulated by Scarborough (1958), can be expressed in terms of the values of the coefficients of the discretised equations: ∑ | a n b | | a p ′ | { ≤ 1 , at all nodes < 1 , at one node at least {\displaystyle {\frac {\... | Scarborough criterion | 0.832015 |
4,678 | :a\in A\}} ), and the identity by the singleton subset { e } {\displaystyle \{e\}} . There is a relation algebra homomorphism embedding 2 G {\displaystyle 2^{G}} in 2 G × G {\displaystyle 2^{G\times G}} which sends each subset A ⊂ G {\displaystyle A\subset G} to the relation R A = { ( g , h ) ∈ G × G: h ∈ A g } {\displ... | Relation algebra | 0.832012 |
4,679 | Consider the haplotypes for two loci A and B with two alleles each—a two-loci, two-allele model. Then the following table defines the frequencies of each combination: Note that these are relative frequencies. One can use the above frequencies to determine the frequency of each of the alleles: If the two loci and the al... | Linkage disequilibrium | 0.83201 |
4,680 | As the first 28 propositions of Euclid (in The Elements) do not require the use of the parallel postulate or anything equivalent to it, they are all true statements in absolute geometry.To obtain a non-Euclidean geometry, the parallel postulate (or its equivalent) must be replaced by its negation. Negating the Playfair... | Non-Euclidean space | 0.832005 |
4,681 | This ternary operation incidentally formed the basis for Grau's ternary Boolean algebras, which he axiomatized in terms of this operation and negation. The operation is symmetric, meaning that its value is independent of any of the 3! = 6 permutations of its arguments. | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.832003 |
4,682 | Examples of such algorithms are RCBoost, ECBoost or RCECBoost. In their most basic versions, they can be understood as choosing, at each step, between adding a stage or adding a weak learner to a previous stage, whichever is less costly, until the desired accuracy has been reached. Every stage of the classifier cannot ... | Cascading classifiers | 0.832001 |
4,683 | Initially, RDE was used for product optimization followed by message optimization for advertising, promotions, etc. New applications of RDE include NDP "NDP is not defined. Could it be a typo for new product development (NPD)? combinatorial innovation, multivariate landing page optimization (MVLPO), political elections... | Rule-developing experimentation | 0.832001 |
4,684 | The importance of prior knowledge in machine learning is suggested by its role in search and optimization. Loosely, the no free lunch theorem states that all search algorithms have the same average performance over all problems, and thus implies that to gain in performance on a certain application one must use a specia... | Prior knowledge for pattern recognition | 0.831998 |
4,685 | In neurobiology, the length constant (λ) is a mathematical constant used to quantify the distance that a graded electric potential will travel along a neurite via passive electrical conduction. The greater the value of the length constant, the farther the potential will travel. A large length constant can contribute to... | Length constant | 0.831994 |
4,686 | It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem. The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core. When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K, the thermal energy dissociates the H2 molecules. | Low-mass star | 0.831994 |
4,687 | In typical wet chemistry preparations, the tuning is accomplished by varying the synthesis duration or temperature. The ability to tune the bandgap makes quantum dots desirable for solar cells. For the sun's photon distribution spectrum, the Shockley-Queisser limit indicates that the maximum solar conversion efficiency... | Quantum dot solar cell | 0.831991 |
4,688 | Rather than ZF, it uses Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory for its proofs, mainly in a form called NBG0 that allows urelements (contrary to the axiom of extensionality) and also does not include the axiom of regularity. The second edition adds many additional equivalent statements, more than twice as many as the firs... | Equivalents of the Axiom of Choice | 0.83199 |
4,689 | The fluorescent-dye DNA sequencing is a molecular biology technique that involves labeling single-strand DNA sequences of varied length with 4 fluorescent dyes (corresponding to 4 different bases used in DNA) and subsequently separating the DNA sequences by "slab gel"- or capillary-electrophoresis method (see DNA Seque... | Phred base calling | 0.83199 |
4,690 | From the point of view of genetics, several different kinds of hybrid can be distinguished. A genetic hybrid carries two different alleles of the same gene, where for instance one allele may code for a lighter coat colour than the other. A structural hybrid results from the fusion of gametes that have differing structu... | Artificial hybrid | 0.831983 |
4,691 | Genetics (published February 1962). 47 (2): 179–86. doi:10.1093/genetics/47.2.179. | Richard Feynman | 0.831978 |
4,692 | Hypothetical types of biochemistry are forms of biochemistry agreed to be scientifically viable but not proven to exist at this time. The kinds of living organisms currently known on Earth all use carbon compounds for basic structural and metabolic functions, water as a solvent, and DNA or RNA to define and control the... | Silicon-based life | 0.831975 |
4,693 | For generalizations of the β-skeleton technique to reconstruction of surfaces in three dimensions, see Hiyoshi (2007). Circle-based β-skeletons have been used to find subgraphs of the minimum weight triangulation of a point set: for sufficiently large values of β, every β-skeleton edge can be guaranteed to belong to th... | Beta skeleton | 0.831973 |
4,694 | A second is the time for the output to lock into its final value, which again should be short. The success in reaching this lock-in at final value is described by overshoot (how far the response exceeds final value) and settling time (how long the output swings back and forth about its final value). These various measu... | Frequency compensation | 0.831971 |
4,695 | Beyond general algorithms and their implementation on an abstract machine, concrete source code level choices can make a significant difference. For example, on early C compilers, while(1) was slower than for(;;) for an unconditional loop, because while(1) evaluated 1 and then had a conditional jump which tested if it ... | Premature optimisation | 0.831969 |
4,696 | Potential energies are not always quadratic in the position. However, the equipartition theorem also shows that if a degree of freedom x contributes only a multiple of xs (for a fixed real number s) to the energy, then in thermal equilibrium the average energy of that part is kBT/s. There is a simple application of thi... | Equipartion theorem | 0.831962 |
4,697 | In mathematics, field arithmetic is a subject that studies the interrelations between arithmetic properties of a field and its absolute Galois group. It is an interdisciplinary subject as it uses tools from algebraic number theory, arithmetic geometry, algebraic geometry, model theory, the theory of finite groups and o... | Field Arithmetic | 0.831962 |
4,698 | Equation (1) will be the starting point in this derivation. Equation (CD) is used to define the force, and equation (RelativeSpeed) is used for the relative speed. These substitutions give the following formula for power. The formulas (CP) and (SpeedRatio) are applied to express (DragPower) in nondimensional form: It c... | Wind turbine aerodynamics | 0.831959 |
4,699 | The impossibility of a corner-to-corner tour shows the impossibility of a Numbrix puzzle with the clues 1 in one corner and 64 in the opposite corner. De Bruijn's theorem concerns the impossibility of packing certain cuboids into a larger cuboid. For instance, it is impossible, according to this theorem, to fill a 6 × ... | Mutilated chessboard problem | 0.831958 |
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