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5,600 | Miedema's approach has been applied to the classification of miscible and immiscible systems of binary alloys. These are relevant in the design of multicomponent alloys. A comprehensive classification of alloying behavior for 813 binary alloy systems consisting of transition and lanthanide metals. "Impressively, the cl... | Miedema's model | 0.830485 |
5,601 | The Winograd schema challenge (WSC) is a test of machine intelligence proposed in 2012 by Hector Levesque, a computer scientist at the University of Toronto. Designed to be an improvement on the Turing test, it is a multiple-choice test that employs questions of a very specific structure: they are instances of what are... | Winograd Schemas Challenge | 0.830481 |
5,602 | Noteworthy individual non-null electrovacuum solutions include: Reissner–Nordström electrovacuum (which describes the geometry around a charged spherical mass), Kerr–Newman electrovacuum (which describes the geometry around a charged, rotating object), Melvin electrovacuum (a model of a cylindrically symmetric magnetos... | Electrovacuum solution | 0.83048 |
5,603 | Unsolved problems in mathematics Unsolved problems in statistics Unsolved problems in computer science Unsolved problems in information theory | Lists of unsolved problems | 0.830475 |
5,604 | In political science, Arrow's impossibility theorem states that it is impossible to devise a voting system that satisfies a set of five specific axioms. This theorem is proved by showing that four of the axioms together imply the opposite of the fifth. Similarly, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem states that no voting ... | Proof of impossibility | 0.830472 |
5,605 | Combinatorics (outline) Cryptography Graph theory Number theory | Outline of mathematics | 0.830471 |
5,606 | By the classical genetics approach, a researcher would then locate (map) the gene on its chromosome by crossbreeding with individuals that carry other unusual traits and collecting statistics on how frequently the two traits are inherited together. Classical geneticists would have used phenotypic traits to map the new ... | Forward genetics | 0.830468 |
5,607 | The atom is the basic unit of chemistry. It consists of a dense core called the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space occupied by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively charged electrons wh... | Applied Chemistry | 0.830466 |
5,608 | Harris, undergraduate of the City University London made a detailed electrical engineering analysis of the Marston design as well as automotive engine measurement trials to verify fuel economy. These confirmed the benefits of the CD ignition system. However, he found that the core ingredient of the CD design rested on ... | Capacitive discharge ignition | 0.830466 |
5,609 | Machine-independent vs. machine-dependent Many optimizations that operate on abstract programming concepts (loops, objects, structures) are independent of the machine targeted by the compiler, but many of the most effective optimizations are those that best exploit special features of the target platform. Examples are ... | Compiler optimization | 0.830462 |
5,610 | The Higman Embedding Theorem can be used to prove that there is a finitely presented group that contains a copy of every finitely presented group. If W {\displaystyle {\mathcal {W}}} is the class of all finitely presented groups with soluble word problem, then it is known that there is no uniform algorithm to solve the... | SQ universal | 0.830459 |
5,611 | Modern research attempts to distinguish between these causes and to analyze any ethical concerns raised. Since behavior is a result of interactions between nature and nurture, researchers are interested in investigating how biology and environment interact to produce such differences, although this is often not possibl... | Gender psychology | 0.830456 |
5,612 | The theory of Abelian groups is decidable, but that of non-Abelian groups is not. In the 1920s and 30s, Tarski often taught high school geometry. Using some ideas of Mario Pieri, in 1926 Tarski devised an original axiomatization for plane Euclidean geometry, one considerably more concise than Hilbert's. | Alfred Tarski | 0.830456 |
5,613 | The goals of Study 3 were to test if the CNS could predict real life decisions and to further establish the validity. The researchers hypothesized that students studying environmental studies would score higher than psychology, math, or chemistry students since the former are already showing motivation to study the env... | Connectedness to nature scale | 0.830451 |
5,614 | This behavior is an extension of the harmonic potential into the anharmonic regime. The behavior of thermal phonons is similar to the photon gas produced by an electromagnetic cavity, wherein photons may be emitted or absorbed by the cavity walls. This similarity is not coincidental, for it turns out that the electroma... | Lattice vibration | 0.83045 |
5,615 | Multiple comparisons: There are various ways to adjust p-values to compensate for the simultaneous or sequential testing of hypothesis. Of particular interest is how to simultaneously control the overall error rate, preserve statistical power, and incorporate the dependence between tests into the adjustment. These issu... | List of unsolved problems in statistics | 0.830449 |
5,616 | For non-integrable Riesz kernels, the Poppy-seed bagel theorem holds, see the 2004 work of Hardin and Saff. Notable cases include: α = ∞, the Tammes problem (packing); α = 1, the Thomson problem; α = 0, to maximize the product of distances, latterly known as Whyte's problem; α = −1: maximum average distance problem.One... | Thomson Problem | 0.830448 |
5,617 | This allows each of the Nj and λj to be treated independently, and it can be shown using the tools of multivariate calculus that the equilibrium condition is given by 0 = ∂ G ∂ N j = μ j + ∑ i = 1 k λ i a i j {\displaystyle 0={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {G}}}{\partial N_{j}}}=\mu _{j}+\sum _{i=1}^{k}\lambda _{i}a_{ij}} ... | Chemical equilibrium | 0.830447 |
5,618 | An example of a metric of negative type but not of strong negative type is the plane with the taxicab metric. All Euclidean spaces and even separable Hilbert spaces have strong negative type.In the literature on kernel methods for machine learning, these generalized notions of energy distance are studied under the name... | Energy distance | 0.830446 |
5,619 | The College Board's recommended preparation was a one-year college preparatory course in physics, a one-year course in algebra and trigonometry, and experience in the laboratory. | SAT Subject Test in Physics | 0.830444 |
5,620 | In fact, there is no requirement that any of the field axioms hold in a σ f {\displaystyle \sigma _{f}} -structure. A signature for ordered fields needs an additional binary relation such as < {\displaystyle \,<\,} or ≤ , {\displaystyle \,\leq ,\,} and therefore structures for such a signature are not algebras, even th... | Relational structure | 0.830444 |
5,621 | In computer science, in-memory processing (PIM) is a computer architecture for processing data stored in an in-memory database. In-memory processing improves the power usage and performance of moving data between the processor and the main memory. Older systems have been based on disk storage and relational databases u... | In-memory processing | 0.830441 |
5,622 | One difference in usage is that B need not be an ideal of R: it may just be a subset. Boolean algebras and Heyting algebras are commutative residuated lattices in which x•y = x∧y (whence the unit I is the top element 1 of the algebra) and both residuals x\y and y/x are the same operation, namely implication x → y. The ... | Residuated lattice | 0.830441 |
5,623 | Mendel's work tracked many phenotypic traits of pea plants, such as their height, flower color, and seed characteristics. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows two particular laws, which were later named after him. His seminal work on genetics, “Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden” (Experiments on Plan... | Plant genetics | 0.830439 |
5,624 | The result of this is that several regional medical deaneries no longer permit Medical Doctors to train in Microbiology or Virology as single disciplines, and instead advocate dual-specialisation as Infectious Disease/Microbiology or Infectious Disease/Virology . Simultaneously the expansion of higher specialist scient... | Medical laboratory scientist | 0.830439 |
5,625 | 1. Euler's theorem can be proven using concepts from the theory of groups: The residue classes modulo n that are coprime to n form a group under multiplication (see the article Multiplicative group of integers modulo n for details). The order of that group is φ(n). Lagrange's theorem states that the order of any subgro... | Euler's theorem | 0.830437 |
5,626 | Includes first-order algebraic and numerical differentiation, including finite-difference with specified step size and Kragten's method, as well as Monte Carlo simulation. Evaluation can be applied to R expressions, formulae and functions. MetroloPy, Python tools for dealing with physical quantities: uncertainty propag... | List of uncertainty propagation software | 0.830435 |
5,627 | Wheeler was also much intrigued by the fact that the (nonspinning) point-mass solution of general relativity, the Schwarzschild vacuum, has the nature of a wormhole. Similarly, in the case of a charged particle, the geometry of the Reissner–Nordström electrovacuum solution suggests that the symmetry between electric (w... | Geometrodynamics | 0.83043 |
5,628 | This is essentially physiological ecology or ecological physiology.4. To identify "model systems" for studying particular physiological functions. Examples of this include using squid giant axons to understand general principles of nerve transmission, using rattlesnake tail shaker muscles for measurement of in vivo cha... | Comparative physiology | 0.830427 |
5,629 | Reduced immunogenicity compared to attenuated vaccinesRequire adjuvants to improve immunogenicity Often require multiple doses ("booster" doses) to provide long-term immunity Can be difficult to isolate the specific antigen(s) which will invoke the necessary immune response It is not easy to supervise conjugation chemi... | Subunit vaccine | 0.830426 |
5,630 | A basis for 2 is a set of equations, called axioms, from which all of the above equations (and more) can be derived. There are many known bases for all Boolean algebras and hence for 2. An elegant basis notated using only concatenation and overbar is: A B C = B C A {\displaystyle \ ABC=BCA} (Concatenation commutes, ass... | Two-element Boolean algebra | 0.830424 |
5,631 | An alternative to tying them together using array indexes is to use references to tie the portions together, but this can be less efficient in time and space. Another alternative is to use a single array, where each entry is a record structure. Many language provide a way to declare actual records, and arrays of them. ... | Parallel array | 0.830422 |
5,632 | Octonionic multiplication is neither commutative: eiej = −ejei ≠ ejei if i, j are distinct and non-zero,nor associative: (eiej)ek = −ei(ejek) ≠ ei(ejek) if i, j, k are distinct, non-zero and eiej ≠ ±ek.The octonions do satisfy a weaker form of associativity: they are alternative. This means that the subalgebra generate... | Octonion multiplication | 0.830421 |
5,633 | There are many applications of distance geometry.In telecommunication networks such as GPS, the positions of some sensors are known (which are called anchors) and some of the distances between sensors are also known: the problem is to identify the positions for all sensors. Hyperbolic navigation is one pre-GPS technolo... | Distance geometry problem | 0.830421 |
5,634 | This may again be done efficiently, in time O ( n 2 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2})} and space O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} , by an algorithmic technique known as topological sweeping. Computing a line arrangement exactly requires a numerical precision several times greater than that of the input coordinates: if a line is sp... | Arrangement of lines | 0.830421 |
5,635 | Besides, animal biochemistry contains many small molecule intermediates which assist in energy production through the Krebs cycle, and produces isoprene, the most common hydrocarbon in animals. Isoprenes in animals form the important steroid structural (cholesterol) and steroid hormone compounds; and in plants form ter... | Synthetic organic chemistry | 0.830412 |
5,636 | It is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete and computational geometry. Usually the Cartesian coordinate system is applied to manipulate equations for planes, straight lines, and circles, often in two and sometimes three dimensions. Geometrically, one studies the ... | Coordinate geometry | 0.830411 |
5,637 | Kawasaki's theorem, applied to each of the vertices of an arbitrary crease pattern, determines whether the crease pattern is locally flat-foldable, meaning that the part of the crease pattern near the vertex can be flat-folded. However, there exist crease patterns that are locally flat-foldable but that have no global ... | Kawasaki's theorem | 0.830411 |
5,638 | After winning the Nobel Prize, Glaser began to think about switching from physics into a new field. He wanted to concentrate on science, and found that as the experiments and equipment grew larger in scale and cost, he was doing more administrative work. He also anticipated that the ever-more-complex equipment would ca... | Donald A. Glaser | 0.83041 |
5,639 | Turntide's core product is its Technology for Sustainable Operations, a cloud-based open platform that monitors and automates building and vehicle systems. The platform is powered by its Smart Motor System, a connected hardware-software machine built around a high rotor pole switched reluctance motor. Southern Californ... | Turntide Technologies | 0.830407 |
5,640 | Dynamic programming is widely used in bioinformatics for tasks such as sequence alignment, protein folding, RNA structure prediction and protein-DNA binding. The first dynamic programming algorithms for protein-DNA binding were developed in the 1970s independently by Charles DeLisi in USA and Georgii Gurskii and Alexan... | Dynamic Programming | 0.830404 |
5,641 | Computational Geometry, also known as Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications, is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal for research in theoretical and applied computational geometry, its applications, techniques, and design and analysis of geometric algorithms. All aspects of computational geometry are covered, ... | Computational Geometry (journal) | 0.830403 |
5,642 | With their newfound familiarity with complex numbers, the fundamental theorem of algebra can now be formally stated. Students are now able to exploit this closure to solve even more polynomial equations. Recursive integral sequences, integration by parts and partial fraction decomposition techniques allow the solution ... | Mathematics education in Australia | 0.8304 |
5,643 | X-axisIn algebraic geometry, the axis on a graph that is usually drawn left to right and usually shows the range of values of an independent variable. Y-axisIn algebraic geometry, the axis on a graph that is usually drawn from bottom to top and usually shows the range of values of variable dependent on one other variab... | Virtual leak | 0.830397 |
5,644 | Many proteins have their termini located close together in 3D space. Because of this, it is often possible to design circular permutations of proteins. Today, circular permutations are generated routinely in the lab using standard genetics techniques. Although some permutation sites prevent the protein from folding cor... | Circular permutation in proteins | 0.830397 |
5,645 | This was later raised to 30, and then to 35. There is no limit on the number of members over 65 years of age. The members are "chosen among the scientists of all countries who have distinguished themselves by the value of their scientific work, their role of pioneer or leader of a school in the broad field of quantum c... | International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science | 0.830397 |
5,646 | Elementary school children need to spend a long time learning to express algebraic properties without symbols before learning algebraic notation. When learning symbols, many students believe letters always represent unknowns and struggle with the concept of variable. They prefer arithmetic reasoning to algebraic equati... | Math education | 0.830396 |
5,647 | This is closely related to being categorical (a sentence is a theorem if it is true of the unique countable model; see the Łoś–Vaught test) but there can exist multiple distinct models that have the same complete theory. In particular, both the ordering on the rational numbers and the ordering on the real numbers are m... | Cantor's isomorphism theorem | 0.830392 |
5,648 | In 2022, BSCS released a new high school biology program, BSCS Biology: Understanding for Life, which includes a new instructional model called Anchored Inquiry Learning. | BSCS Science Learning | 0.830387 |
5,649 | Until the 21st century, conventional inertia in combination with primary frequency response was considered sufficient to reach the target reliability of the US electric grid. High penetration of the variable renewable energy (VRE) created new challenges: the wind tends to be higher at night, so the effects of the low d... | Inertia constant | 0.830386 |
5,650 | Bioinformatics and Biology Insights is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal focusing on the application of bioinformatics to biological research. The journal was originally published by Libertas Academica, but SAGE Publications became the publisher in September 2016. The journal is edited by Erich Bornberg-Baue... | Bioinformatics and Biology Insights | 0.830383 |
5,651 | Similar in intent to Applied Cryptography but less comprehensive. Covers more modern material and is aimed at undergraduates covering topics such as number theory and group theory not generally covered in cryptography books. Stinson, Douglas (2005). | Books on cryptography | 0.830382 |
5,652 | Most research telescopes have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of astronomical objects (such as their temperature, density of elements in a star, velocity, black holes and more). An important use for spectroscopy is in biochemistry. Molecular sam... | Spectroscopic analysis | 0.830382 |
5,653 | In mathematics, a polynomial Diophantine equation is an indeterminate polynomial equation for which one seeks solutions restricted to be polynomials in the indeterminate. A Diophantine equation, in general, is one where the solutions are restricted to some algebraic system, typically integers. (In another usage ) Dioph... | Polynomial Diophantine equation | 0.83038 |
5,654 | For example, in the opening paragraph of his paper, he began his theory by noting that a description of an electric conductor moving with respect to a magnet must generate a consistent set of fields regardless of whether the force is calculated in the rest frame of the magnet or that of the conductor.The general theory... | History of Maxwell's equations | 0.830378 |
5,655 | 28) degree 1. The number of intersection points of a projective variety with a generic linear subspace of complementary dimension 2. The number of points of a divisor on a curve Desargues The Desargues figure or configuration is a configuration of 10 lines and 10 points in Desargues' theorem. | Postulation (algebraic geometry) | 0.830377 |
5,656 | When CNBC asked ChatGPT for the lyrics to "Ballad of Dwight Fry", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather than the actual lyrics. Writers for The Verge, citing the work of Emily M. Bender, compared ChatGPT to a "stochastic parrot", as did Professor Anton Van Den Hengel of the Australian Institute for Machine Learning.I... | ChatGPT | 0.830377 |
5,657 | "Secondary" is a general term used in chemistry that can be applied to many molecules, even more than the ones listed here; the principles seen in these examples can be further applied to other functional group containing molecules. The ones shown above are common molecules seen in many organic reactions. By classifyin... | Secondary (chemistry) | 0.830376 |
5,658 | The presence of a packing material inside an electric field generates local field enhancements due to the presence of asperities, solid material surface inhomogeneities, presence of pores and other physical aspects. This phenomenon is related to surface charge accumulation on the packing material surface and it is pres... | Cold plasma | 0.830375 |
5,659 | Questions of structure and classification of various mathematical objects came to forefront.These processes were occurring throughout all of mathematics, but became especially pronounced in algebra. Formal definition through primitive operations and axioms were proposed for many basic algebraic structures, such as grou... | Abstract Algebra | 0.830375 |
5,660 | Residents must also validate university courses during their residency. There are three specialties or section: Hospital pharmacy (also called hospital and industrial pharmacy), Medical Biology and Pharmaceutical Innovation and Research (Innovation Pharmaceutique et Recherche since 2009 or Pharmacie spécialisée in Fren... | Pharmacy residency | 0.830374 |
5,661 | A 2-distance set is a set of points for which the set of distinct mutual distances has cardinality exactly 2. An example of a 2-distance set is the set of vertices of the regular octahedron. There are various results about 2-distance sets, including a classification of all 2-distance sets in dimension 4. Every 2-distan... | Distance set | 0.830371 |
5,662 | One could eliminate the kelvin as it can be argued that temperature simply expresses the energy per particle per degree of freedom, which can be expressed in terms of energy (or mass, length, and time). Another way of saying this is that the Boltzmann constant kB is a technical scaling constant and could be set to a fi... | Fundamental unit | 0.83037 |
5,663 | For example, if G is finite, it is known that V above decomposes into irreducible parts (see Maschke's theorem). These parts, in turn, are much more easily manageable than the whole V (via Schur's lemma). Given a group G, representation theory then asks what representations of G exist. | Symmetry point group | 0.83037 |
5,664 | The fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups states that every finite abelian group G {\displaystyle G} can be expressed as the direct sum of cyclic subgroups of prime-power order; it is also known as the basis theorem for finite abelian groups. Moreover, automorphism groups of cyclic groups are examples of abelian... | Commutative group | 0.830369 |
5,665 | Artificial neural networks have been used on a variety of tasks, including computer vision, speech recognition, machine translation, social network filtering, playing board and video games and medical diagnosis. Deep learning consists of multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network. This approach tries to mod... | Machine Learning | 0.830369 |
5,666 | Fernandez's method (FB) in computer science and operations research, is a method which is used in the multiprocessor scheduling algorithm. It is actually used to improve the quality of the lower bounding schemes which are adopted by branch and bound algorithms for solving multiprocessor scheduling problem. Fernandez's ... | Fernandez's method | 0.830366 |
5,667 | Bachelor's degree programs emphasize the analysis, design, and implementation of electrical/electronic systems. Some programs may focus on a specific sub-discipline, such as control systems or communications systems, while others may take a broader approach, introducing the student to several different sub-disciplines.... | Electronics engineering technology | 0.830364 |
5,668 | During his bachelor studies, he spent time at NVIDIA during the pre deep learning era (2008). His PhD was divided between Google Brain where he spent a year, and Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research where he spent another year. During his stay at Google, he co-authored work on adversarial examples for neural netwo... | Wojciech Zaremba | 0.830363 |
5,669 | What's geometry like with no parallel lines? Can you tile a square with squares all of the different sizes? Research mathematicians and connecting students with them can be a focus of math circles. | Math Circle | 0.830357 |
5,670 | Calinescu, Dumitrescu, and Pach have shown several results regarding both the optimization and approximation of this problem on various types of graphs. | Token reconfiguration | 0.830352 |
5,671 | The # senders and # receivers columns represent the number of senders and receivers that are involved in the operation respectively. The # messages column lists the number of input messages and the Computations? column indicates if any computations are done on the messages or if the messages are just delivered without ... | Collective operation | 0.830343 |
5,672 | A multi-level converter (MLC) is a method of generating high-voltage wave-forms from lower-voltage components. MLC origins go back over a hundred years, when in the 1880s, the advantages of DC long-distance transmission became evident.Modular multi-level converters (MMC) were investigated by Tricoli et al in 2017. Alth... | Multi-level converter | 0.830341 |
5,673 | In differential calculus, related rates problems involve finding a rate at which a quantity changes by relating that quantity to other quantities whose rates of change are known. The rate of change is usually with respect to time. Because science and engineering often relate quantities to each other, the methods of rel... | Related rates | 0.83034 |
5,674 | Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the application of statistics to problems in computational biology. It was established in 2002 and is published by de Gruyter. The editor-in-chief is Guido Sanguinetti. According to the Journal Citation R... | Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology | 0.83034 |
5,675 | However, for macroscopic processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult (mainly due to computational limits) in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used. Modern descriptions of such behavior begin with a careful definition of such quantities as displacement (dis... | Particle mechanics | 0.830338 |
5,676 | (Elementary number theory was already known to be undecidable by Gödel's first Incompleteness Theorem.) Here is an excerpt from her thesis:"This consequence of our discussion is interesting because of a result of Gödel which shows that the variety of relations between integers (and operations on integers) which are ari... | Julia Robinson | 0.830337 |
5,677 | Substantial aspects of numeracy also include number sense, operation sense, computation, measurement, geometry, probability and statistics. A numerically literate person can manage and respond to the mathematical demands of life.By contrast, innumeracy (the lack of numeracy) can have a negative impact. Numeracy has an ... | Numeracy | 0.830335 |
5,678 | The computational intelligence and machine learning (CIML) community portal is an international multi-university initiative. Its primary purpose is to help facilitate a virtual scientific community infrastructure for all those involved with, or interested in, computational intelligence and machine learning. This includ... | CIML community portal | 0.830328 |
5,679 | Central results of classical model theory that fail for finite structures under finite model theory include the compactness theorem, Gödel's completeness theorem, and the method of ultraproducts for first-order logic (FO). While model theory has many applications to mathematical algebra, finite model theory became an "... | Finite model theory | 0.830327 |
5,680 | Numerical methods require a quantized signal, such as those produced by an ADC. The processed result might be a frequency spectrum or a set of statistics. But often it is another quantized signal that is converted back to analog form by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). | Digital transform | 0.830325 |
5,681 | Crosswords: c. 2012 Freeciv: 2016 Dota 2: 2018 Bridge card-playing: According to a 2009 review, "the best programs are attaining expert status as (bridge) card players", excluding bidding. StarCraft II: 2019 Mahjong: 2019 Stratego: 2022 No-Press Diplomacy: 2022 Hanabi: 2022 Natural language processing | Progress in artificial intelligence | 0.830325 |
5,682 | For such sets, the difference between O(n2) and O(n log n) may be the difference between days and seconds of computation. The main impetus for the development of computational geometry as a discipline was progress in computer graphics and computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), but many problems in computati... | Computational Geometry | 0.830323 |
5,683 | Larger (denser) particles in the rotating stream have too much inertia to follow the tight curve of the stream, and thus strike the outside wall, then fall to the bottom of the cyclone where they can be removed. In a conical system, as the rotating flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone, the rotational radius... | Cyclonic separator | 0.83032 |
5,684 | 120 is the atomic number of unbinilium, an element yet to be discovered. In electrical engineering, each line of the three-phase system are 120 degrees apart from each other. Three soap films meet along a Plateau border at 120° angles. | 120 (number) | 0.830319 |
5,685 | 1884: During his time as a lecturer in theoretical physics at the University of Kiel Heinrich Hertz produces an analysis of Maxwell's equations showing they did have more validity than the then prevalent "action at a distance" theories. 1884: Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy discovers that metal filings be... | Timeline of radio | 0.830319 |
5,686 | Due to its simplicity, the model allows insight into quantum effects without the need for complicated mathematics. It serves as a simple illustration of how energy quantizations (energy levels), which are found in more complicated quantum systems such as atoms and molecules, come about. It is one of the first quantum m... | Infinite square well | 0.830316 |
5,687 | Ranking and selection methods are designed for problems where the alternatives are fixed and known, and simulation is used to estimate the system performance. In the simulation optimization setting, applicable methods include indifference zone approaches, optimal computing budget allocation, and knowledge gradient algo... | Simulation-based optimization | 0.830313 |
5,688 | So they added a C for Chemistry. Karplus said: "I sometimes wonder if Bruccoleri's original suggestion would have served as a useful warning to inexperienced scientists working with the program." CHARMM has continued to grow and the latest release of the executable program was made in 2015 as CHARMM40b2. | CHARMM | 0.830312 |
5,689 | The theorems can be generalized for arbitrary curves and shapes, under appropriate conditions. Goodman & Goodman generalize the second theorem as follows. If the figure F moves through space so that it remains perpendicular to the curve L traced by the centroid of F, then it sweeps out a solid of volume V = Ad, where A... | Guldinus theorem | 0.830312 |
5,690 | : 169, 179 Rolston summarizes this by saying that, within this process, there is none of the waste Darwin lamented for life itself "is forever conserved, regenerated, redeemed".Russell goes on to say that the physical laws that undergird biological development, such as thermodynamics, also contribute to goodness and gr... | Evolutionary theodicy | 0.830309 |
5,691 | Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The "(s)" annotation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise value is equilibrium temperature of vapor over liquid. | Cyclohexane (data page) | 0.830309 |
5,692 | It suggested there would be behaviour similar to that in classical physics when one heavy fluid is supported by a lighter one, which leads to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability. Any small vertical disturbance in an initially uniform field would result in the field pulling on the charges laterally and causing the initial d... | Flute instability | 0.830308 |
5,693 | Another important sub-class consists of algorithms for exploring the game tree of multiple-player games, such as chess or backgammon, whose nodes consist of all possible game situations that could result from the current situation. The goal in these problems is to find the move that provides the best chance of a win, t... | Informed search algorithm | 0.830308 |
5,694 | Thus, once a representation of the Tn predicate is obtained in a theory of arithmetic, a representation of a Σ 1 0 {\displaystyle \Sigma _{1}^{0}} -complete predicate can be obtained from it. This construction can be extended higher in the arithmetical hierarchy, as in Post's theorem (compare Hinman 2005, p. 397). For ... | Kleene normal form theorem | 0.830308 |
5,695 | Vaccines engineered from reverse genetics carry several advantages over traditional vaccine designs. Most notable is speed of production. Due to the high antigenic variation in the HA and NA glycoproteins, a reverse-genetic approach allows for the necessary genotype (i.e. one containing HA and NA proteins taken from cu... | Reverse genetics | 0.830307 |
5,696 | NMF has been successfully applied in bioinformatics for clustering gene expression and DNA methylation data and finding the genes most representative of the clusters. In the analysis of cancer mutations it has been used to identify common patterns of mutations that occur in many cancers and that probably have distinct ... | Positive matrix factorization | 0.830307 |
5,697 | In 1891 Cox published a chain of theorems in Euclidean geometry of three dimensions: (i) In space of three dimensions take a point 0 through which pass sundry planes a, b, c, d, e,.... (ii) Each two planes intersect in a line through 0. On each such line a point is taken at random. The point on the line of intersection... | Homersham Cox (mathematician) | 0.830307 |
5,698 | The meat industry relies on genetics for disease resistance, feed conversion ratios, and reproduction potential in rabbits. The rabbit genome has been sequenced and is publicly available. The mitochondrial DNA has also been sequenced. | Laboratory rabbit | 0.830306 |
5,699 | A Zariski geometry consists of a set X and a topological structure on each of the sets X, X2, X3, ...satisfying certain axioms. (N) Each of the Xn is a Noetherian topological space, of dimension at most n. Some standard terminology for Noetherian spaces will now be assumed. (A) In each Xn, the subsets defined by equali... | Zariski geometry | 0.830304 |
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