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5,900 | Clustering – Computational neuroscience – study of brain function in terms of the information processing properties of the structures that make up the nervous system. Robot control – a study of controlling robots Robotics conventions – Data mining Techniques – Degrees of freedom – in mechanics, the degree of freedom (D... | Outline of robotics | 0.830004 |
5,901 | The IIA property might not be satisfied in human decision-making of realistic complexity because the scalar preference ranking is effectively derived from the weighting—not usually explicit—of a vector of attributes (one book dealing with the Arrow theorem invites the reader to consider the related problem of creating ... | Arrow's impossibility theorem | 0.829995 |
5,902 | Visible-light astronomy encompasses a wide variety of observations via telescopes that are sensitive in the range of visible light (optical telescopes). Visible-light astronomy is part of optical astronomy, and differs from astronomies based on invisible types of light in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, such as... | Visible-light astronomy | 0.829995 |
5,903 | In a different usage to the above definition, a polynomial of degree 1 is said to be linear, because the graph of a function of that form is a straight line.Over the reals, a simple example of a linear equation is given by: y = m x + b {\displaystyle y=mx+b\ } where m is often called the slope or gradient, and b the y-... | Linearity | 0.829992 |
5,904 | The mathematics of dealing with the situation where M(x) varies with x is difficult, except in special cases that usually do not correspond to physical reality. A full mathematical treatment appears in the 1965 monograph by Fröman and Fröman. Their ideas have not been incorporated into physics textbooks, but their corr... | Electron tunneling | 0.829992 |
5,905 | In 1988, after prompting from the United States Congress, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (National Institutes of Health) (NIGMS) instituted a funding mechanism for biotechnology training. Universities nationwide compete for these funds to establish Biotechnology Training Programs (BTPs). Each succes... | Biotechnology products | 0.829991 |
5,906 | Similar cycle-related variations are observed in the flux of solar UV or EUV radiation, as observed, for example, by the SOHO or TRACE satellites. Even though it only accounts for a minuscule fraction of total solar radiation, the impact of solar UV, EUV and X-ray radiation on the Earth's upper atmosphere is profound. ... | Cycles of sunspot activity | 0.829989 |
5,907 | Nanofacture The fabrication of goods using nanotechnology. Nanofilters One opportunity for nanoscale filters is for the separation of molecules, such as proteins or DNA, for research in genomics. Nanofluidics Controlling nano-scale amounts of fluids. | Glossary of nanotechnology | 0.829988 |
5,908 | Every published binary search algorithm worked only for arrays whose length is one less than a power of two until 1960, when Derrick Henry Lehmer published a binary search algorithm that worked on all arrays. In 1962, Hermann Bottenbruch presented an ALGOL 60 implementation of binary search that placed the comparison f... | Binary chop | 0.829988 |
5,909 | Additionally, there are biological limitations concerning various steps in the standard protocol, particularly in the library preparation method. One of the biggest concerns is the potential of bias in the base composition of sequences and over-representation of methylated DNA data following bioinformatics analyses. Bi... | Whole genome bisulfite sequencing | 0.829987 |
5,910 | Together these can be used to give a particularly compact form for Maxwell's equations with sources: ∂ F = J . {\displaystyle \partial \mathbf {F} =\mathbf {J} .} This equation, when decomposed according to geometric algebra, using geometric products which have both grade raising and grade lowering effects, is equivale... | Bivector | 0.829986 |
5,911 | As an illustrative example of how QUBO can be used to encode an optimization problem, we consider the problem of cluster analysis. Here, we are given a set of 20 points in 2D space, described by a matrix D ∈ R 20 × 2 {\displaystyle D\in \mathbb {R} ^{20\times 2}} , where each row contains two cartesian coordinates. We ... | Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization | 0.829984 |
5,912 | Given a set A with three binary operations →, ∧ and ∨, and two distinguished elements ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } and ⊤ {\displaystyle \top } , then A is a Heyting algebra for these operations (and the relation ≤ defined by the condition that a ≤ b {\displaystyle a\leq b} when a→b = ⊤ {\displaystyle \top } ) if and only if... | Relative pseudo-complement | 0.829983 |
5,913 | One can also define a family of complexity classes f ( n ) {\displaystyle f(n)} -APX, where f ( n ) {\displaystyle f(n)} -APX contains problems with a polynomial time approximation algorithm with a O ( f ( n ) ) {\displaystyle O(f(n))} approximation ratio. One can analogously define f ( n ) {\displaystyle f(n)} -APX-co... | Constant-factor approximation algorithm | 0.829981 |
5,914 | One of the main issues surrounding breast milk-mediated drug delivery is the uncertainty of the composition of the milk acting as the vessel for the treatment. Since every breastfeeding mother experiences different external conditions such as diet and environment, as well as differences in genetics, breast milk from ev... | Breast milk-mediated drug delivery | 0.82998 |
5,915 | An example of a field that could be upended by a solution showing P = NP is cryptography, which relies on certain problems being difficult. A constructive and efficient solution to an NP-complete problem such as 3-SAT would break most existing cryptosystems including: Existing implementations of public-key cryptography... | P vs. NP | 0.829977 |
5,916 | Working in Cartesian coordinates, the moment of inertia of the planar body about the z {\displaystyle z} axis is given by: I z = ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) d m = ∫ x 2 d m + ∫ y 2 d m = I y + I x {\displaystyle I_{z}=\int (x^{2}+y^{2})\,dm=\int x^{2}\,dm+\int y^{2}\,dm=I_{y}+I_{x}} On the plane, z = 0 {\displaystyle z=0} , so the... | Perpendicular axis theorem | 0.829974 |
5,917 | For instance, division of real numbers is a partial binary operation, because one can't divide by zero: a 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{0}}} is undefined for every real number a {\displaystyle a} . In both model theory and classical universal algebra, binary operations are required to be defined on all elements of S × S ... | Binary operator | 0.829974 |
5,918 | The graph of a function or relation is the set of all points satisfying that function or relation. For a function of one variable, f, the set of all points (x, y), where y = f(x) is the graph of the function f. For a function g of two variables, the set of all points (x, y, z), where z = g(x, y) is the graph of the fun... | Cartesian Coordinate System | 0.829974 |
5,919 | When computing accuracy in multiclass classification, accuracy is simply the fraction of correct classifications: This is usually expressed as a percentage. For example, if a classifier makes ten predictions and nine of them are correct, the accuracy is 90%. Accuracy is also called top-1 accuracy to distinguish it from... | Accuracy and precision | 0.829972 |
5,920 | In chess, there is a general consensus among players and theorists that the player who makes the first move (White) has an inherent advantage. Since 1851, compiled statistics support this view; White consistently wins slightly more often than Black, usually scoring between 52 and 56 percent. White's winning percentage ... | First-move advantage in chess | 0.829971 |
5,921 | In common presentations of Dijkstra's algorithm, initially all nodes are entered into the priority queue. This is, however, not necessary: the algorithm can start with a priority queue that contains only one item, and insert new items as they are discovered (instead of doing a decrease-key, check whether the key is in ... | Shortest Path First | 0.82997 |
5,922 | The widely accepted criteria are mutually inconsistent in various groups (the first of them being the group of 3 incompatible criteria identified by Arrow's impossibility theorem). They also contradict all voting systems. Dan Felsenthal described 16 criteria and 18 voting systems and showed "that every one of his 18 sy... | Voting system criterion | 0.82997 |
5,923 | The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials s... | Life science | 0.829969 |
5,924 | Common in industrial chemistry, the technique is sensitive enough to separate compounds which have boiling points that differ by less than 25 °C (45 °F) from each other at standard pressure. fractionation A separation process in which a particular quantity of a mixture is divided during a phase transition into a number... | Glossary of chemistry terms | 0.829968 |
5,925 | Tarski, Alfred (1948). A decision method for elementary algebra and geometry. Santa Monica CA: RAND Corporation. | Mathematical logician | 0.829965 |
5,926 | The Computational Biology Department (CBD) is a division within the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the Gates-Hillman Center. Established in 2007 by Robert F. Murphy as the Lane Center for Computational Biology with funding from Raymo... | Carnegie Mellon University Computational Biology Department | 0.829963 |
5,927 | NSPACE can also be used to determine the time complexity of a deterministic Turing machine by the following theorem: If a language L is decided in space S(n) (where S(n) ≥ log n) by a non-deterministic TM, then there exists a constant C such that L is decided in time O(CS(n)) by a deterministic one. | Nondeterministic space | 0.829962 |
5,928 | Consecutive means that the two courses cover one curriculum, such as physics 101 and 102. All 40 semester hours can be completed at community colleges and do not have to result in any bachelor of science degree. All of the courses must be applicable towards a degree in the subject. For example, physics with calculus wo... | USPTO registration examination | 0.82996 |
5,929 | 1. A BFS is determined only by the constraints of the LP (the matrix A {\displaystyle A} and the vector b {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } ); it does not depend on the optimization objective. 2. By definition, a BFS has at most m non-zero variables and at least n-m zero variables. | Basis of a linear program | 0.82996 |
5,930 | If S is a semigroup or monoid, then a set X on which S acts as above (on the left, say) is also known as a (left) S-act, S-set, S-action, S-operand, or left act over S. Some authors do not distinguish between semigroup and monoid actions, by regarding the identity axiom (e • x = x) as empty when there is no identity el... | Semigroup action | 0.829958 |
5,931 | A particular way of organising a proof using two parallel columns is often used as a mathematical exercise in elementary geometry classes in the United States. The proof is written as a series of lines in two columns. In each line, the left-hand column contains a proposition, while the right-hand column contains a brie... | Types of proof | 0.829957 |
5,932 | As previously mentioned, complements need not exist. A p-complement is a complement to a Sylow p-subgroup. Theorems of Frobenius and Thompson describe when a group has a normal p-complement. Philip Hall characterized finite soluble groups amongst finite groups as those with p-complements for every prime p; these p-comp... | Complement (group theory) | 0.829957 |
5,933 | A ternary search algorithm is a technique in computer science for finding the minimum or maximum of a unimodal function. | Ternary search | 0.829955 |
5,934 | Derived units may have their own unit name, such as the watt (J/s) and lux (cd/m2), or may just be expressed as combinations of base units, such as velocity (m/s) and acceleration (m/s2).The metric system was designed to have properties that make it easy to use and widely applicable, including units based on the natura... | Metric unit | 0.829954 |
5,935 | An interesting property of periodic groups is that the definition cannot be formalized in terms of first-order logic. This is because doing so would require an axiom of the form ∀ x , ( ( x = e ) ∨ ( x ∘ x = e ) ∨ ( ( x ∘ x ) ∘ x = e ) ∨ ⋯ ) , {\displaystyle \forall x,{\big (}(x=e)\lor (x\circ x=e)\lor ((x\circ x)\circ... | Periodic group | 0.829954 |
5,936 | Lin and her lab use computational chemistry to provide information on the solution structures of cyclic peptides. They recently successfully used molecular dynamics simulation with enhanced sampling methods to design well-structured cyclic peptides. | Yu-Shan Lin | 0.82995 |
5,937 | Genetic association can be between phenotypes, such as visible characteristics such as flower color or height, between a phenotype and a genetic polymorphism, such as a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), or between two genetic polymorphisms. Association between genetic polymorphisms occurs when there is non-random a... | Association studies | 0.829949 |
5,938 | The mass spectrometer experiment on DADE-A was designed to perform composition measurements in the upper thermosphere (approximately 350 km (220 mi)). The instrument was a magnetic mass spectrometer with a Mattauch-Herzog geometry and would have measured the distribution of such atmospheric constituents as oxygen, nitr... | Dual Air Density Explorer | 0.829948 |
5,939 | University of Southern CaliforniaPhD, MSc, Chemistry, Applied Mathematics, 1980 — 1989 Michigan Technological University BSc, Chemistry, 1977 — 1980 Michigan State University Chemistry 1976 — 1977 | Karl James Jalkanen | 0.829947 |
5,940 | TK Solver includes roughly 150 built-in functions: mathematical, trigonometric, Boolean, numerical calculus, matrix operations, database access, and programming functions, including string handling and calls to externally compiled routines. Users may also define three types of functions: declarative rule functions; lis... | TK Solver | 0.829946 |
5,941 | Most modern proofs of the Novikov–Boone theorem about the existence of a finitely presented group with algorithmically undecidable word problem also substantially use HNN-extensions. The idea of HNN extension has been extended to other parts of abstract algebra, including Lie algebra theory. == References == | HNN extension | 0.829945 |
5,942 | In the general case, these are embedded in a larger structure with a hierarchical "coordinate system". One must be careful in understanding the notion of "prime" as Krohn and Rhodes explicitly refer to their theorem as a "prime decomposition theorem" for automata. The components in the decomposition, however, are not p... | Finite semigroup | 0.829943 |
5,943 | When Robert Uomini would buy his 10 tickets for the California State Lottery, he had an unusual “what if I win?” fantasy: He wanted to endow a professorship to honor S. S. Chern. While an undergraduate at U.C. Berkeley in the 1960s, Uomini was greatly inspired by a differential geometry course he took from Chern. | Shiing-Shen Chern | 0.82994 |
5,944 | The forces between the atoms are assumed to be linear and nearest-neighbour, and they are represented by an elastic spring. Each atom is assumed to be a point particle and the nucleus and electrons move in step (adiabatic theorem): n − 1 n n + 1 ← a →···o++++++o++++++o++++++o++++++o++++++o++++++o++++++o++++++o++++++o··... | Acoustic phonon | 0.829939 |
5,945 | Nor does each subject of study belong exclusively to any particular department. Each academic institution makes its own rules and there is much overlap between departments. Biology and molecular biology – Gene regulation, single protein dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping, biomechanics, virophysics. | Biophysics | 0.829939 |
5,946 | Bioinformatics is a field of study that includes the creation and advancement of databases, and computational and statistical techniques, that can be used in studies of the human brain, particularly in the areas of gene and protein expression. Bioinformatics and studies in genomics, and functional genomics, generated t... | Brain tissue | 0.829939 |
5,947 | As with strengths, this method shares many weaknesses with affinity purification methods. Notably, 4-sU uptake and increased sample handling. Since Timelapse-seq relies upon synthetic chemistry methods to convert nucleotides, incomplete reactions result in an underestimation of the abundance of newly synthesized RNA an... | Time-resolved RNA sequencing | 0.829938 |
5,948 | This two-volume textbook teaches about her adaption of the symmetrical components system, in which she became interested while working for the second time at GE. This system is a mathematical means for engineers to study and solve problems of power system losses and the performance of electrical equipment. Clarke adopt... | Edith Clarke | 0.829936 |
5,949 | Each cycle where a stall is inserted is considered one branch delay slot. A more sophisticated design would execute program instructions that are not dependent on the result of the branch instruction. This optimization can be performed in software at compile time by moving instructions into branch delay slots in the in... | Delay slot | 0.829933 |
5,950 | In classical electromagnetism, magnetic vector potential (often called A) is the vector quantity defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field: ∇ × A = B {\textstyle \nabla \times \mathbf {A} =\mathbf {B} } . Together with the electric potential φ, the magnetic vector potential can be used to specify the elec... | Magnetic Vector Potential | 0.829933 |
5,951 | The Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRCs) are a group of five Internet-based research centers established in 2004 and funded by NIAID (the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.) The BRCs were formed in response to the threats posed by emerging and re-emerging pathogens, particularly Centers for Diseas... | Bioinformatics Resource Centers | 0.829931 |
5,952 | To date, no licensed vaccines specifically target ETEC, though several are in various stages of development. Studies indicate that protective immunity to ETEC develops after natural or experimental infection, suggesting that vaccine-induced ETEC immunity should be feasible and could be an effective preventive strategy.... | Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | 0.829931 |
5,953 | "There are, however, many more criticisms, most focusing on the question of whether these axioms must be rejected to avoid odd conclusions. The broader criticism is that even if the axioms cannot be shown to be false, that does not mean that they are true. Hilbert's famous remark about interchangeability of the primiti... | Gödel's ontological proof | 0.829928 |
5,954 | Since the 1980s, it has been well known that archeological dental calculus preserves cellular structures and oral bacteria, but a new discovery in the last decade has revealed that dental calculus is a long-term reservoir of DNA and proteins. Human DNA in dental calculus was initially targeted by PCR amplification of m... | Evolution of the human oral microbiome | 0.829927 |
5,955 | (This notion, defined for all structures, may be thought of as a generalization of the signature defined only for algebraic structures.) Let Set* denote the groupoid of sets and bijections. That is, the category whose objects are (all) sets, and morphisms are (all) bijections.Proposition. | Equivalent definitions of mathematical structures | 0.829923 |
5,956 | Discrete geometry, the study of finite configurations in geometry. Convex geometry, the study of convex sets, which takes its importance from its applications in optimization. Complex geometry, the geometry obtained by replacing real numbers with complex numbers. | Mathematical research | 0.829922 |
5,957 | Source 2021 - Zi-Qiang Zhu 2020 - Akira Chiba 2019 - Tomy Sebastian, Director; Motor Drive Systems, Halla Mechatronics, Bay City, Michigan, United States For contributions to the design and application of high-performance permanent magnet synchronous machines to electric power steering 2018 - Longya Xu, Professor, The ... | IEEE Nikola Tesla Award | 0.82992 |
5,958 | There were several research projects conducted by the PACT Center to utilize Cognitive tutor for courses in Excel and to develop an intelligent tutoring system for algebra expression writing, called Ms. Lindquist. Further, in 2005, Carnegie Learning released Bridge to Algebra, a product intended for middle schools that... | Cognitive tutors | 0.829919 |
5,959 | The algebra structure on the vector space is defined using the multiplication in the group: g ⋅ h = g h , {\displaystyle g\cdot h=gh,} where on the left, g and h indicate elements of the group algebra, while the multiplication on the right is the group operation (denoted by juxtaposition). Because the above multiplicat... | Integral group ring | 0.829918 |
5,960 | For example, properties of the natural and real numbers can be derived within set theory, as each number system can be identified with a set of equivalence classes under a suitable equivalence relation whose field is some infinite set.Set theory as a foundation for mathematical analysis, topology, abstract algebra, and... | Transfinite set theory | 0.829914 |
5,961 | Environment and Primary Prevention Cell Biology and Neurosciences Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Technology and Health | Istituto Superiore di Sanità | 0.829912 |
5,962 | After receiving his doctorate in 1934, he dealt with a variety of issues with physical chemistry. This having to do with the kinetics and mechanisms of polymeric substances. Having to do with the distribution of molar mass, solution of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics. In addition, during 1934, he also was able to disc... | Paul Flory | 0.829912 |
5,963 | Palaeogenomics, or the study of ancient DNA, uses techniques from molecular and evolutionary biology to deal with a range of questions about the origin of populations, their history and evolution, and the pathogens that co-evolve with the humans.A team of archaeologists and geneticists led by Marc Haber from the Wellco... | Near Eastern bioarchaeology | 0.829911 |
5,964 | Despite the power of deep learning methods, they still lack much of the functionality needed for realizing this goal entirely. Research psychologist Gary Marcus noted: Realistically, deep learning is only part of the larger challenge of building intelligent machines. Such techniques lack ways of representing causal rel... | Deep Learning | 0.829911 |
5,965 | Then, using algebraic manipulation, y = m x + b y = ( Δ y ) ( Δ x ) x + b ( Δ x ) y = ( Δ y ) x + ( Δ x ) b 0 = ( Δ y ) x − ( Δ x ) y + ( Δ x ) b {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}y&=mx+b\\y&={\frac {(\Delta y)}{(\Delta x)}}x+b\\(\Delta x)y&=(\Delta y)x+(\Delta x)b\\0&=(\Delta y)x-(\Delta x)y+(\Delta x)b\end{aligned}}} Le... | Bresenham's line algorithm | 0.82991 |
5,966 | Kähler differentials Kähler differentials. Kaplansky Kaplansky's theorem on a projective module says that a projective module over a local ring is free. kernel The kernel of a module homomorphism is the pre-image of the zero element. Koszul complex Koszul complex. Krull–Schmidt The Krull–Schmidt theorem says that (1) a... | Glossary of module theory | 0.829909 |
5,967 | The first theorem states that the surface area A of a surface of revolution generated by rotating a plane curve C about an axis external to C and on the same plane is equal to the product of the arc length s of C and the distance d traveled by the geometric centroid of C: For example, the surface area of the torus with... | Guldinus theorem | 0.829906 |
5,968 | His work was centered in the area of biophysical chemistry, particularly the studies of the structure and thermodynamics of proteins. His insight that hydrophobic interactions play a key role in stabilizing protein structure was made before X-ray crystallography provided the first three-dimensional structures of protei... | Walter Kauzmann | 0.829904 |
5,969 | Next to the training courses de.NBI offers annual summer schools to cover a distinct topic in more detail. The first Summer School was held in 2015 by the Service Centers Bielefeld-Gießen (BiGi) Center for Microbial Bioinformatics, RBC and de.NBI-SysBio and was focused in the workflow from genome assembly to genome and... | German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure | 0.829903 |
5,970 | The hosts have also experimented with student questions shows where they have sent recording equipment to schools who have requested it. The students have then recorded questions to ask the hosts, which are then answered and edited into a special show available separately on the Astronomy Cast website. As of June 2008,... | Astronomy Cast | 0.829901 |
5,971 | Although the process had been going on throughout the nineteenth century, it was this work that finally displaced action at a distance physics and substituted the physics of the field. "Mark P. Silverman (1998) "I studied the principles on my own – in this case with Maxwell's Treatise as both my inspiration and textboo... | A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism | 0.8299 |
5,972 | A nondeterministic algorithm for determining whether a 2-satisfiability instance is not satisfiable, using only a logarithmic amount of writable memory, is easy to describe: simply choose (nondeterministically) a variable v and search (nondeterministically) for a chain of implications leading from v to its negation and... | 2-satisfiability | 0.829898 |
5,973 | The way in which new structures mature as they are produced may be affected by the point in the plant's life when they begin to develop, as well as by the environment to which the structures are exposed. A morphologist studies this process, the causes, and its result. This area of plant morphology overlaps with plant p... | Plant architecture | 0.829896 |
5,974 | In compiler optimization, register allocation is the process of assigning local automatic variables and expression results to a limited number of processor registers. Register allocation can happen over a basic block (local register allocation), over a whole function/procedure (global register allocation), or across fu... | Register allocation | 0.829893 |
5,975 | The first seven chapters of the book concern perspectivity, while its final two concern fractals and their geometry. Topics covered within the chapters on perspectivity include coordinate systems for the plane and for Euclidean space, similarity, angles, and orthocenters, one-point and multi-point perspective, and anam... | Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art | 0.829891 |
5,976 | Tradeoffs are important in engineering. For example, in electrical engineering, negative feedback is used in amplifiers to trade gain for other desirable properties, such as improved bandwidth, stability of the gain and/or bias point, noise immunity, and reduction of nonlinear distortion. Similarly, tradeoffs are used ... | Tradeoff analysis | 0.829891 |
5,977 | 2010: Headquarters moved to expanded premises. March 2011, Studies Notebook integrated Lexichem chemical naming from OpenEye Scientific Software, to automate name-to-structure and structure-to-name conversions in English and foreign languages. April 2011: Elemental web-based structure drawing tool included in ChemSpide... | Dotmatics | 0.829888 |
5,978 | The possibility of life-forms being based on "alternative" biochemistries is the topic of an ongoing scientific discussion, informed by what is known about extraterrestrial environments and about the chemical behaviour of various elements and compounds. It is of interest in synthetic biology and is also a common subjec... | Silicon-based life | 0.829888 |
5,979 | These models take less resources than their more sophisticated descendants. Later models use physics to account for as many phenomena as possible. No model can yet reliably predict the environment from the surface of the Sun to the bottom of the Earth's ionosphere. | Solar weather | 0.829885 |
5,980 | In an unbiased Maker-Breaker game, a theorem by Beck gives a winning condition for Maker. It uses the pair-degree of the hypergraph - denoted by d 2 {\displaystyle d_{2}} . This condition can be generalized to biased games as follows:If ∑ E ∈ F p + q p − | E | > p 2 q 2 ( p + q ) 3 ⋅ d 2 ⋅ | X | {\displaystyle \sum _{E... | Biased positional game | 0.829884 |
5,981 | The first definition of the term bioinformatics was coined by Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper in 1970, to refer to the study of information processes in biotic systems. This definition placed bioinformatics as a field parallel to biochemistry (the study of chemical processes in biological systems).Bioinformatics and com... | Genetic informatics | 0.829884 |
5,982 | Additionally, second-strand synthesized cDNA must be ligated with adapters that allow cDNA fragments to be PCR amplified and bind to sequencing flow cells. Gene-specific analysis methods commonly use microarrays and RT-qPCR to quantify cDNA levels via fluorometric and other methods. On 13 June 2013, the United States S... | Complementary DNA | 0.829881 |
5,983 | This mechanism is a single-color version of the confinement mechanism that binds quarks into hadrons. Because the electric forces are much weaker than strong forces of the particle physics, the typical size of “electric pions” well exceeds the size of corresponding elementary particles. This implies that preparing the ... | Superinsulator | 0.829881 |
5,984 | The fact that certain sets are computable or relatively computable often implies that these sets can be defined in weak subsystems of second-order arithmetic. The program of reverse mathematics uses these subsystems to measure the non-computability inherent in well known mathematical theorems. In 1999, Simpson discusse... | Recursion theory | 0.829878 |
5,985 | In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry, a quartic surface is a surface defined by an equation of degree 4. More specifically there are two closely related types of quartic surface: affine and projective. An affine quartic surface is the solution set of an equation of the form f ( x , y , z ) = 0 {\displaystyl... | Quartic surface | 0.829875 |
5,986 | Linear equations". Computers & Chemistry. Elsevier BV. | Paul A. D. de Maine | 0.829875 |
5,987 | In probability and statistics, an urn problem is an idealized mental exercise in which some objects of real interest (such as atoms, people, cars, etc.) are represented as colored balls in an urn or other container. One pretends to remove one or more balls from the urn; the goal is to determine the probability of drawi... | Urn problem | 0.829873 |
5,988 | One paper, entitled "Human Misidentification in Turing Tests", became one of the top three most-downloaded papers in the Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. In June 2014, Warwick helped Shah stage a series of Turing tests to mark the 60th anniversary of Alan Turing's death. | Kevin Warwick | 0.829871 |
5,989 | The Phycological Society of America (PSA) is a professional society, founded in 1946, that is dedicated to the advancement of phycology, the study of algae. The PSA is responsible for the publication of Journal of Phycology and organizes annual conferences among other events that aid in the advancement of related algal... | Phycological Society of America | 0.82987 |
5,990 | The geometries are associated with spatial reference systems. The standard also specifies attributes, methods and assertions with the geometries, in the object-oriented style. In general, a 2D geometry is simple if it contains no self-intersection. The specification defines DE-9IM spatial predicates and several spatial... | Simple Features | 0.82987 |
5,991 | Economics of energy 621 Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Electrical engineering. | Universal Decimal Classification | 0.82987 |
5,992 | The benefits of performing CSE are great enough that it is a commonly used optimization. In simple cases like in the example above, programmers may manually eliminate the duplicate expressions while writing the code. The greatest source of CSEs are intermediate code sequences generated by the compiler, such as for arra... | Common subexpression elimination | 0.829868 |
5,993 | However the complexity of problems related to structure prediction and analysis, as well as the desire for perfection, compactness and consistency, led to the program's expansion into neighboring areas such as graphics, chemistry, sequence analysis and database searches, mathematics, statistics and plotting. The origin... | Internal Coordinate Mechanics | 0.829868 |
5,994 | Sometimes the &-symbol is omitted altogether in the manner of algebraic multiplication. Examples a, b, c, d are variables. ((( a & ~(b) ) & ~(c)) & d) is a term. | Sentential formula | 0.829865 |
5,995 | "Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines". Journal of Chemical Physics. 21 (6): 1087–1092. | List of important publications in physics | 0.829863 |
5,996 | At the very highest energies the only conserved numbers are electric charge, weak isospin, and baryon number − lepton number.On the other hand, in some cases a single kind of particle may have multiple conserved numbers: Closed compartments: In a system composed of multiple compartments that share energy but do not sha... | Grand canonical ensemble | 0.829862 |
5,997 | The Wien approximation was originally proposed as a description of the complete spectrum of thermal radiation, although it failed to accurately describe long-wavelength (low-frequency) emission. However, it was soon superseded by Planck's law, which accurately describes the full spectrum, derived by treating the radiat... | Wien approximation | 0.829862 |
5,998 | Let us establish the evident fact that the group Z3 = Z/3Z is indeed cyclic. Via Cayley's theorem, Z3 is a subgroup of the symmetric group S3. Now, Z 3 = { e , ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 ) } {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{3}=\{e,(1\ 2\ 3),(1\ 3\ 2)\}} S 3 = { e , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , ( 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 ) } {\displayst... | Schreier's subgroup lemma | 0.829857 |
5,999 | In natural language processing, a sentence embedding refers to a numeric representation of a sentence in the form of a vector of real numbers which encodes meaningful semantic information.State of the art embeddings are based on the learned hidden layer representation of dedicated sentence transformer models. BERT pion... | Sentence embedding | 0.829856 |
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