id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 20 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 104 | similarity float32 0.8 0.91 |
|---|---|---|---|
5,300 | An important topic of research is the study of the genetics and physiology of bacteria. Among others, the cellular differentiation of bacteria is investigated. Bacteria growing in a culture can develop different characteristics, while their genome remains unchanged. | Oscar Kuipers | 0.830977 |
5,301 | One could call these materials metal compounds. But, because materials with metallic bonding are typically not molecular, Dalton's law of integral proportions is not valid; and often a range of stoichiometric ratios can be achieved. It is better to abandon such concepts as 'pure substance' or 'solute' in such cases and... | Metallic bonds | 0.830976 |
5,302 | Mathematical Grammar School is unique for its success in International Science Olympiads in Mathematics, Physics, Informatics, Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Earth Sciences: its students have won more than 400 medals so far, on all 5 continents of the world.Latest examples include: 12 medals in 2009 in International Scie... | Mathematical Grammar School | 0.830973 |
5,303 | These include Eric Mazur's peer instruction, as well as various tutorials in physics. Scientific inquiry is another technique that provides an active engagement opportunity for students and incorporates metacognition and critical thinking. Success with inquiry-based learning activities relies on a deep foundation of fa... | Scientific misconceptions | 0.830973 |
5,304 | Though the oncolytic effect of NDV was documented already in the 1950s, later advances in research into using viruses in cancer therapy came with the advent of reverse genetics technologies. Later on it was Csatary LK and his colleagues to document anti-cancer effects in patients with brain gliomas.One of the main issu... | Newcastle disease virus | 0.830971 |
5,305 | Toy problems are thus often very useful in providing intuition about specific phenomena in more complicated problems. As an example, in the field of artificial intelligence, classical puzzles, games and problems are often used as toy problems. These include sliding-block puzzles, N-Queens problem, missionaries and cann... | Toy problem | 0.830966 |
5,306 | Various physical systems, such as crystals and the hydrogen atom, may be modelled by symmetry groups. Thus group theory and the closely related representation theory have many important applications in physics, chemistry, and materials science. Group theory is also central to public key cryptography. | List of group theory topics | 0.830966 |
5,307 | The electromagnetic nature of photons and phonons are studied which show that the oscillations of electromagnetic fields and of crystal lattices have much in common. Waves form a basis for both, provided one incorporates quantum theory. Other topics studied in thermal physics include: chemical potential, the quantum na... | Thermal physics | 0.830965 |
5,308 | AP Chemistry is a course geared toward students with interests in chemical biologies, as well as any of the biological sciences. The course aims to prepare students to take the AP Chemistry exam toward the end of the academic year. AP Chemistry covers most introductory general chemistry topics (excluding organic chemis... | AP Chemistry | 0.830965 |
5,309 | In any lattice, a modular pair is a pair (a, b) of elements such that for all x satisfying a ∧ b ≤ x ≤ b, we have (x ∨ a) ∧ b = x, i.e. if one half of the diamond isomorphism theorem holds for the pair. An element b of a lattice is called a (right) modular element if (a, b) is a modular pair for all elements a. A latti... | Modular lattice | 0.830965 |
5,310 | Thus, there can be a trade-off between the two optimizations. Possible increased register usage in a single iteration to store temporary variables, which may reduce performance, though much will depend on possible optimizations. Apart from very small and simple code, unrolled loops that contain branches are even slower... | Loop unwinding | 0.830965 |
5,311 | One may define a partial order on the idempotents of a ring as follows: if a and b are idempotents, we write a ≤ b if and only if ab = ba = a. With respect to this order, 0 is the smallest and 1 the largest idempotent. For orthogonal idempotents a and b, a + b is also idempotent, and we have a ≤ a + b and b ≤ a + b. Th... | Idempotent (ring theory) | 0.830963 |
5,312 | In 1923, Millikan won the Nobel Prize in physics, in part because of this experiment. Thomas Edison, who had previously thought of charge as a continuous variable, became convinced after working with Millikan and Fletcher's apparatus. This experiment has since been repeated by generations of physics students, although ... | Millikan oil drop experiment | 0.830961 |
5,313 | This led to the discovery of DNA material in other microorganisms, plants, and animals.The field of molecular biology includes techniques which enable scientists to learn about molecular processes. These techniques are be used to efficiently target new drugs, diagnose disease, and better understand cell physiology. Som... | Molecular Microbiology | 0.830961 |
5,314 | Arrow's impossibility theorem, the general possibility theorem or Arrow's paradox is an impossibility theorem in social choice theory that states that when voters have three or more distinct alternatives (options), no ranked voting electoral system can convert the ranked preferences of individuals into a community-wide... | Arrow's impossibility theorem | 0.830959 |
5,315 | Proximity problems is a class of problems in computational geometry which involve estimation of distances between geometric objects. A subset of these problems stated in terms of points only are sometimes referred to as closest point problems, although the term "closest point problem" is also used synonymously to the n... | Proximity problems | 0.830959 |
5,316 | The discreteness condition means that there is some positive real number ε, such that for every translation Tv in the group, the vector v has length at least ε (except of course in the case that v is the zero vector, but the independent translations condition prevents this, since any set that contains the zero vector i... | 632 symmetry | 0.830959 |
5,317 | The applied sciences are often contrasted with the basic sciences, which are focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict events in the natural world.Computational science applies computing power to simulate real-world situations, enabling a better understanding of scientific problems than... | General science | 0.830954 |
5,318 | The term "modulo" can be used differently—when referring to different mathematical structures. For example: Two members a and b of a group are congruent modulo a normal subgroup, if and only if ab−1 is a member of the normal subgroup (see quotient group and isomorphism theorem for more). Two members of a ring or an alg... | Modulo (mathematics) | 0.830951 |
5,319 | Recurrent solutions to lattice models for protein-DNA binding Backward induction as a solution method for finite-horizon discrete-time dynamic optimization problems Method of undetermined coefficients can be used to solve the Bellman equation in infinite-horizon, discrete-time, discounted, time-invariant dynamic optimi... | Dynamic Programming | 0.830949 |
5,320 | The simplicial complex recognition problem is a computational problem in algebraic topology. Given a simplicial complex, the problem is to decide whether it is homeomorphic to another fixed simplicial complex. The problem is undecidable for complexes of dimension 5 or more. : 9–11 | Simplicial complex recognition problem | 0.830948 |
5,321 | Agriculture Biology Business Education Chemistry Drama Earth/Space Science English Technology Education Journalism Marketing Mathematics Physics Social Science Speech | Florida Teacher Certification Examinations | 0.830944 |
5,322 | For example, the problem of translating a natural language sentence into a syntactic representation such as a parse tree can be seen as a structured prediction problem in which the structured output domain is the set of all possible parse trees. Structured prediction is also used in a wide variety of application domain... | Structured perceptron | 0.830944 |
5,323 | The Archaea are prokaryotic, with no nuclear membrane, but with biochemistry and RNA markers that are distinct from bacteria. The Archaeans possess unique, ancient evolutionary history for which they are considered some of the oldest species of organisms on Earth, most notably their diverse, exotic metabolisms. Some ex... | Three-domain system | 0.830939 |
5,324 | Post made a fundamental and still-influential contribution to the theory of polyadic, or n-ary, groups in a long paper published in 1940. His major theorem showed that a polyadic group is the iterated multiplication of elements of a normal subgroup of a group, such that the quotient group is cyclic of order n − 1. He a... | Emil Leon Post | 0.830939 |
5,325 | This potential is then used for a second Schrödinger equation containing only the 36 coordinates of the nuclei. So, taking the most optimistic estimate for the complexity, instead of a large equation requiring at least 162 2 = 26 244 {\displaystyle 162^{2}=26\,244} hypothetical calculation steps, a series of smaller ca... | Born–Oppenheimer approximation | 0.830938 |
5,326 | For some problems they can find the optimal solution while for others they stop at local optima, that is, at solutions that cannot be improved by the algorithm but are not optimum. The most popular use of greedy algorithms is for finding the minimal spanning tree where finding the optimal solution is possible with this... | Computer algorithms | 0.830934 |
5,327 | The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; a part of the National Institutes of Health in the United States) as part of the ... | NCBI GenBank | 0.830933 |
5,328 | In September 2015, the company announced the launch of a new sequencing instrument, the Sequel System, that increased capacity to 1 million ZMW holes.With the Sequel instrument initial read lengths were comparable to the RS, then later chemistry releases increased read length. On January 23, 2017, the V2 chemistry was ... | Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing | 0.830932 |
5,329 | The simple equations that model these finite elements are then assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem. The FEM then uses variational methods from the calculus of variations to approximate a solution by minimizing an associated error function. | Glossary of engineering: A–L | 0.83093 |
5,330 | Second, Boolean algebra uses logical operators such as conjunction (and) denoted as ∧, disjunction (or) denoted as ∨, and the negation (not) denoted as ¬. Elementary algebra, on the other hand, uses arithmetic operators such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. Boolean algebra is therefore a formal w... | Boolean value | 0.830928 |
5,331 | Various researchers cited by Wired have classified adversarial hallucinations as a high-dimensional statistical phenomenon, or have attributed hallucinations to insufficient training data. Some researchers believe that some "incorrect" AI responses classified by humans as "hallucinations" in the case of object detectio... | Hallucination (artificial intelligence) | 0.830927 |
5,332 | PICUP is more expeditious and high yielding compared to previous chemical cross-linking methods.In-vivo crosslinking of protein complexes using photo-reactive amino acid analogs was introduced in 2005 by researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics. In this method, cells are grown wi... | Cross-linking agent | 0.830927 |
5,333 | Phylogenomics draws information by comparing entire genomes, or at least large portions of genomes. Phylogenetics compares and analyzes the sequences of single genes, or a small number of genes, as well as many other types of data. Four major areas fall under phylogenomics: Prediction of gene function Establishment and... | Phylogenomics | 0.830926 |
5,334 | AVS Assignment validation suite (AVS) checks the chemical shifts list in BioMagResBank (BMRB) format for problems. PSVS Protein Structure Validation Server at the NESG based on information retrieval statistics PROSESS PROSESS (Protein Structure Evaluation Suite & Server) is a new web server that offers an assessment of... | Structure validation | 0.830923 |
5,335 | Features of ML include a call-by-value evaluation strategy, first-class functions, automatic memory management through garbage collection, parametric polymorphism, static typing, type inference, algebraic data types, pattern matching, and exception handling. ML uses static scoping rules.ML can be referred to as an impu... | ML programming language | 0.830921 |
5,336 | Normal subgroups of prime power index are kernels of surjective maps to p-groups and have interesting structure, as described at Focal subgroup theorem: Subgroups and elaborated at focal subgroup theorem. There are three important normal subgroups of prime power index, each being the smallest normal subgroup in a certa... | Index of a subgroup | 0.830919 |
5,337 | The organisms have been better understood as improvements in microscopy facilitated the study of their fine structure, and it has been suggested that they represent either the eggs or juvenile stage of a marine animal. However, recent research has suggested that they represent the test of a group of protists with uncer... | Microfossil | 0.830919 |
5,338 | These ideas had occurred to me earlier in 1955 when I coined the term "signalizing function", which is nowadays commonly known as "complexity measure". In 1967, Manuel Blum formulated a set of axioms (now known as Blum axioms) specifying desirable properties of complexity measures on the set of computable functions and... | Complexity theory (computation) | 0.830916 |
5,339 | The prototype therefore has 22n n-ary operation symbols, called the Boolean operation symbols and forming the language of Boolean algebra. Only a few operations have conventional symbols, such as ¬ for negation, ∧ for conjunction, and ∨ for disjunction. | Boolean algebras canonically defined | 0.830916 |
5,340 | As chemistry developed into a science, it became clear that metals formed the majority of the periodic table of the elements, and great progress was made in the description of the salts that can be formed in reactions with acids. With the advent of electrochemistry, it became clear that metals generally go into solutio... | Metallic bonds | 0.830916 |
5,341 | In this world, the temperature is taken to vary in such a way that all objects expand and contract in similar proportions in different places on the sphere. With a suitable falloff in temperature, if the scientists try to use measuring rods to determine the sum of the angles in a triangle, they can be deceived into thi... | Physical space | 0.830915 |
5,342 | Researchers outside of the field of cognitive psychology have used confidence weighting as applied to item-specific judgments in assessing alternative conceptions of difficult concepts in high school biology and physics (e.g.,), developing and evaluating computerized adaptive testing (e.g.,), testing computerized asses... | Confidence weighting | 0.830915 |
5,343 | Because the curve is rational, it can be parametrized by rational functions. For instance, if a=1 and b=2, then x = − t 2 − 2 t + 5 t 2 − 2 t − 3 , y = t 2 − 2 t + 5 2 t − 2 {\displaystyle x=-{\frac {t^{2}-2t+5}{t^{2}-2t-3}},\quad y={\frac {t^{2}-2t+5}{2t-2}}} parametrizes the points on the curve outside of the excepti... | Bicuspid curve | 0.830914 |
5,344 | Laboratory experiments studying these processes can be limited in scope and atomic detail, leading scientists to use physics-based computing models that, when complementing experiments, seek to provide a more complete picture of protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation.Due to the complexity of proteins' conformatio... | Folding@home | 0.830912 |
5,345 | Cabello, extending an argument developed by Kernaghan considered 9 orthogonal bases, each basis corresponding to a column of the following table, in which the basis vectors are explicitly displayed. The bases are chosen in such a way that each projector appears in exactly two contexts, thus establishing functional rela... | Kochen–Specker theorem | 0.830911 |
5,346 | Bost conjecture: a specific case of the Farrell–Jones conjecture Finite lattice representation problem: is every finite lattice isomorphic to the congruence lattice of some finite algebra? Goncharov conjecture on the cohomology of certain motivic complexes. | Open problem in mathematics | 0.83091 |
5,347 | Differential equations, in particular Euler equations, rose in prominence during World War II in calculating the accurate trajectory of ballistics, both rocket-propelled and gun or cannon type projectiles. Originally, mathematicians used the simpler calculus of earlier centuries to determine velocity, thrust, elevation... | History of numerical solution of differential equations using computers | 0.830907 |
5,348 | The electric and magnetic fields emanating from a driven antenna element will generally affect the voltages and currents in nearby antennas, antenna elements, or other conductors. This is particularly true when the affected conductor is a resonant element (multiple of half-wavelengths in length) at about the same frequ... | Antenna bandwidth | 0.830906 |
5,349 | To address this issue, methods have been developed to make new models more explainable and interpretable. This includes layerwise relevance propagation (LRP), a technique for determining which features in a particular input vector contribute most strongly to a neural network's output. Other techniques explain some part... | Explainable AI | 0.830906 |
5,350 | Not all finals need be cumulative, however, as some simply cover the material presented since the last exam. For example, a microbiology course might only cover fungi and parasites on the final exam if this were the policy of the professor, and all other subjects presented in the course would then not be tested on the ... | Competitive examination | 0.830906 |
5,351 | There has been some question about how concept structuring and generalization can be understood in terms of brain architecture and processes. This question is impacted by a neighboring debate among theorists about the nature of thought, specifically between connectionist and language of thought models. Concept generali... | Intuitive statistics | 0.830905 |
5,352 | In molecular biology, the protein domain SATase is short for Serine acetyltransferase and refers to an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of L-serine to L-cysteine in E. coli. More specifically, its role is to catalyse the activation of L-serine by acetyl-CoA.This entry refers to the N-terminus of the protein which h... | Serine O-acetyltransferase | 0.830904 |
5,353 | The higher-dimensional algebras defined by the Cayley–Dickson construction (starting with the sedenions) all fail to satisfy this property. They all have zero divisors. Wider number systems exist which have a multiplicative modulus (for example, 16-dimensional conic sedenions). | Octonion multiplication | 0.830903 |
5,354 | This may allow Folding@home to more efficiently sample the transitions between folded and unfolded conformations of proteins. Available for Windows and Linux uniprocessor clients only. DGromacs (Core 79) Available for uniprocessor clients, this core uses SSE2 processor optimization where supported and is capable of run... | List of Folding@home cores | 0.830903 |
5,355 | Quadratic forms are homogeneous quadratic polynomials in n variables. In the cases of one, two, and three variables they are called unary, binary, and ternary and have the following explicit form: where a, ..., f are the coefficients.The theory of quadratic forms and methods used in their study depend in a large measur... | Signature of a quadratic form | 0.830902 |
5,356 | The inner automorphisms form a normal subgroup of Aut(G), denoted by Inn(G); this is called Goursat's lemma. The other automorphisms are called outer automorphisms. The quotient group Aut(G) / Inn(G) is usually denoted by Out(G); the non-trivial elements are the cosets that contain the outer automorphisms. The same def... | Automorphism | 0.830902 |
5,357 | Genetic testing for a variety of disorders has seen many advances starting with cytogenetics to evaluate human chromosomes for aneuploidy and other chromosome abnormalities. The development of molecular cytogenetics involving techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) followed, permitting the detectio... | Elective genetic and genomic testing | 0.8309 |
5,358 | In the study of combinatorial optimization problems, bin packing problems involve an input sequence of items with fractional sizes, which must be placed into bins whose capacity (the total size of items placed into each bin) is one. Research into these problems has included the study of restricted bin packing problems ... | Unit fractions | 0.8309 |
5,359 | In fish breeding, those parents frequently are two closely related fish species, while in plant and animal breeding, the parents often are two inbred lines. Gregor Mendel focused on patterns of inheritance and the genetic basis for variation. In his cross-pollination experiments involving two true-breeding, or homozygo... | F2 hybrid | 0.830899 |
5,360 | Interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing Reading and writing of molecular file formats (PDB, MOL2, MOL, HIN, XYZ, KCF, SD, AC) Reading secondary data sources e.g. (DCD, DSN6, GAMESS, JCAMP, SCWRL, TRR) Generating molecules from and matching of SMILES- and SMARTS expressions to molecules Geometry optimiz... | BALL | 0.830897 |
5,361 | Drug repositioning (also known as drug repurposing, re-profiling, re-tasking, or therapeutic switching) is the repurposing of an approved drug for the treatment of a different disease or medical condition than that for which it was originally developed. This is one line of scientific research which is being pursued to ... | COVID-19 drug repurposing research | 0.830897 |
5,362 | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary gene amplification technique that has revolutionized modern biochemistry. Polymerase chain reaction was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983. There are four steps to a proper polymerase chain reaction: 1) denaturation 2) extension 3) insertion (of gene to be expressed) and fin... | History of biochemistry | 0.830896 |
5,363 | Generally, the upper electrode projects from the upper fixture surface, while the lower electrode is a flat conductive surface. In some cases, the bottom electrode can project above the bottom fixture, to conform to geometry or to better localize melting through the reduction of stray electric field. | Dielectric welding | 0.830896 |
5,364 | This is equivalent to: Śrīdharācāryya (870–930 AD), an Indian mathematician also came up with a similar algorithm for solving quadratic equations, though there is no indication that he considered both the roots. The 9th-century Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī solved quadratic equations algebraicall... | Quadratic formula | 0.830891 |
5,365 | Q00 General Q01 Sustainable Development Q02 Commodity MarketsQ1 Agriculture Q10 General Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness Q14 Agricultural Finance Q15 Land Owner... | JEL classification codes | 0.830891 |
5,366 | (This does not give an alternative proof of Lagrange's theorem, because Lagrange's theorem is used in the proof of the 15 theorem.) On the other hand, w 2 + 2 x 2 + 5 y 2 + 5 z 2 , {\displaystyle w^{2}+2x^{2}+5y^{2}+5z^{2},} is a positive definite quadratic form with integral matrix that takes as values all positive in... | 15 and 290 theorems | 0.830889 |
5,367 | In machine learning, first-order inductive learner (FOIL) is a rule-based learning algorithm. | First Order Inductive Learner | 0.830888 |
5,368 | When an algebraic structure includes more than one operation, congruence relations are required to be compatible with each operation. For example, a ring possesses both addition and multiplication, and a congruence relation on a ring must satisfy r 1 + s 1 ≡ r 2 + s 2 {\displaystyle r_{1}+s_{1}\equiv r_{2}+s_{2}} and r... | Compatible (algebra) | 0.830888 |
5,369 | Electronics – Electronics comprises the physics, engineering, technology and applications that deal with the emission, flow and control of electrons in vacuum and matter. Energy – In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. E... | Outline of technology | 0.830886 |
5,370 | Sommerfeld, Arnold (1950). Mechanics of deformable bodies. Lectures on Theoretical Physics. | Lectures on Theoretical Physics | 0.830884 |
5,371 | Applied Physics Letters. 97 (6): 062906. arXiv:1007.4394. Bibcode:2010ApPhL..97f2906D. | Dragan Damjanovic | 0.830883 |
5,372 | These are defined by gradients of water temperature, nutrients, dissolved gases, salt concentrations etc. Along the path of terrestrial water flow the resulting temperature gradient continuum alone may provide many different minute microecosystems, starting with thermophilic bacteria such as Archaea "Archaebacteria" (1... | Microecosystem | 0.83088 |
5,373 | Analytic techniques serve to translate biological data using high-throughput techniques into clinically relevant information. Currently, numerous software and methodologies for querying data exist, and this number continues to grow as more studies are conducted and published in bioinformatics journals such as Genome Bi... | Translational bioinformatics | 0.83088 |
5,374 | A relation algebra (L, ∧, ∨, −, 0, 1, •, I, ˘) is an algebraic structure equipped with the Boolean operations of conjunction x∧y, disjunction x∨y, and negation x−, the Boolean constants 0 and 1, the relational operations of composition x•y and converse x˘, and the relational constant I, such that these operations and c... | Relation algebra | 0.830878 |
5,375 | Two of the four Maxwell equations involve curls of 3-D vector fields, and their differential and integral forms are related by the special 3-dimensional (vector calculus) case of Stokes' theorem. Caution must be taken to avoid cases with moving boundaries: the partial time derivatives are intended to exclude such cases... | Generalized Stokes theorem | 0.830872 |
5,376 | ": 102 Another study which Aposhian used to back up this statement was one conducted by Jeff Bradstreet and Mark Geier, which gave dimercaptosuccinic acid, a chelating agent, to children and concluded that children with autism excreted much more mercury thereafter than children without autism. Aposhian also cited a num... | Autism omnibus trial | 0.830871 |
5,377 | In computer science, a skew binomial heap (or skew binomial queue) is a variant of the binomial heap that supports constant-time insertion operations in the worst case, rather than the logarithmic worst case and constant amortized time of the original binomial heap. Just as binomial heaps are based on the binary number... | Skew binomial heap | 0.830871 |
5,378 | The problem belongs to the complexity class P. This can be proven using the Gale–Ryser theorem, i.e., one has to validate the correctness of n {\displaystyle n} inequalities. | Bipartite realization problem | 0.830868 |
5,379 | Another recent study looked at the relation between expertise and change blindness. Physics experts were more likely to notice a change between two physics problems than novices. It is hypothesized that experts are better at analyzing problems on a deeper level whereas novices employ a surface-level analysis. This rese... | Change blindness | 0.830868 |
5,380 | Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy is a peer-reviewed academic journal published bimonthly by International Medical Press. It was established in January 1990 and published by Blackwell Publishing until 1997. The editor-in-chief is Hugh J. Field (University of Cambridge). The journal covers research on all aspects of th... | Antivir Chem Chemother | 0.830867 |
5,381 | In 1900, Max Planck derived the correct form for the intensity spectral distribution function by making some strange (for the time) assumptions. In particular, Planck assumed that electromagnetic radiation can be emitted or absorbed only in discrete packets, called quanta, of energy: where: h is Planck's constant, ν is... | Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe | 0.830865 |
5,382 | They use X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and biochemistry to study pathogen envelope glycoproteins and host immune response proteins. Using structural information and alternate antibody architectures, they are engineering antibody-based reagents with increased potency and breadth. They are also investi... | Pamela J. Bjorkman | 0.830864 |
5,383 | In the following decades, the problem was studied by many researchers from mathematics, computer science, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. In the 1960s, however, a new approach was created, that instead of seeking optimal solutions would produce a solution whose length is provably bounded by a multiple of the op... | Euclidean traveling salesman problem | 0.830861 |
5,384 | In personalised medicine, diagnostic testing is often employed for selecting appropriate and optimal therapies based on the context of a patient's genetic content or other molecular or cellular analysis. The use of genetic information has played a major role in certain aspects of personalized medicine (e.g. pharmacogen... | Bespoke medicine | 0.830859 |
5,385 | Bioinformatics is another popular target for do-it-yourself biology research. As in other fields, many programming languages can be used in DIY biology, but most of the languages that are used are those with large bioinformatics libraries. Examples include BioPerl or BioPython, which use the languages Perl and Python, ... | DIY biology | 0.830855 |
5,386 | The relatively low cost of the electrathon racing has made the sport a popular activity for high school age students worldwide who learn skills related to design, problem-solving, teamwork, mathematics, physics, and electricity. Prizes are awarded for high school, college and open divisions, and there are separate clas... | Electrathon | 0.830854 |
5,387 | These authors found the heterozygote state was indistinguishable from the noncarrier state. Another theory for the prevalence of the CF mutation is that it provides resistance to tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was responsible for 20% of all European deaths between 1600 and 1900, so even partial protection against the disea... | Heterozygote advantage | 0.830853 |
5,388 | Given θ , {\displaystyle \theta ,} certain additional, relatively mild, assumptions allow one to prove that the subgroup W = ⟨ θ ( a ) ∣ a ∈ A , a ≠ 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle W=\langle \theta (a)\mid a\in A,a\neq 1\rangle } of G {\displaystyle G} generated by the subgroups θ ( a ) {\displaystyle \theta (a)} is in fact a p ′ {... | Signalizer functor theorem | 0.830853 |
5,389 | These groups can therefore interact in the protein structure. Proteins consist mostly of 20 different types of L-α-amino acids (the proteinogenic amino acids). These can be classified according to the chemistry of the side chain, which also plays an important structural role. | Protein folding problem | 0.830851 |
5,390 | ( 1 ) r o t H → = ( σ − η ) E → + ∂ D → ∂ t , {\displaystyle (1)\quad rot{\vec {H}}=(\sigma -\eta ){\vec {E}}+{\partial {\vec {D}} \over \partial t},} we have defined η as a specific gain factor; σ is specific conductivity that describes incoherent losses (for example, on free electrons). Other Maxwell's equations are ... | Nonlinear theory of semiconductor lasers | 0.83085 |
5,391 | Both of these bases allow Boolean algebras to be defined via a subset of the equational properties of the Boolean operations. For the lattice basis, it suffices to define a Boolean algebra as a distributive lattice satisfying x∧¬x = 0 and x∨¬x = 1, called a complemented distributive lattice. The ring basis turns a Bool... | Power set algebra | 0.830848 |
5,392 | k-mer frequency and spectrum variation is heavily used in metagenomics for both analysis and binning. In binning, the challenge is to separate sequencing reads into "bins" of reads for each organism (or operational taxonomic unit), which will then be assembled. TETRA is a notable tool that takes metagenomic samples and... | K-mer | 0.830846 |
5,393 | This fungus lives in the cytoplasm of the E. coli. While this differentiation is typically done by visual examination of the parasitic cysts via light microscopy, new methods using molecular biology techniques have been developed. The scientific name of the amoeba, E. coli, is often mistaken for the bacterium, Escheric... | Entamoeba coli | 0.830845 |
5,394 | McRae and Hetherington (1993) argued that humans, unlike most neural networks, do not take on new learning tasks with a random set of weights. Rather, people tend to bring a wealth of prior knowledge to a task and this helps to avoid the problem of interference. They showed that when a network is pre-trained on a rando... | Catastrophic interference | 0.830842 |
5,395 | Above, Lorentz reciprocity was phrased in terms of an externally applied current source and the resulting field. Often, especially for electrical networks, one instead prefers to think of an externally applied voltage and the resulting currents. The Lorentz reciprocity theorem describes this case as well, assuming ohmi... | Lorentz reciprocity | 0.830841 |
5,396 | In computer science, performance prediction means to estimate the execution time or other performance factors (such as cache misses) of a program on a given computer. It is being widely used for computer architects to evaluate new computer designs, for compiler writers to explore new optimizations, and also for advance... | Performance modeling | 0.83084 |
5,397 | In mathematics, a constraint is a condition of an optimization problem that the solution must satisfy. There are several types of constraints—primarily equality constraints, inequality constraints, and integer constraints. The set of candidate solutions that satisfy all constraints is called the feasible set. | Non-binding constraint | 0.83084 |
5,398 | Most physics textbooks provide a simplified method of calculation of the bullet's velocity that uses the mass of the bullet and pendulum and the height of the pendulum's travel to calculate the amount of energy and momentum in the pendulum and bullet system. Robins' calculations were significantly more involved, and us... | Ballistic pendulum | 0.830839 |
5,399 | They achieved acceptance as an international standard in parallel to the SI system of units and are commonly used outside of the physics community in both engineering and industry. Addition of the constant c would be needed to define units for all dimensions used in physics, as in the SI. The SI system made the transit... | Conventional electrical unit | 0.830837 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.