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79,900 | Ludwig Wittgenstein wrote several passages about the incompleteness theorems that were published posthumously in his 1953 Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, in particular one section sometimes called the "notorious paragraph" where he seems to confuse the notions of "true" and "provable" in Russell's system. Gö... | Gödel's incompleteness theory | 0.799978 |
79,901 | By the strong and weak Lefschetz theorem, the only non-trivial part of the Hodge conjecture for hypersurfaces is the degree m part (i.e., the middle cohomology) of a 2m-dimensional hypersurface X ⊂ P 2 m + 1 {\displaystyle X\subset \mathbf {P} ^{2m+1}} . If the degree d is 2, i.e., X is a quadric, the Hodge conjecture ... | Hodge conjecture | 0.799978 |
79,902 | H. Messel and S. T. Butler, 1968 Image Reconstruction from Projections: Implementation and Applications Image Reconstruction in Radio Astronomy, ed. G. Hermann, 1979 Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics Computer Image Processing, ed. G. Burbidge et al., 1979 Energy for Survival How It All Began, Man the Lazy Ani... | Ronald N. Bracewell | 0.799978 |
79,903 | To state Kleiman's criterion (1966), let X be a projective scheme over a field. Let N 1 ( X ) {\displaystyle N_{1}(X)} be the real vector space of 1-cycles (real linear combinations of curves in X) modulo numerical equivalence, meaning that two 1-cycles A and B are equal in N 1 ( X ) {\displaystyle N_{1}(X)} if and onl... | Ample line bundle | 0.799978 |
79,904 | Instances of the subgraph isomorphism problem in which the goal is to find a target graph of bounded size, as a subgraph of a larger graph whose size is not bounded, may be solved in linear time when the larger graph belongs to a family of graphs of bounded expansion. The same is true for finding cliques of a fixed siz... | Bounded expansion | 0.799978 |
79,905 | Instruments (formerly Xray) is an application performance analyzer and visualizer, integrated in Xcode 3.0 and later versions of Xcode. It is built on top of the DTrace tracing framework from OpenSolaris, which was ported to Mac OS X v10.5 and which is available in all following versions of macOS. Instruments shows a t... | Instruments (software) | 0.799977 |
79,906 | Apollonian networks are planar 3-connected graphs and therefore, by Steinitz's theorem, can always be represented as the graphs of convex polyhedra. The convex polyhedron representing an Apollonian network is a 3-dimensional stacked polytope. Such a polytope can be obtained from a tetrahedron by repeatedly gluing addit... | Apollonian network | 0.799977 |
79,907 | In this section, the subalgebras generated by a single split-quaternion are studied and classified. Let p = w + xi + yj + zk be a split-quaternion. Its real part is w = 1/2(p + p*). Let q = p – w = 1/2(p – p*) be its nonreal part. | Split-quaternion | 0.799977 |
79,908 | DL Boost consists of two sets of features: AVX-512 VNNI, 4VNNIW, or AVX-VNNI: fast multiply-accumulation mainly for convolutional neural networks. AVX-512 BF16: lower-precision bfloat16 floating-point numbers for generally faster computation. Operations provided include conversion to/from float32 and dot product.DL Boo... | DL Boost | 0.799977 |
79,909 | For example, Ives wrote "The 'principle' of the constancy of the velocity of light is not merely 'ununderstandable', it is not supported by 'objective matters of fact'; it is untenable...". However, the logical consistency of special relativity (as well as its empirical success) is well established, so the views of suc... | Lorentz aether theory | 0.799977 |
79,910 | The below example from the rnn documentation show how to train a recurrent neural network to solve the problem of bit-by-bit binary addition. | Rnn (software) | 0.799977 |
79,911 | This caused a change in the chemistry of the ocean, which had a devastating impact on life forms. Kolbert states that human activity has transformed between a third and a half of land surface on the planet. We have dammed most of the major rivers of world, increased levels of nitrogen higher than can be fixed naturally... | The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History | 0.799977 |
79,912 | The main characteristic of this type of project is being carried out by teams facing open problems driven by successive challenges. The support given by teachers is declining in keeping with the experience the group is reaching to recognize that systems engineering also has to deal with the complexity of development an... | CanSat | 0.799976 |
79,913 | Everett also attempted to demonstrate how the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics would appear in measurements, a work later extended by Bryce DeWitt. However, proponents of the Everettian program have not yet reached a consensus regarding the correct way to justify the use of the Born rule to calculate probabili... | Quantum measurement problem | 0.799976 |
79,914 | The Scatchard equation is an equation used in molecular biology to calculate the affinity and number of binding sites of a receptor for a ligand. It is named after the American chemist George Scatchard. | Scatchard equation | 0.799975 |
79,915 | Pinterest acquired startup company VisualGraph in 2014 and introduced visual search on its platform. In 2015, Pinterest published a paper at the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining conference and disclosed the architecture of the system. The pipeline uses Apache Hadoop, the open-source Caffe convoluti... | Visual Search Engine | 0.799975 |
79,916 | Responsiveness as a concept of computer science refers to the specific ability of a system or functional unit to complete assigned tasks within a given time. For example, it would refer to the ability of an artificial intelligence system to understand and carry out its tasks in a timely fashion.In the Reactive principl... | Responsiveness | 0.799975 |
79,917 | The recognition of species diversity in this genus remained problematic for many decades due to the challenges of identifying morphological and biochemical traits useful for diagnosing species. Presently, phylogenetic, ecological, and population genetic data can be more rapidly acquired to resolve Symbiodinium into sep... | Symbiodinium | 0.799975 |
79,918 | T0 X is T0 (since {x, p} is open for each x) but satisfies no higher separation axioms (because all non-empty open sets must contain p).Not regular Since every non-empty open set contains p, no closed set not containing p (such as X \ {p}) can be separated by neighbourhoods from {p}, and thus X is not regular. Since co... | Particular point topology | 0.799975 |
79,919 | In mathematics, cocompact embeddings are embeddings of normed vector spaces possessing a certain property similar to but weaker than compactness. Cocompactness has been in use in mathematical analysis since the 1980s, without being referred to by any name (Lemma 6),(Lemma 2.5),(Theorem 1), or by ad-hoc monikers such as... | Cocompact embedding | 0.799974 |
79,920 | On the other hand, all elements of P ( V ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(V)} are sets, and thus contained in V {\displaystyle V} , therefore | P ( V ) | ≤ | V | {\displaystyle |{\mathcal {P}}(V)|\leq |V|} .Another paradox can be derived from the proof of Cantor's theorem by instantiating the function f with the identit... | Cantor's theorem | 0.799974 |
79,921 | "Running" (beta reducing) the fixed-point combinator on the encoding gives a lambda term for the result which may then be interpreted as fixed-point value. Alternately, a function may be considered as a lambda term defined purely in lambda calculus. These different approaches affect how a mathematician and a programmer... | Fixed point combinator | 0.799974 |
79,922 | In vector algebra, the volume of a parallelopiped is given by the square root of the squared norm of the scalar triple product: | Comparison of vector algebra and geometric algebra | 0.799974 |
79,923 | The chromium complex is oxidized by water. Indeed, previous attempts to prepare Cr(diars)2X2 had failed. The chromium compounds were eventually synthesized by his co-worker Anthony Nicholl Rail only a month before Nyholm's death, using rigorous air-free techniques.Together with Professor Ronald Gillespie, Nyholm develo... | Ronald Sydney Nyholm | 0.799974 |
79,924 | Anatomical planes may be lateral ("sagittal"), frontal ("coronal") or transversal. In geology, beds (layers of sediments) often are planar. Planes are involved in different forms of imaging, such as the focal plane, picture plane, and image plane. | Planar surface | 0.799974 |
79,925 | The high-performance personal computer has largely replaced the centralized supercomputer and the Internet and local area networks have facilitated sharing of design information. Disciplinary design software in many disciplines (such as OptiStruct or NASTRAN, a finite element analysis program for structural design) hav... | Multidisciplinary optimization | 0.799974 |
79,926 | Quaternions are a concise method of representing the automorphisms of three- and four-dimensional spaces. They have the technical advantage that unit quaternions form the simply connected cover of the space of three-dimensional rotations. : ch 2 For this reason, quaternions are used in computer graphics, control theory... | History of quaternions | 0.799973 |
79,927 | Michel Xavier Goemans (born December, 1964) is a Belgian-American professor of applied mathematics and the RSA Professor of Mathematics at MIT working in discrete mathematics and combinatorial optimization at CSAIL and MIT Operations Research Center. | Michel Goemans | 0.799973 |
79,928 | In a 2019 speech, the Chief Scientist of Australia, Alan Finkel, commented, "At the time, most of us probably dismissed Vital as a PR exercise. I admit, I used her story three years ago to get a laugh in one of my speeches. "Florian Möslein, a law professor at the University of Marburg, wrote in 2018 that "Vital has wi... | VITAL (machine learning software) | 0.799973 |
79,929 | The lowest element in a tree structure, a terminal element, is one that is not further subdivided. In a Work Breakdown Structure such elements (activity or deliverable), also known as work packages, are the items that are estimated in terms of resource requirements, budget and duration; linked by dependencies; and sche... | Work Breakdown Structure | 0.799973 |
79,930 | At higher latitudes the surface was closer to the center of the Earth, so gravity increased with latitude. From this time on, pendulums began to be taken to distant lands to measure gravity, and tables were compiled of the length of the seconds pendulum at different locations on Earth. In 1743 Alexis Claude Clairaut cr... | Huygens' law | 0.799973 |
79,931 | Ru(C5H7O2)3 arises as follows:RuCl3·xH2O + 3 C5H8O2 → Ru(C5H7O2)3 + 3 H2O + 3 HClRuO4, is produced by oxidation.Some of these compounds were utilized in the research related to two Nobel Prizes. Ryōji Noyori was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2001 for the development of practical asymmetric hydrogenation catal... | RuCl3 | 0.799973 |
79,932 | The second condition of L {\displaystyle L} ensures that L {\displaystyle L} is not regular: Consider the string ( 013 ) 3 m ( 012 ) i {\displaystyle (013)^{3m}(012)^{i}} . This string is in L {\displaystyle L} exactly when i = 4 m {\displaystyle i=4m} and thus L {\displaystyle L} is not regular by the Myhill–Nerode th... | Pumping lemma for regular languages | 0.799971 |
79,933 | In general, if A is a von Neumann algebra, if the center is 1-dimensional we say A is a factor. Now suppose A is a von Neumann algebra whose center contains a sequence of minimal pairwise orthogonal non-zero projections {Ei}i ∈ N such that 1 = ∑ i ∈ N E i {\displaystyle 1=\sum _{i\in \mathbb {N} }E_{i}} Then A Ei is a ... | Direct integral | 0.799971 |
79,934 | A physics processing unit (PPU) is a processor specially designed to alleviate the calculation burden on the CPU, specifically calculations involving physics. PhysX PPUs were offered to consumers in the forms of PCI or PCIe cards by ASUS, BFG Technologies, Dell and ELSA Technology.Beginning with version 2.8.3 of the Ph... | PhysX | 0.799971 |
79,935 | The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for a variety of methods for addressing the problem of energy supply. These methods include promoting renewable sources such as sola... | Renewable-energy economy | 0.799971 |
79,936 | Here the Einstein summation convention will be used, which is to say that an index repeated as both subscript and superscript is being summed over all values. Let m denote the dimension of M. Recall that, relative to a local chart, a connection is given by m3 smooth functions with for any vector fields X and Y. Torsion... | Fundamental theorem of Riemannian geometry | 0.799971 |
79,937 | Mathematical Magick (complete title: Mathematical Magick, or, The wonders that may by performed by mechanical geometry.) is a treatise by the English clergyman, natural philosopher, polymath and author John Wilkins (1614 – 1672). It was first published in 1648 in London, another edition was printed in 1680 and further ... | Mathematical Magick | 0.799971 |
79,938 | Medical education agencies are a specialty subset of advertising agencies that develop educational content for the Healthcare, Life Science and Biotechnology industries. Medical education agencies are divided into two categories: | Medical education agency | 0.799971 |
79,939 | Astronomy Weather and Nature Meteors and meteorites | La Cañada Observatory | 0.79997 |
79,940 | In population genetics, the Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. These influences include genetic dri... | Hardy–Weinberg principle | 0.79997 |
79,941 | He published extensively (17 papers in 1930 alone, according to Lindley) and acquired an international reputation in the small world of probability mathematicians. He taught mathematical analysis in Padua and then won a chair in Financial Mathematics at Trieste University (1939). In 1954 he moved to the Sapienza Univer... | Bruno de Finetti | 0.79997 |
79,942 | Since the current is integrated over relatively longer time intervals, chronoamperometry gives a better signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to other amperometric techniques. There are two types of chronoamperometry that are commonly used: controlled-potential chronoamperometry and controlled-current chronoamperometry. ... | Chronoamperometry | 0.79997 |
79,943 | (10000; ten thousand or a myriad) Biology: Each neuron in the human brain is estimated to connect to 10,000 others. Demography: The population of Tuvalu was 10,544 in 2007. Lexicography: 14,500 unique English words occur in the King James Version of the Bible. Zoology: There are approximately 17,500 distinct butterfly ... | Orders of magnitude (numbers) | 0.79997 |
79,944 | Theorem (Pudlák 1985). There exists a direct limits preserving functor Φ, from the category of all distributive lattices with zero and 0-lattice embeddings to the category of all lattices with zero and 0-lattice embeddings, such that ConcΦ is naturally equivalent to the identity. Furthermore, Φ(S) is a finite atomistic... | Congruence lattice problem | 0.799969 |
79,945 | These results are not equivalent theorems; the Knaster–Tarski theorem is a much stronger result than what is used in denotational semantics. However, in light of the Church–Turing thesis their intuitive meaning is the same: a recursive function can be described as the least fixed point of a certain functional, mapping ... | Fixed point theory | 0.799969 |
79,946 | This led him, in the early 1890s, to a controversy with Peter Guthrie Tait and others in the pages of Nature.Gibbs's lecture notes on vector calculus were privately printed in 1881 and 1884 for the use of his students, and were later adapted by Edwin Bidwell Wilson into a textbook, Vector Analysis, published in 1901. T... | Josiah Willard Gibbs | 0.799969 |
79,947 | This theorem relies on definitions of genericity that can be found on the structural rigidity page. Let V ( E ) {\displaystyle V(E)} denote the vertex set of a set of edges E {\displaystyle E} . Geiringer-Laman Theorem. A graph G = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle G=(V,E)} is generically rigid in 2 {\displaystyle 2} -dimension... | Geiringer–Laman theorem | 0.799968 |
79,948 | Etendue can then remain constant or it can increase as light propagates through an optic, but it cannot decrease. This is a direct result of the fact that entropy must be constant or increasing. Conservation of etendue can be derived in different contexts, such as from optical first principles, from Hamiltonian optics ... | Etendue | 0.799968 |
79,949 | ν {\displaystyle \nu } represents: frequency in physics in hertz (Hz) Poisson's ratio in material science a neutrino kinematic viscosity of liquids stoichiometric coefficient in chemistry true anomaly in celestial mechanics degrees of freedom in statistics the matching number of a graph the p-adic valuation of a number | Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering | 0.799968 |
79,950 | This contradicts the study in the beginning of the paragraph. Despite this, the journal mentioned other similar studies that discovered far stronger correlations and believed a correlation to still be true.When specifically examining Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in nurses during the pandemic, there are many factors c... | Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes | 0.799967 |
79,951 | In July 2018, the Edge TPU was announced. Edge TPU is Google's purpose-built ASIC chip designed to run TensorFlow Lite machine learning (ML) models on small client computing devices such as smartphones known as edge computing. | TensorFlow | 0.799967 |
79,952 | sin B E C = sinh B C sinh C E = sinh B C sinh D A = sinh B C sin A C D sinh C A = sinh B C cos A C B sinh C A = sinh B C tanh C A tanh C B sinh C A = cosh B C cosh C A = cosh B C cosh C B cosh A B = 1 cosh A B . {\displaystyle \sin BEC={\frac {\sinh {BC}}{\sinh {CE}}}={\frac {\... | Angle of parallelism | 0.799966 |
79,953 | The ExcelPhysics variant used a flyback transformer to step up voltage, a 555 timing chip to provide modulation and a 44 kHz carrier signal, and an audio amplifier. The kit is no longer marketed. A flame speaker uses a modulated flame for the driver and could be considered related to the plasma loudspeaker. | Plasma arc loudspeaker | 0.799966 |
79,954 | In electrical engineering, overvoltage is the raising of voltage beyond the design limit of a circuit or circuit element. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient—a voltage spike—or permanent, leading to a power surge. | Overvoltage | 0.799966 |
79,955 | From the Szemerédi–Trotter theorem, the number of such lines is O ( n 2 / 2 3 j + n / 2 j ) {\displaystyle O(n^{2}/2^{3j}+n/2^{j})} , as follows: Consider the set P of n points, and the set L of all those lines spanned by pairs of points of P that contain at least 2 j {\displaystyle 2^{j}} points of P. Since no two poi... | Erdős–Beck theorem | 0.799966 |
79,956 | For example, geometry has its origins in the calculation of distances and areas in the real world; algebra started with methods of solving problems in arithmetic. There can be no doubt that most early peoples which have left records knew something of numeration and mechanics and that a few were also acquainted with the... | History of mathematical notation | 0.799965 |
79,957 | Fernandes), European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 144, pp. S166-S169, 2009. “The influence of material properties on the biomechanical behavior of the pelvic floor muscles during vaginal delivery” (with M.P.L. | João Arménio Correia Martins | 0.799965 |
79,958 | In computer science, rooted graphs in which the root vertex can reach all other vertices are called flow graphs or flowgraphs. Sometimes an additional restriction is added specifying that a flow graph must have a single exit (sink) vertex.Flow graphs may be viewed as abstractions of flow charts, with the non-structural... | Rooted graph | 0.799965 |
79,959 | In connection with the exchange graph method for proving the existence of combinatorial structures, it is of interest to ask how efficiently these structures may be found. For instance, suppose one is given as input a Hamiltonian cycle in a cubic graph; it follows from Smith's theorem that there exists a second cycle. ... | Degree sum formula | 0.799965 |
79,960 | The disorder is often presented as evidence of our incomplete knowledge of color processing. Color vision research is a well-studied field of modern neuroscience and the underlying anatomical processing in the retina have been well categorized. The presence of another factor in the perception of color by humans illustr... | Cerebral achromatopsia | 0.799965 |
79,961 | In geometry, a pentahedron (plural: pentahedra) is a polyhedron with five faces or sides. There are no face-transitive polyhedra with five sides and there are two distinct topological types. With regular polygon faces, the two topological forms are the square pyramid and triangular prism. | Pentahedron | 0.799965 |
79,962 | Organosulfur chemistry is the study of the properties and synthesis of organosulfur compounds, which are organic compounds that contain sulfur. They are often associated with foul odors, but many of the sweetest compounds known are organosulfur derivatives, e.g., saccharin. Nature is abound with organosulfur compounds—... | Organosulfur compounds | 0.799964 |
79,963 | Its solution chemistry is characterised by the formation of oxyanions. Germanium generally forms tetravalent (IV) compounds, and it can also form less stable divalent (II) compounds, in which it behaves more like a metal. Germanium analogues of all of the major types of silicates have been prepared. | Metalloid | 0.799964 |
79,964 | However, a lack of support can weaken a women's pledge to the field. For example, when circumstances in the department are adverse, those with frail assurance leave at a higher rate than those with adequate support. This happens because faculty can discourage women with unintentional comments or the expectation that a ... | Gender disparity in computing | 0.799964 |
79,965 | His citation was made by Enric Banda (Research Professor of Geophysics at the Institute of Earth Sciences in Barcelona): For his extraordinary contributions to the understanding of climate change through his discoveries concerning the role of the oceans and their interactions with the atmosphere, as well as the role of... | Wallace Smith Broecker | 0.799964 |
79,966 | Two (integral or fractional) ideals a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} } and b {\displaystyle \mathbf {b} } ares said to be equivalent, dented a ∼ b {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} \sim \mathbf {b} } , if there is a principal ideal ( α ) {\displaystyle (\alpha )} such that a = ( α ) b {\displaystyle \mathbf {a} =(\alpha )\mathbf ... | Gauss composition law | 0.799964 |
79,967 | Dual to scalar-valued functions – maps M → R {\displaystyle \scriptstyle M\to \mathbb {R} } – are maps R → M , {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbb {R} \to M,} which correspond to curves or paths in a manifold. One can also define these where the domain is an interval , {\displaystyle ,} especially the unit interval ,... | Maps of manifolds | 0.799963 |
79,968 | 2010. - http://www.guarana-project.net/rzfrantz/publications/mose-2010.pdf Towards Automatic Code Generation for EAI Solutions using DSL Tools, In Conference on Software Engineering and Databases (JISBD). 134-145. | Guaraná DSL | 0.799963 |
79,969 | Furthermore, since q is a factor of 2p − 1, which is odd, q is odd. Therefore, q ≡ 1 (mod 2p). This fact leads to a proof of Euclid's theorem, which asserts the infinitude of primes, distinct from the proof written by Euclid: for every odd prime p, all primes dividing 2p − 1 are larger than p; thus there are always lar... | Mersenne primes | 0.799962 |
79,970 | More recently slope stability radar technology has been employed, particularly in the mining industry, to gather real time data and assist in determining the likelihood of slope failure. Real life failures in naturally deposited mixed soils are not necessarily circular, but prior to computers, it was far easier to anal... | Slope stability | 0.799962 |
79,971 | While the early study of trigonometry can be traced to antiquity, the trigonometric functions as they are in use today were developed in the medieval period. The chord function was discovered by Hipparchus of Nicaea (180–125 BCE) and Ptolemy of Roman Egypt (90–165 CE).The sine and cosine functions can be traced to the ... | Sine (trigonometric function) | 0.799962 |
79,972 | In organic chemistry, the high dilution principle is a strategy for some macrocyclization reactions, i.e. the synthesis of macrocycles. Unlike the synthesis of 5- and 6-membered rings, the preparation of larger rings competes unfavorably with polymerization reactions. Polymers arise from coupling of long chain precurso... | High dilution principle | 0.799961 |
79,973 | Mapping cylinders are quite common homotopical tools. One use of mapping cylinders is to apply theorems concerning inclusions of spaces to general maps, which might not be injective. Consequently, theorems or techniques (such as homology, cohomology or homotopy theory) which are only dependent on the homotopy class of ... | Mapping cylinder | 0.799961 |
79,974 | He was educated at the University of Copenhagen Niels Bohr Institute, graduating in 1975 with a cand. scient degree in Physics and Mathematics. Subsequently he received a PhD degree in Physics from Cornell University in 1980. | Hassan Aref | 0.79996 |
79,975 | Its sole advantage was to reassure the consumer with its radical and impressive appearance, but it caused great harm to breeders, who sometimes took a very long time to build up their herd's genetics, and proved to be costly. It was subsequently called into question, notably in Switzerland where it was replaced by sele... | Mad cow crisis | 0.79996 |
79,976 | ZnS exists in two main crystalline forms. This dualism is an example of polymorphism. In each form, the coordination geometry at Zn and S is tetrahedral. The more stable cubic form is known also as zinc blende or sphalerite. | Zinc sulfide | 0.79996 |
79,977 | In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron. Every polyhedron with icosahedral s... | Icosahedral group | 0.79996 |
79,978 | He was a guest at Robert Oppenheimer's ranch in New Mexico, saw Babe Ruth play baseball, and was a spectator at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics.On returning to England in 1933, Penney was granted the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship to attend Trinity College, Cambridge. He changed his mathematical career to physics, and condu... | William Penney, Baron Penney | 0.79996 |
79,979 | Mercurous chloride is employed extensively in electrochemistry, taking advantage of the ease of its oxidation and reduction reactions. The calomel electrode is a reference electrode, especially in older publications. Over the past 50 years, it has been superseded by the silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. | Cl2Hg2 | 0.79996 |
79,980 | The theorem also includes a converse: if two quantum states do commute, there is a method for broadcasting them: they must have a common basis of eigenstates diagonalizing them simultaneously, and the map that clones every state of this basis is a legitimate quantum operation, requiring only physical resources independ... | No-broadcast theorem | 0.79996 |
79,981 | The gentamicin protection assay or survival assay or invasion assay is a method used in microbiology. It is used to quantify the ability of pathogenic bacteria to invade eukaryotic cells. The assay is based on several observations made in the 1970s, in which the ability of internalized bacteria to avoid killing by anti... | Gentamicin protection assay | 0.799959 |
79,982 | See the median voter theorem. It is truthful because the median function satisfies the strong monotonicity property. The notion was first presented by Duncan Black and later by Kenneth Arrow. | Single peaked preferences | 0.799959 |
79,983 | Lidar can be used to increase the energy output from wind farms by accurately measuring wind speeds and wind turbulence. Experimental lidar systems can be mounted on the nacelle of a wind turbine or integrated into the rotating spinner to measure oncoming horizontal winds, winds in the wake of the wind turbine, and pro... | Laser altimetry | 0.799959 |
79,984 | In geometry, an E9 honeycomb is a tessellation of uniform polytopes in hyperbolic 9-dimensional space. T ¯ 9 {\displaystyle {\bar {T}}_{9}} , also (E10) is a paracompact hyperbolic group, so either facets or vertex figures will not be bounded. E10 is last of the series of Coxeter groups with a bifurcated Coxeter-Dynkin... | E9 honeycomb | 0.799958 |
79,985 | In 1838, astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni successfully, and disproved Ptolemy's claim that parallax motion did not exist. This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus, providing accurate, dependable scientific observations, and conclusively displaying how dista... | Modern geocentrism | 0.799958 |
79,986 | in applied mathematics in 1959. He started working at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. In 1968, he became professor of computer science, mathematics, and operations research at the University of California, Berkeley. | Richard M. Karp | 0.799958 |
79,987 | In molecular biology, S4 domain refers to a small RNA-binding protein domain found in a ribosomal protein named uS4 (called S9 in eukaryotes). The S4 domain is approximately 60-65 amino acid residues long, occurs in a single copy at various positions in different proteins and was originally found in pseudouridine synth... | S4 protein domain | 0.799958 |
79,988 | Since as shown above, the classical definition is essentially the modern definition with only maximal ideals considered, this shows that the interpretation of the modern definition as "zero sets of functions" agrees with the classical definition where they both make sense. Just as Spec replaces affine varieties, the Pr... | Zariski dense | 0.799957 |
79,989 | Forensic electrical engineering is a branch of forensic engineering, and is concerned with investigating electrical failures and accidents in a legal context. Many forensic electrical engineering investigations apply to fires suspected to be caused by electrical failures. Forensic electrical engineers are most commonly... | Forensic electrical engineering | 0.799957 |
79,990 | Cryptography and watermarking were also part of the research conducted in the IRCCyN laboratory. It provides solutions for security and authentication. In cryptography, the instability of the transformed Mojette secures data. | Mojette Transform | 0.799957 |
79,991 | Freeze-drying (lyophilization) cycle development and optimization for pharmaceuticals. Flow diagnostics in hypersonic/re-entry speed research facilities and scramjet combustors. Oxygen tunable diode laser spectrometers play an important role in safety applications in a wide range of industrial processes, for this reaso... | Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometry | 0.799956 |
79,992 | However, process mining can be used to generate machine learning, data mining, and artificial intelligence problems. After discovering a process model and aligning the event log, it is possible to create basic supervised and unsupervised learning problems. For example, to predict the remaining processing time of a runn... | Process mining | 0.799956 |
79,993 | In the field of artificial intelligence (AI) design, AI capability control proposals, also referred to as AI confinement, aim to increase our ability to monitor and control the behavior of AI systems, including proposed artificial general intelligences (AGIs), in order to reduce the danger they might pose if misaligned... | AI capability control | 0.799955 |
79,994 | In number theory, a multiplicative function is an arithmetic function f(n) of a positive integer n with the property that f(1) = 1 and whenever a and b are coprime. An arithmetic function f(n) is said to be completely multiplicative (or totally multiplicative) if f(1) = 1 and f(ab) = f(a)f(b) holds for all positive int... | Multiplicative functions | 0.799955 |
79,995 | The Health Physics Society's position statement first adopted in January 1996, last revised in February 2019, states:Due to large statistical uncertainties, epidemiological studies have not provided consistent estimates of radiation risk for effective doses less than 100 mSv. Underlying dose-response relationships at m... | Linear no-threshold | 0.799955 |
79,996 | ISOLDE benefits a wide range of physics communities with applications covering nuclear, atomic, molecular and solid-state physics, but also biophysics and astrophysics, as well as high-precision experiments looking for physics beyond the Standard Model. The facility is operated by the ISOLDE Collaboration, comprising C... | ISOLDE | 0.799955 |
79,997 | Barlow received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from Knox College in 1953 and his master's degree from the University of Oregon in 1955. In 1961 he received his doctorate in mathematical statistics from Stanford University under Samuel Karlin. His dissertation was titled Applications of Semi-Markov Processes to Co... | Richard E. Barlow | 0.799954 |
79,998 | Forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence, such as DNA evidence, and the law. In contrast to "everyday" statistics, to not engender bias or unduly draw conclusions, forensic statisticians report likelihoods as likelihood ratios (LR). Spatial statistic... | List of fields of application of statistics | 0.799954 |
79,999 | History of computing History of computing, by subject History of computing hardware History of computing hardware (1960s–present) History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries History of artificial intelligence History of computer science History of operating systems History of programming languages History of... | Outline of information technology | 0.799954 |
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