id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 20 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 104 | similarity float32 0.8 0.91 |
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5,100 | An unreadable table that a useful machine could read would still be well worth having. Although it is true that analyzing what has been learned by an artificial neural network is difficult, it is much easier to do so than to analyze what has been learned by a biological neural network. | Neural networks | 0.831308 |
5,101 | The fallacy of composition occurs if from the rationality of the individuals one infers that society can be equally rational. The principle generalizes beyond the aggregation via majority rule to any reasonable aggregation rule, demonstrating that the aggregation of individual preferences into a social welfare function... | Fallacy of composition | 0.831306 |
5,102 | The field F is algebraically closed if and only if it has no proper algebraic extension. If F has no proper algebraic extension, let p(x) be some irreducible polynomial in F. Then the quotient of F modulo the ideal generated by p(x) is an algebraic extension of F whose degree is equal to the degree of p(x). Since it is... | Algebraically closed | 0.831306 |
5,103 | In mathematics, particularly in algebra, a field extension is a pair of fields K ⊆ L , {\displaystyle K\subseteq L,} such that the operations of K are those of L restricted to K. In this case, L is an extension field of K and K is a subfield of L. For example, under the usual notions of addition and multiplication, the... | Adjunction (field theory) | 0.831305 |
5,104 | In computer science, a Fibonacci heap is a data structure for priority queue operations, consisting of a collection of heap-ordered trees. It has a better amortized running time than many other priority queue data structures including the binary heap and binomial heap. Michael L. Fredman and Robert E. Tarjan developed ... | Fibonacci heap | 0.831304 |
5,105 | These small electrodes allow the handling of small bioparticles. The most used electrode geometries are isometric, polynomial, interdigitated, and crossbar. Isometric geometry is effective for particle manipulation with DEP but repelled particles do not collect in well defined areas and so separation into two homogeneo... | Dielectrophoresis | 0.831302 |
5,106 | In neuroscience and motor control , the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal. In other words, under normal circumstances, no simple one-to-one correspondence exists between a motor proble... | Degrees of freedom problem | 0.831301 |
5,107 | In biology, glycosylation is the process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to an organic molecule, creating structures such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. | Oligosaccharide | 0.831293 |
5,108 | Because of the unique shapes, reactivities, properties, and bioactivities that they engender, cyclic compounds are the largest majority of all molecules involved in the biochemistry, structure, and function of living organisms, and in the man-made molecules (e.g., drugs, herbicides, etc.) through which man attempts to ... | Cyclic molecule | 0.831291 |
5,109 | The first comprehensive studies of viromes were by shotgun community sequencing, which is frequently referred to as metagenomics. In the 2000s, the Rohwer lab sequenced viromes from seawater, marine sediments, adult human stool, infant human stool, soil, and blood. This group also performed the first RNA virome with co... | Virome | 0.83129 |
5,110 | While introductory levels of chemistry teaching use postulated oxidation states, the IUPAC recommendation and the Gold Book entry list two entirely general algorithms for the calculation of the oxidation states of elements in chemical compounds. | Oxidation number | 0.831289 |
5,111 | In this optimization, Alice generates a random bit, s {\displaystyle s} , called select bit for each wire w a {\displaystyle w^{a}} . She then sets the first bit of label 0, X 0 a {\displaystyle X_{0}^{a}} to s {\displaystyle s} and the first bit of label 1, X 1 a {\displaystyle X_{1}^{a}} , to s ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar... | Garbled circuit protocol | 0.831288 |
5,112 | 1452–1519 Leonardo da Vinci made many contributions 1638: Galileo Galilei published the book "Two New Sciences" in which he examined the failure of simple structures1660: Hooke's law by Robert Hooke 1687: Isaac Newton published "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" which contains Newton's laws of motion1750: E... | Theory of elasticity | 0.831288 |
5,113 | The halting problem (determining whether a Turing machine halts on a given input) and the mortality problem (determining whether it halts for every starting configuration). Determining whether a Turing machine is a busy beaver champion (i.e., is the longest-running among halting Turing machines with the same number of ... | List of undecidable problems | 0.831282 |
5,114 | Phosphoamino acid analysis, or PAA, is an experimental technique used in molecular biology to determine which amino acid or acids are phosphorylated in a protein. | Phosphoamino acid analysis | 0.83128 |
5,115 | Some of these optimizations performed at this level include dead-code elimination, partial-redundancy elimination, global value numbering, sparse conditional constant propagation, and scalar replacement of aggregates. Array dependence based optimizations such as automatic vectorization and automatic parallelization are... | GNU C Compiler | 0.83128 |
5,116 | Although not primarily a textbook, the first part of the book could be used as the basis for a graduate course. More generally, reviewer Gilbert Baumslag recommends it "very strongly to everyone who is interested in either group theory or topology, as well as to computer scientists." Baumslag was an expert in a related... | Word Processing in Groups | 0.831274 |
5,117 | : 96 The founders felt that the knowledge scientists had gained about DNA had not yet been applied to solve real problems. : 112 The company did microbial strain improvement,: 96–97 and then genetic engineering,: 110 becoming the first biotechnology company. Cetus was purchased by Chiron Corporation in 1991.: 115 | Donald A. Glaser | 0.831274 |
5,118 | Algae are prominent in bodies of water, common in terrestrial environments, and are found in unusual environments, such as on snow and ice. Seaweeds grow mostly in shallow marine waters, under 100 m (330 ft) deep; however, some such as Navicula pennata have been recorded to a depth of 360 m (1,180 ft). A type of algae,... | Freshwater algae | 0.831272 |
5,119 | homomorphism 1. A Lie group homomorphism is a group homomorphism that is also a smooth map. 2. A Lie algebra homomorphism is a linear map ϕ: g 1 → g 2 {\displaystyle \phi :{\mathfrak {g}}_{1}\to {\mathfrak {g}}_{2}} such that ϕ ( ) = ∀ x , y ∈ g 1 . | Glossary of Lie groups and Lie algebras | 0.831272 |
5,120 | In abstract algebra, a Robbins algebra is an algebra containing a single binary operation, usually denoted by ∨ {\displaystyle \lor } , and a single unary operation usually denoted by ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } satisfying the following axioms: For all elements a, b, and c: Associativity: a ∨ ( b ∨ c ) = ( a ∨ b ) ∨ c {\di... | Robbins algebra | 0.831268 |
5,121 | Flavio Fenton of the Georgia Institute of Technology School of Physics suggests a fifth force would carry two types of charge—one for the light side and one for the dark—and that each would be carried by its own particle. Nepomuk Otte, also from Georgia Tech, cautions that Newton's third law of motion says telekinesis ... | Force power | 0.831267 |
5,122 | In this way, algebraic methods can be used to study geometric questions and vice versa. With algebraic methods, more specifically applying the machinery of field theory to the number field containing roots of unity, it can be shown that it is not possible to construct a regular nonagon using only compass and straighted... | Complex arithmetic | 0.831265 |
5,123 | In a recent study, a powerful computer was shown to be unable to simulate a protein with more than 8 phosphorylation sites ( 2 8 = 256 {\displaystyle 2^{8}=256} phosphorylation states) using ordinary differential equations.Methods have been proposed to reduce the size of the state space. One is to consider only the sta... | Multi-state modeling of biomolecules | 0.831264 |
5,124 | Afterwards, universities and institutes of technology gradually started to offer electrical engineering programs to their students all over the world. During these decades the use of electrical engineering increased dramatically. | Electrical engineering | 0.831261 |
5,125 | Some authors prefer to treat the empty set as a special case, assigning it a diameter of 0 , {\displaystyle 0,} which corresponds to taking the codomain of d {\displaystyle d} to be the set of nonnegative reals. For any solid object or set of scattered points in n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Euclidean space, the dia... | Diameter of a point set | 0.83126 |
5,126 | Thus, for particles with spin S, the maximum number D of particles per Landau level is which for electrons (where Z = 1 and S = 1/2) gives D = 2Φ/Φ0, two available states for each flux quantum that penetrates the system. The above gives only a rough idea of the effects of finite-size geometry. Strictly speaking, using ... | Landau level | 0.83126 |
5,127 | Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Immunology and Genomic Medicine are specialities with an abundance of UK Clinical Scientists, and where the role is well established. Infection services in the United Kingdom are generally undertaken by medically qualified Microbiologists, who may have overall responsibility for laborato... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.83126 |
5,128 | The adjective which corresponds to squaring is quadratic. The square of an integer may also be called a square number or a perfect square. In algebra, the operation of squaring is often generalized to polynomials, other expressions, or values in systems of mathematical values other than the numbers. | Modulus squared | 0.831258 |
5,129 | HIV and Retrovirology - providing laboratory services and scientific expertise relating to HIV and emerging retroviruses. The Science Technology Core and Services Division works with these divisions to provide technological approaches, including genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics. There is also the Public Health R... | National Microbiology Laboratory | 0.831258 |
5,130 | In atomic physics the principal quantum number of an electron specifies the electron shell in which it resides, which determines the energy level of the whole atom. Analogously, the five flavour quantum numbers (isospin, strangeness, charm, bottomness or topness) can characterize the quantum state of quarks, by the deg... | Flavor quantum number | 0.831256 |
5,131 | By assigning a softmax activation function, a generalization of the logistic function, on the output layer of the neural network (or a softmax component in a component-based network) for categorical target variables, the outputs can be interpreted as posterior probabilities. This is useful in classification as it gives... | Artificial Neural Networks | 0.831253 |
5,132 | It is taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum of any chemical engineering program and employs many of the same principles in control engineering. Other engineering disciplines also overlap with control engineering as it can be applied to any system for which a suitable model can be derived. However, specialised ... | Control engineer | 0.831248 |
5,133 | However that is disputed: Glynn (2010) shows using a computer search and proofs that there are precisely two 8 4 {\displaystyle 8_{4}} that are actually "theorems": the Möbius configuration and one other. The latter (which corresponds to the conjugacy class (12)(34) above) is also a theorem for all three-dimensional pr... | Möbius configuration | 0.831245 |
5,134 | An important application of recursion in computer science is in defining dynamic data structures such as lists and trees. Recursive data structures can dynamically grow to a theoretically infinite size in response to runtime requirements; in contrast, the size of a static array must be set at compile time. "Recursive a... | Indirect recursion | 0.831244 |
5,135 | The set of configurations that avoids collision with obstacles is called the free space Cfree. The complement of Cfree in C is called the obstacle or forbidden region. Often, it is prohibitively difficult to explicitly compute the shape of Cfree. However, testing whether a given configuration is in Cfree is efficient. ... | Path planning | 0.831242 |
5,136 | The modern numbering system of "group 1" to "group 18" has been recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) since 1988. It replaces two older incompatible naming schemes, used by the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS, more popular in the United States), and by IUPAC before 1988 (more popul... | Periodic table group | 0.831241 |
5,137 | Entscheidungsproblem Decision problem Decidability (logic) Church-Turing thesis Computable function Algorithm Recursion Primitive recursive function Mu operator Ackermann function Turing machine Halting problem Computability theory, computation Herbrand Universe Markov algorithm Lambda calculus Church-Rosser theorem Ca... | List of mathematical logic topics | 0.831238 |
5,138 | Additionally, since a program spends most time executing a minority of its code, the reduced compilation time is significant. Finally, during the initial code interpretation, execution statistics can be collected before compilation, which helps to perform better optimization.The correct tradeoff can vary due to circums... | Just-in-time compiler | 0.831237 |
5,139 | Hence it is isomorphic to C. If n = 2, it has been shown above that D is generated by 1, e1, e2 subject to the relations e 1 2 = e 2 2 = − 1 , e 1 e 2 = − e 2 e 1 , ( e 1 e 2 ) ( e 1 e 2 ) = − 1. {\displaystyle e_{1}^{2}=e_{2}^{2}=-1,\quad e_{1}e_{2}=-e_{2}e_{1},\quad (e_{1}e_{2})(e_{1}e_{2})=-1.} These are precisely t... | Frobenius theorem (real division algebras) | 0.831236 |
5,140 | A related practice, used in slightly different circumstances, is to place some specific value at the end of the data, in order to avoid the need for an explicit test for termination in some processing loop, because the value will trigger termination by the tests already present for other reasons. Unlike the above uses,... | Flag value | 0.831236 |
5,141 | Biochemists also prepare pharmaceutical compounds for commercial distribution. Modern biochemistry is considered a sub-discipline of the biological sciences, due to its increased reliance on, and training, in accord with modern molecular biology. Historically, even before the term biochemist was formally recognized, in... | Biochemist | 0.831234 |
5,142 | Concurrently with DeepStack, a competing approach from Carnegie Mellon University research group was published, called Libratus. On January 11 to 31, 2017, Libratus was pitted in a tournament against four top-class human poker players. The algorithm was also published in Science. Libratus does not use neural networks f... | DeepStack | 0.831233 |
5,143 | Similar variation on the inner transition metals continues to exist in textbooks, although the correct positioning has been known since 1948 and was twice endorsed by IUPAC in 1988 (together with the 1–18 numbering) and 2021. Groups may also be identified using their topmost element, or have a specific name. For exampl... | Periodic table group | 0.831231 |
5,144 | Deep learning has been successfully applied to inverse problems such as denoising, super-resolution, inpainting, and film colorization. These applications include learning methods such as "Shrinkage Fields for Effective Image Restoration" which trains on an image dataset, and Deep Image Prior, which trains on the image... | Deep Learning | 0.83123 |
5,145 | A subvariety of a variety of algebras V is a subclass of V that has the same signature as V and is itself a variety, i.e., is defined by a set of identities. Notice that although every group becomes a semigroup when the identity as a constant is omitted (and/or the inverse operation is omitted), the class of groups doe... | Finitary algebraic category | 0.831229 |
5,146 | The interactions of the soil's micropores and macropores are important to soil chemistry, as they allow for the provision of water and gaseous elements to the soil and the surrounding atmosphere. Macropores help transport molecules and substances in and out of the micropores. Micropores are comprised within the aggrega... | Soil chemistry | 0.831229 |
5,147 | A multiplicity of theoretical physics research directions exist for study via a two-dimensional gas. Examples of these are Complex quantum mechanics phenomena, whose solutions may be more appropriate in a two-dimensional environment; Studies of phase transitions (e.g. melting phenomena at a planar surface); Thin film p... | Two-dimensional gas | 0.831227 |
5,148 | In physics and electrical engineering, the universal dielectric response, or UDR, refers to the observed emergent behaviour of the dielectric properties exhibited by diverse solid state systems. In particular this widely observed response involves power law scaling of dielectric properties with frequency under conditio... | Universal dielectric response | 0.831226 |
5,149 | In the 1950s, Hillel Furstenberg introduced a proof by contradiction using point-set topology.Define a topology on the integers Z, called the evenly spaced integer topology, by declaring a subset U ⊆ Z to be an open set if and only if it is either the empty set, ∅, or it is a union of arithmetic sequences S(a, b) (for ... | Euclid's Theorem | 0.831224 |
5,150 | Amy Dockser Marcus noted in a 2014 essay in The Wall Street Journal that when uBiome raised its initial round of crowdfunding in early 2013, many questions were raised by bioethicists about the company's citizen science business model — namely whether it had actually obtained informed consent from its customers, and wh... | UBiome | 0.831223 |
5,151 | In physics, a dipole (from Greek δίς (dis) 'twice', and πόλος (polos) 'axis') is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs in two ways: An electric dipole deals with the separation of the positive and negative electric charges found in any electromagnetic system. A simple example of this system is a pair of charges of... | Molecular dipole moment | 0.831214 |
5,152 | The idea of using protein design to accomplish the same goals as DNA origami has surfaced as well. Researchers at the National Institute of Chemistry in Slovenia are working on using rational design of protein folding to create structures much like those seen with DNA origami. The main focus of current research in prot... | DNA Origami | 0.831213 |
5,153 | Journal of Applied Physics. 21 (10): 987. Bibcode:1950JAP....21..987V. | Theodore von Kármán bibliography | 0.83121 |
5,154 | That is, they have a probability distribution, so that a given document is more likely to contain some topics than others. Within a topic, certain terms will be used much more frequently than others. In other words, the terms within a topic will also have their own probability distribution.When LDA machine learning is ... | Latent Dirichlet allocation | 0.83121 |
5,155 | {\displaystyle T'=T{\sqrt {\frac {c-v}{c+v}}}.} Here v > 0 indicates a receding source, and v < 0 indicates an approaching source. This is an important effect in astronomy, where the velocities of stars and galaxies can reach significant fractions of c. An example is found in the cosmic microwave background radiation, ... | Black body radiation | 0.83121 |
5,156 | 2005 - Thomas M. Jahns, Grainger Professor of Power Electronics and Electrical Machines University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin For pioneering contributions to the design and application of AC permanent magnet machines. 2004 - Sheppard Joel Salon, Professor, Electrical, Computers, and Systems Engineering De... | IEEE Nikola Tesla Award | 0.831207 |
5,157 | In mathematics, an affine algebraic plane curve is the zero set of a polynomial in two variables. A projective algebraic plane curve is the zero set in a projective plane of a homogeneous polynomial in three variables. An affine algebraic plane curve can be completed in a projective algebraic plane curve by homogenizin... | Algebraic curves | 0.831207 |
5,158 | The PA degrees are upward closed in the Turing degrees: if a is a PA degree and a ≤T b then b is a PA degree. The Turing degree 0‘, which is the degree of the halting problem, is a PA degree. There are also PA degrees that are not above 0‘. For example, the low basis theorem implies that there is a low PA degree. | PA degree | 0.831204 |
5,159 | The fermi is a unit of distance used in nuclear physics equal to 1 fm. The angstrom (symbol Å) is a unit of distance used in chemistry and atomic physics equal to 100 pm. The micron (μ) is a unit of distance equal to one micrometre (1 μm). The basic module (M) is a unit of distance equal to one hundred millimetres (100... | Metric foot | 0.831203 |
5,160 | Particular care is needed when using cyclic data, such as phases or angles. Taking the arithmetic mean of 1° and 359° yields a result of 180°. This is incorrect for two reasons: Firstly, angle measurements are only defined up to an additive constant of 360° ( 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } or τ {\displaystyle \tau } , if me... | Arithmetic Mean | 0.831202 |
5,161 | The kernel and the image im ( f ) = { f ( v ): v ∈ V } {\displaystyle \operatorname {im} (f)=\{f(\mathbf {v} ):\mathbf {v} \in V\}} are subspaces of V {\displaystyle V} and W , {\displaystyle W,} respectively. The existence of kernels and images is part of the statement that the category of vector spaces (over a fixe... | Real vector space | 0.831202 |
5,162 | ACS states that it offers teacher training to support the professional development of science teachers so they can better present chemistry in the classroom, foster the scientific curiosity of our nation's youth and encourage future generations to pursue scientific careers. As of 2009, Clifford and Kathryn Hach donated... | American Chemical Society | 0.831194 |
5,163 | Analyzing what has been learned by an ANN is much easier than analyzing what has been learned by a biological neural network. Furthermore, researchers involved in exploring learning algorithms for neural networks are gradually uncovering general principles that allow a learning machine to be successful. For example, lo... | Parameter (machine learning) | 0.831193 |
5,164 | Thus inversive geometry, a larger study than grade school transformation geometry, is usually reserved for college students. Experiments with concrete symmetry groups make way for abstract group theory. Other concrete activities use computations with complex numbers, hypercomplex numbers, or matrices to express transfo... | Transformation geometry | 0.831192 |
5,165 | Combinatorics concerns the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects. Aspects include "counting" the objects satisfying certain criteria (enumerative combinatorics), deciding when the criteria can be met, and constructing and analyzing objects meeting the criteria (as in combinatorial designs and matroid theory), ... | Lists of mathematics topics | 0.831192 |
5,166 | A concept of the automatic Turing test pioneered by Moni Naor (1996) is another precursor of human-based computation. In Naor's test, the machine can control the access of humans and computers to a service by challenging them with a natural language processing (NLP) or computer vision (CV) problem to identify humans am... | Distributed thinking | 0.831192 |
5,167 | The game features 100 puzzles which require the use of physics to solve. As its name suggests, gravity is the primary factor, along with friction. The goal of each level is to press a red button. | Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity | 0.831187 |
5,168 | Basic quantum mechanics defines the possible single orbital wavefunctions. In a software implementation, these can be provided either as a table or through a set of logic statements. Alternatively group theory may be used to compute them. Electrons in a single orbital are called equivalent electrons. | Configuration state function | 0.831183 |
5,169 | Browne and Iqbal explored the concept of reusing building blocks in the form of code fragments and were the first to solve the 135-bit multiplexer benchmark problem by first learning useful building blocks from simpler multiplexer problems. ExSTraCS 2.0 was later introduced to improve Michigan-style LCS scalability, su... | Learning classifier system | 0.83118 |
5,170 | In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined and behave as the corresponding operations on rational and real numbers do. A field is thus a fundamental algebraic structure which is widely used in algebra, number theory, and many other areas of mathematics. The... | Field (algebra) | 0.831176 |
5,171 | A large application is vector quantization, commonly used in data compression. In geometry, Voronoi diagrams can be used to find the largest empty circle amid a set of points, and in an enclosing polygon; e.g. to build a new supermarket as far as possible from all the existing ones, lying in a certain city. Voronoi dia... | Voronoi cell | 0.831175 |
5,172 | We define several terms related to learning algorithms training sets, so that we can then define stability in multiple ways and present theorems from the field. A machine learning algorithm, also known as a learning map L {\displaystyle L} , maps a training data set, which is a set of labeled examples ( x , y ) {\displ... | Stability (learning theory) | 0.831174 |
5,173 | Although "transition matrix" is often used interchangeably with "substitution matrix" in fields other than bioinformatics, the former term is problematic in bioinformatics. With regards to nucleotide substitutions, "transition" is also used to indicate those substitutions that are between the two-ring purines (A → G an... | Substitution matrix | 0.831173 |
5,174 | The Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem is useful in several applications including plasma physics: "All these references base their discussion of the Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem on Niels Bohr's physical model, in which perfectly reflecting walls are necessary to provide the currents that cancel the net contribution from the interio... | Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem | 0.831173 |
5,175 | Protein Engineering Design & Selection is a publication of Oxford University Press. Created in 1986, the Journal covers topics related the engineering, design and selection of proteins for use in biotechnology and therapy, and for understanding the fundamental link between protein sequence, structure, dynamics, functio... | Protein Engineering Design & Selection | 0.831168 |
5,176 | Completion of the requirements for a certificate results in an endorsement on the student's transcript. These certificates are intended for students enrolled in the master's program, as well as those with master's degrees, who wish to acquire expertise in addition to the normal master's degree and receive recognition f... | UNC School of Information and Library Science | 0.831167 |
5,177 | BRN provides free training workshops through its partner group Bioinformatics Interest Group. BIG is a student club of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio established to promote the development of student bioinformaticians and encourage the growth of bioinformatics skills in the community. BRN ... | Bioinformatics Research Network | 0.831166 |
5,178 | In a normed space, the statement of the parallelogram law is an equation relating norms: The parallelogram law is equivalent to the seemingly weaker statement: because the reverse inequality can be obtained from it by substituting 1 2 ( x + y ) {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left(x+y\right)} for x , {\displaystyle x,} and ... | Parallelogram law | 0.83116 |
5,179 | The Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech (formerly the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute) is a research organization specializing in bioinformatics, computational biology, and systems biology. The institute has more than 250 personnel, including over 50 tenured and research faculty. Research at the institute involv... | Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech | 0.831159 |
5,180 | There are a range of ways to do so, some taking into account the predicted weather. Recent studies have incorporated machine learning techniques such as neural networks, regressions, and random forests to achieve high accuracy in this part. | Air pollution forecasting | 0.831158 |
5,181 | In geometry, the conic constant (or Schwarzschild constant, after Karl Schwarzschild) is a quantity describing conic sections, and is represented by the letter K. The constant is given by where e is the eccentricity of the conic section. The equation for a conic section with apex at the origin and tangent to the y axis... | Conic constant | 0.831156 |
5,182 | the creation and dissemination of a novel course teaching molecular biology skills to engineers through hands-on laboratory activities without prerequisite knowledge of biology; recommendations for adapting mastery learning from nursing for use in the field of environmental engineering; development of courses teaching:... | Daniel Oerther | 0.831156 |
5,183 | A master mix is a mixture containing precursors and enzymes used as an ingredient in RT-PCR techniques in molecular biology. Such mixtures contain a mixture dNTPs (required as a substrate for the building of new DNA strands), MgCl2, Taq polymerase (an enzyme required to building new DNA strands), a pH buffer and come m... | Master mix (PCR) | 0.831155 |
5,184 | Examples of non-conservative forces include frictional forces, magnetic forces, and in fluid mechanics a solenoidal field velocity field. By the Helmholtz decomposition theorem however, all vector fields can be describable in terms of a scalar potential and corresponding vector potential. In electrodynamics, the electr... | Scalar Potential | 0.831153 |
5,185 | David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Critical Constants. Also agrees with Celsius values from Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds, Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Point... | Critical points of the elements (data page) | 0.831152 |
5,186 | Position sensor system Rotary encoder (absolute encoder) Linear position sensors (absolute encoder) Drive control (motor feedback) Intelligent sensor system (smart sensors) Robotics | BiSS interface | 0.831152 |
5,187 | These methods are referred to as reverse genetics. Reverse genetics is an approach to discover the function of a gene by analyzing the phenotypic effects of specific gene sequences obtained by DNA sequencing | Hybrid dysgenesis | 0.831151 |
5,188 | Effectiveness of shielding of a static electric field is largely independent of the geometry of the conductive material; however, static magnetic fields can penetrate the shield completely. In the case of a varying electromagnetic fields, the faster the variations are (i.e., the higher the frequencies), the better the ... | Faraday Cage | 0.831148 |
5,189 | A famous problem is the normal Moore space question, a question in general topology that was the subject of intense research. The answer to the normal Moore space question was eventually proved to be independent of ZFC. | Set-theoretic topology | 0.831147 |
5,190 | Matter is made up by atoms (formed by protons and other subatomic particles). When the environment is right, atoms can join together and form molecules, which give rise to most materials studied in materials science. But certain environments, such as high temperatures, don't allow atoms to form molecules. Stars have ve... | Molecules in stars | 0.83114 |
5,191 | A more general (algebraic) description may state that the number of seconds, s = 60 × m {\displaystyle s=60\times m} , where m is the number of minutes. Variables allow one to describe mathematical relationships between quantities that may vary. For example, the relationship between the circumference, c, and diameter, ... | Elementary algebra | 0.831139 |
5,192 | 1993 Peter S. Kim for his pathfinding research in structural biology, which has elucidated both the pathway of protein folding and mechanisms of macromolecular recognition. 1994 Gerald F. Joyce and Jack W. Szostak for independently developing in vitro evolution of RNA catalysts. | NAS Award in Molecular Biology | 0.831135 |
5,193 | The chemists' approach during the period of the Old Quantum Theory (1913 to 1925) was incorporated into the understanding of the electron shells and orbitals under current quantum mechanics. A real pioneer who gave us the foundation for our current model of electrons is Irving Langmuir. In his 1919 paper, he postulated... | History of the periodic table | 0.831135 |
5,194 | The grade distributions for the Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism scores since 2010 were: | AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism | 0.831132 |
5,195 | Typically, one starts with the neutral class E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} , containing a single object of size 0 (the neutral object, often denoted by ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } ), and one or more atomic classes Z {\displaystyle {\mathcal {Z}}} , each containing a single object of size 1. Next, set-theoretic relat... | Symbolic method (combinatorics) | 0.831132 |
5,196 | Direct measurement methods use field data measured to inform on line condition (conductor temperature, sagging, clearances) and on weather parameters (ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind velocity). Spans deemed "critical" – likely to reach thermal or clearance limits first – are monitored in real-time, providing... | Dynamic line rating for electric utilities | 0.83113 |
5,197 | College Algebra (Boston, MA: D.C. Heath & Co., 1890). Webster Wells. | Webster Wells | 0.831129 |
5,198 | While linear groups are a vast class of examples, among all infinite groups they are distinguished by many remarkable properties. Finitely generated linear groups have the following properties: They are residually finite; Burnside's theorem: a torsion group of finite exponent which is linear over a field of characteris... | Linear group | 0.831125 |
5,199 | In computer science and discrete mathematics, an inversion in a sequence is a pair of elements that are out of their natural order. | Inversion (discrete mathematics) | 0.831123 |
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