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81,300 | Turing's proof is a proof by Alan Turing, first published in January 1937 with the title "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". It was the second proof (after Church's theorem) of the negation of Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem; that is, the conjecture that some purely mathematical yes... | Turing's proof | 0.799669 |
81,301 | Ensemble calculations of numerical weather prediction. Event simulation and reconstruction in particle physics. The marching squares algorithm. | Embarrassingly parallel | 0.799669 |
81,302 | H.235 • HAIFA construction • HAIPE • Hans Dobbertin • Hans-Thilo Schmidt • Hard-core predicate • Hardware random number generator • Hardware security module • Harold Keen • Harry Hinsley • Harvest (computer) • HAS-160 • Hash-based cryptography • Hashcash • Hash chain • Hash function security summary • Hash list • Hasty... | Index of cryptography articles | 0.799669 |
81,303 | Within software engineering, the mining software repositories (MSR) field analyzes the rich data available in software repositories, such as version control repositories, mailing list archives, bug tracking systems, issue tracking systems, etc. to uncover interesting and actionable information about software systems, p... | Mining software repositories | 0.799668 |
81,304 | As it contributes more to the understanding of human cognition than artificial intelligence, computational cognitive modeling emerged from the need to define various cognition functionalities (like motivation, emotion, or perception) by representing them in computational models of mechanisms and processes. Computationa... | Computational cognition | 0.799668 |
81,305 | Absolutely continuous and discrete distributions with support on R k {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{k}} or N k {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{k}} are extremely useful to model a myriad of phenomena, since most practical distributions are supported on relatively simple subsets, such as hypercubes or balls. However, this is ... | Discrete distribution | 0.799668 |
81,306 | The ABI instrument was delivered by L3Harris (formerly ITT Exelis). The SEISS was delivered by Assurance Technology Corporation. XRS and EUVS are being combined into the Extreme Ultra Violet and X-Ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS), which was delivered by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics of the University of... | Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite | 0.799668 |
81,307 | Eventually the advances enabled by the decimal system led to its standard use throughout the region and the world. 953 – Persia, Al-Karaji is the "first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He w... | Timeline of mathematics | 0.799668 |
81,308 | Among the wedding gifts are seven maids who will be Philology's servants. They are the seven liberal arts: Grammar (an old woman with a knife for excising children's grammatical errors), Dialectic, Rhetoric (a tall woman with a dress decorated with figures of speech and armed in a fashion to harm adversaries), Geometry... | Martianus Capella | 0.799668 |
81,309 | In fact, the properties of the space of wave functions were being used to make physical predictions (such as emissions from atoms being at certain discrete energies) before any physical interpretation of a particular function was offered. Born was awarded half of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for this understanding, ... | Transition amplitude | 0.799668 |
81,310 | Power-to-Heat (also PtH or P2H) is a rather new name for the conversion of electrical energy into heat. This can be done through conventional heating resistors, electrode boilers and heat pumps. The purpose of PtH systems is to utilize excess electricity generated by renewable energy sources which would otherwise be wa... | Power-to-heat | 0.799668 |
81,311 | In the system of differential equations, x ˙ = A x + X ( x , y ) , y ˙ = Y ( x , y ) {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}=Ax+X(x,y),\quad {\dot {y}}=Y(x,y)} where x ∈ R m {\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}} and y ∈ R n {\displaystyle y\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} are components of the system state, A ∈ R m × m {\displaystyle A\in \mat... | Lyapunov–Malkin theorem | 0.799667 |
81,312 | A nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate is a nanoparticle with biomolecules attached to its surface. Nanoparticles are minuscule particles, typically measured in nanometers (nm), that are used in nanobiotechnology to explore the functions of biomolecules. Properties of the ultrafine particles are characterized by the comp... | Nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate | 0.799667 |
81,313 | We will assume that there is no interaction between the contents of the streamtube and everything outside of it. That is, we are dealing with an isolated system. In physics, isolated systems must obey conservation laws. | Blade element momentum theory | 0.799667 |
81,314 | 1048) also introduced triangulation techniques to measure the size of the Earth and the distances between various places. Simplified Roman techniques then seem to have co-existed with more sophisticated techniques used by professional surveyors. But it was rare for such methods to be translated into Latin (a manual on ... | Triangulation (surveying) | 0.799667 |
81,315 | Feferman–Vaught theorem in model theory is a theorem by Solomon Feferman and Robert Lawson Vaught that shows how to reduce, in an algorithmic way, the first-order theory of a product of first-order structures to the first-order theory of elements of the structure. The theorem is considered as one of the standard result... | Feferman–Vaught theorem | 0.799667 |
81,316 | According to Brown (1991, p. 1966), "Non‑smooth analysis extends the local approximation of manifolds by tangent planes the analogous approximation of convex sets by tangent cones to sets" that can be non‑smooth or non‑convex. Economists have also used algebraic topology. | Convexity in economics | 0.799666 |
81,317 | For a new application, existing Kernels are selected as-is, or modified as necessary, and "plugged" in. An advection-diffusion-reaction equation is of the same mathematical form no matter what application it is being used for. Typically, only the form of the coefficients or the dependencies on other physics need to be ... | MOOSE (software) | 0.799666 |
81,318 | The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, from around 1550 BC, has Egyptian fraction expansions of different forms for prime and composite numbers. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from ancient Greek mathematics. Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BC) proves the infinitude of primes and ... | Prime factor | 0.799666 |
81,319 | In computer science, an algorithm is called non-blocking if failure or suspension of any thread cannot cause failure or suspension of another thread; for some operations, these algorithms provide a useful alternative to traditional blocking implementations. A non-blocking algorithm is lock-free if there is guaranteed s... | Non-blocking synchronization | 0.799665 |
81,320 | PTs become conductive when oxidized. The electrical conductivity results from the delocalization of electrons along the polymer backbone. Conductivity however is not the only interesting property resulting from electron delocalization. The optical properties of these materials respond to environmental stimuli, with dra... | Polythiophene | 0.799665 |
81,321 | However, because before can encapsulate arbitrary rules, it can be used to express lookahead as a syntactic predicate for a grammar. For example, the following parsing expression grammar describes the classic non-context-free language { a n b n c n: n ≥ 1 } {\displaystyle \{a^{n}b^{n}c^{n}:n\geq 1\}}: In Raku rules tha... | Raku rules | 0.799665 |
81,322 | Geometry-based: Gabriel graph (GG), Relative neighborhood graph (RNG), Voronoi diagram Spanning Tree Based: LMST, iMST Direction Based: Yao graph and Nearest neighbor graph, Cone Based Topology Control (CBTC), Distributed RNG Neighbor based: KNeigh, XTC Routing based: COMPOW | Topology control | 0.799665 |
81,323 | Magnetochemistry is concerned with the magnetic properties of chemical compounds. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. Molecular compounds that contain one or more unpaired electr... | Magnetic chemistry | 0.799665 |
81,324 | The conservation of the LRL vector corresponds to a subtle symmetry of the system. In classical mechanics, symmetries are continuous operations that map one orbit onto another without changing the energy of the system; in quantum mechanics, symmetries are continuous operations that "mix" electronic orbitals of the same... | Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector | 0.799665 |
81,325 | Twin studies are studies typically conducted comparing identical and fraternal twins. They aim to reveal the importance of environmental and genetic influences for traits, phenotypes, and disorders. Before the advancement of molecular genetics, twin studies were almost the only mode of investigation of genetic influenc... | Genetics of aggression | 0.799665 |
81,326 | Let X {\displaystyle X} be a Fréchet space over the field K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } . Then the following are equivalent: X {\displaystyle X} is not normable (that is, any continuous norm does not generate the topology) X {\displaystyle X} contains a vector subspace TVS-isomorphic to K N . {\displaystyle \mathbb {K... | Complemented subspace | 0.799664 |
81,327 | Note that Hippo TAZ protein is often confused with the gene TAZ, which is unrelated to the Hippo pathway. The gene TAZ produces the protein tafazzin. The official gene name for the Hippo TAZ protein is WWTR1. Also, the official names for MST1 and MST2 are STK4 and STK3, respectively. All databases for bioinformatics us... | Hippo signaling pathway | 0.799664 |
81,328 | ): Statistical Physics and Spatial Statistics. Lecture Notes in Physics 554, Springer-Verlag, 2000 and Mecke Klaus R. and Stoyan D. (eds. ): Morphology of Condensed Matter. Lecture Notes in Physics 600, Springer-Verlag, 2002. | Dietrich Stoyan | 0.799664 |
81,329 | The physical meaning of the parameter can also be extended by combining thermodynamics with a reasonable microphysics model for the vibrating atoms within a crystal. When the restoring force acting on an atom displaced from its equilibrium position is linear in the atom's displacement, the frequencies ωi of individual ... | Grüneisen parameter | 0.799664 |
81,330 | After completing his Abitur, Wolfgang Baumeister studied biology, chemistry, and physics from 1966 to 1967 at the University of Münster and from 1967 to 1969 at the University of Bonn. At the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf he was a graduate student from 1970 to 1973 and a research associate from 1973 to 1980 in t... | Wolfgang Baumeister | 0.799663 |
81,331 | In addition, investigations in astrometry have also been performed. The scientific work of the Central Institute for Astrophysics suffered strongly from the isolation of the GDR from the western world. It was very difficult to come into contact with western colleagues. After the autumn 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall, new... | Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam | 0.799663 |
81,332 | It has also been suggested that instead of or in addition to terraforming a hostile environment humans might adapt to these places by the use of genetic engineering, biotechnology and cybernetic enhancements. | Terraforming | 0.799663 |
81,333 | Neuroheuristics defines a scientific paradigm aimed to develop strategies that can be enabled to understand brain and mind following subsequent problems emerging from transdisciplinary studies including philosophy, psychology, neuroscience, pharmacology, physics, artificial intelligence, engineering, computer science, ... | Neuroheuristics | 0.799663 |
81,334 | In mathematics, the unit interval is the closed interval , that is, the set of all real numbers that are greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1. It is often denoted I (capital letter I). In addition to its role in real analysis, the unit interval is used to study homotopy theory in the field of topology... | Closed unit interval | 0.799663 |
81,335 | The smoothing problem (not to be confused with smoothing in statistics, image processing and other contexts) is the problem of estimating an unknown probability density function recursively over time using incremental incoming measurements. It is one of the main problems defined by Norbert Wiener. A smoother is an algo... | Smoothing problem (stochastic processes) | 0.799663 |
81,336 | Emanuel mentioned the Selfox study on the use of calcium channel blockers in treating hypertension, in which authors with a financial interest in the results reported much better results than the rest. Worse yet, test results sponsored by industry are likely to be widely published only if the results are positive. For ... | Ezekiel Emanuel | 0.799661 |
81,337 | In view of the role which mathematics plays in science and implications of scientific knowledge for all of our beliefs, revolutionary changes in man's understanding of the nature of mathematics could not but mean revolutionary changes in his understanding of science, doctrines of philosophy, religious and ethical belie... | Foundations of geometry | 0.799661 |
81,338 | Fetus auditory learning through environmental habituation has been seen in a variety of different modes, such as fetus learning of familiar melodies (Hepper, 1988), story fragments (DeCasper & Spence, 1986), recognition of mother's voice (Kisilevsky, 2003), and other studies showing evidence of fetal adaptation to nati... | Language acquisition | 0.799661 |
81,339 | This approach is popular in differential geometry and related fields, because it readily generalizes to mappings between differentiable manifolds. Differentials as nilpotent elements of commutative rings. This approach is popular in algebraic geometry. | Total differential | 0.79966 |
81,340 | In computer science, tree traversal (also known as tree search and walking the tree) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (e.g. retrieving, updating, or deleting) each node in a tree data structure, exactly once. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the nodes are visited. T... | Tree search | 0.79966 |
81,341 | Let 0 < ϵ , δ < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\epsilon ,\delta <1} . Let L {\displaystyle L} be an algorithm such that, given m {\displaystyle m} samples drawn from a fixed but unknown distribution D {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}} and labeled according to a concept c ∈ C {\displaystyle c\in {\mathcal {C}}} of length n {\displayst... | Occam learning | 0.79966 |
81,342 | Prime editing is a 'search-and-replace' genome editing technology in molecular biology by which the genome of living organisms may be modified. The technology directly writes new genetic information into a targeted DNA site. It uses a fusion protein, consisting of a catalytically impaired Cas9 endonuclease fused to an ... | Prime editing | 0.79966 |
81,343 | Danny Hillis and Sheryl Handler founded Thinking Machines Corporation (TMC) in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1983, moving in 1984 to Cambridge, MA. At TMC, Hillis assembled a team to develop what would become the CM-1 Connection Machine, a design for a massively parallel hypercube-based arrangement of thousands of micropr... | Connection Machine | 0.799659 |
81,344 | Examples of irreducible complexity can be found on virtually every page of a biochemistry textbook." Suggesting "these things cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution," he said they had been neglected by the scientific community.Behe first published the term "irreducible complexity" in his 1996 book Darwin's Black Bo... | Irreducibly complex | 0.799659 |
81,345 | The arrow from "topological" to "measurable" is dashed for the reason explained there: "In order to turn a topological space into a measurable space one endows it with a σ-algebra. The σ-algebra of Borel sets is the most popular, but not the only choice." | Space (mathematics) | 0.799659 |
81,346 | Fermi also conducted public lectures and wrote popular articles for scientists and teachers in order to spread knowledge of the new physics as widely as possible. Part of his teaching method was to gather his colleagues and graduate students together at the end of the day and go over a problem, often from his own resea... | Enrico Fermi | 0.799659 |
81,347 | Suresh was born in 1956 in Mumbai, India, and graduated from high school in Tamil Nadu at the age of 15. In May 1977, he received his BTech degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras in Chennai, graduating with a First Class with Distinction. Suresh received a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from I... | Subra Suresh | 0.799659 |
81,348 | In symplectic geometry, the Clifford torus gives an example of an embedded Lagrangian submanifold of C2 with the standard symplectic structure. (Of course, any product of embedded circles in C gives a Lagrangian torus of C2, so these need not be Clifford tori.) The Lawson conjecture states that every minimally embedded... | Clifford torus | 0.799659 |
81,349 | In numerical analysis, the Dormand–Prince (RKDP) method or DOPRI method, is an embedded method for solving ordinary differential equations (ODE). The method is a member of the Runge–Kutta family of ODE solvers. More specifically, it uses six function evaluations to calculate fourth- and fifth-order accurate solutions. | Dormand–Prince method | 0.799658 |
81,350 | Physical immobilization is simply coating a material with a biomimetic material without changing the structure of either. Various biomimetic materials with cell adhesive proteins (such as collagen or laminin) have been used in vitro to direct new tissue formation and cell growth. Cell adhesion and proliferation occurs ... | Surface modification of biomaterials with proteins | 0.799658 |
81,351 | The ring of endomorphisms of an elliptic curve can be of one of three forms: the integers Z; an order in an imaginary quadratic number field; or an order in a definite quaternion algebra over Q.When the field of definition is a finite field, there are always non-trivial endomorphisms of an elliptic curve, coming from t... | Singular moduli | 0.799658 |
81,352 | IXPE is built to last for two years. After that it may be retired and deorbited or given an extended mission. After launch and deployment of the IXPE spacecraft, NASA pointed the spacecraft at 1ES 1959+650, a black hole, and SMC X-1, a pulsar, for calibration. After that the spacecraft observed its first science target... | IXPE | 0.799658 |
81,353 | Earthquake energy is dispersed in waves from the hypocentre, causing ground movement omnidirectionally but typically modelled horizontally (in two directions) and vertically. PGA records the acceleration (rate of change of speed) of these movements, while peak ground velocity is the greatest speed (rate of movement) re... | Peak ground acceleration | 0.799658 |
81,354 | This approach generates a more traditional 3D triangle mesh similar to the geometry used for computer games and visual effects. The data volume is usually less but the quantization of real-world data into lower resolution data limits the resolution and visual fidelity. Trade-offs are generally made between mesh density... | Volumetric capture | 0.799657 |
81,355 | The Youyang Gu COVID-19 model (sometimes abbreviated YYG) is a computer software disease model for COVID-19 produced by independent data scientist Youyang Gu.The model is unique in applying machine learning to derive the basic reproduction number (R0) from data published by Johns Hopkins University's Center for Systems... | Youyang Gu COVID model | 0.799657 |
81,356 | It is especially useful on reactions that require the titrations of weak organic acids. Thus, it forms barium sulfate and barium phosphate with sulfuric and phosphoric acids, respectively. Reaction with hydrogen sulfide produces barium sulfide. Precipitation of many insoluble, or less soluble barium salts, may result f... | Barium hydroxide | 0.799657 |
81,357 | Physical Review X is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the American Physical Society covering all branches of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics. It is part of the Physical Review family of journals. The lead editors are Jean-Michel Raimond of the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie and... | Physical Review X | 0.799657 |
81,358 | Starting from relational algebra and first-order logic (which are equivalent by Codd's theorem) and the insight that important queries such as graph reachability are not expressible in this language, more powerful language based on logic programming and fixpoint logic such as datalog were studied. The theory also explo... | Database theory | 0.799657 |
81,359 | In 1693, Leibniz described a design of a machine which could, in theory, integrate differential equations, which he called "integraph".Leibniz was groping towards hardware and software concepts worked out much later by Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. In 1679, while mulling over his binary arithmetic, Leibniz imagined... | Algebra of concepts | 0.799657 |
81,360 | Onsager (1931, I) wrote: "Thus the vector field J of the heat flow is described by the condition that the rate of increase of entropy, less the dissipation function, be a maximum." Careful note needs to be taken of the opposite signs of the rate of entropy production and of the dissipation function, appearing in the le... | Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics | 0.799657 |
81,361 | Al-Haytham eventually concludes that heavenly bodies follow the same laws of physics as earthly bodies. Some astronomers theorized about gravity too, al-Khazini suggests that the gravity an object contains varies depending on its distance from the center of the universe. The center of the universe in this case refers t... | Islamic optics | 0.799657 |
81,362 | Modern physics deals with three basic types of spatial symmetry: reflection, rotation, and translation. The known elementary particles respect rotation and translation symmetry but do not respect mirror reflection symmetry (also called P-symmetry or parity). Of the four fundamental interactions—electromagnetism, the st... | Shadow matter | 0.799656 |
81,363 | In physics, slowly varying envelope approximation (SVEA, sometimes also called slowly varying asymmetric approximation or SVAA) is the assumption that the envelope of a forward-travelling wave pulse varies slowly in time and space compared to a period or wavelength. This requires the spectrum of the signal to be narrow... | Slowly varying envelope approximation | 0.799656 |
81,364 | In 1978 by plasmadesorption the mass of the palytoxin was measured to be 2861 g/mol and that it had 8 double bonds. Because palytoxin is such a large molecule, it took some time before the complete structure (including stereochemistry) was elucidated. Uemura et al. solved its planar chemical structure first and publish... | Palytoxin | 0.799656 |
81,365 | Lark – an object-oriented, procedural implementation of an Earley parser, that outputs a SPPF. NLTK – a Python toolkit with an Earley parser Spark – an object-oriented little language framework for Python implementing an Earley parser spark_parser – updated and packaged version of the Spark parser above, which runs in ... | Earley parser | 0.799656 |
81,366 | For fixed natural numbers m,n and abelian groups G,H exists a bijection between the set of all cohomology operations Θ: H m ( ⋅ , G ) → H n ( ⋅ , H ) {\displaystyle \Theta :H^{m}(\cdot ,G)\to H^{n}(\cdot ,H)} and H n ( K ( G , m ) , H ) {\displaystyle H^{n}(K(G,m),H)} defined by Θ ↦ Θ ( α ) {\displaystyle \Theta \mapst... | Eilenberg–MacLane space | 0.799656 |
81,367 | Hilbert's syzygy theorem states that, if M is a finitely generated module over a polynomial ring k {\displaystyle k} in n indeterminates over a field k, then the nth syzygy module of M is always a free module. In modern language, this implies that the projective dimension of M is at most n, and thus that there exists ... | Syzygy module | 0.799656 |
81,368 | Biopsychosocial models are a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio-environmental factors. These models specifically examine how these aspects play a role in topics ranging from human development, to health and disease, to information processing, and ... | Biopsychosocial model | 0.799655 |
81,369 | Fault zone hydrogeology is the study of how brittlely deformed rocks alter fluid flows in different lithological settings, such as clastic, igneous and carbonate rocks. Fluid movements, that can be quantified as permeability, can be facilitated or impeded due to the existence of a fault zone. This is because different ... | Fault zone hydrogeology | 0.799655 |
81,370 | In the following section it is shown that for 455 spheres the sausage packing is non-optimal, and that there instead exists a special cluster packing that occupies a smaller volume. The volume of a convex hull of a sausage packing with n {\displaystyle n} spheres of radius r {\displaystyle r} is calculable with element... | Finite sphere packing | 0.799655 |
81,371 | In mathematics, the intersection of two or more objects is another object consisting of everything that is contained in all of the objects simultaneously. For example, in Euclidean geometry, when two lines in a plane are not parallel, their intersection is the point at which they meet. More generally, in set theory, th... | Intersection | 0.799655 |
81,372 | Novotny also holds honorary doctorates from Uppsala University, Masaryk University and Charles University, and he has been a major figure in analytical separation methods. Novotny was recognized for the development of PAGE Polyacrylamide Gel-filled Capillaries for Capillary Electrophoresis in 1993. In his years of work... | Milos Novotny | 0.799655 |
81,373 | Additionally, the graph G ∪ d 1 ∪ d 2 {\displaystyle G\cup d_{1}\cup d_{2}} is a 2-tree, so G {\displaystyle G} is a partial 2-tree. Hence, by the theorem above both pairs ( G , d 1 ) {\displaystyle (G,d_{1})} and ( G , d 2 ) {\displaystyle (G,d_{2})} have the single interval property in R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ... | Cayley configuration space | 0.799655 |
81,374 | The set of unitriangular matrices forms a Lie group. The set of strictly upper (or lower) triangular matrices forms a nilpotent Lie algebra, denoted n . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {n}}.} | Simultaneously triangularizable | 0.799655 |
81,375 | Next consider the kernel, that is, the subspace ker(A − λI). If Ran ( A − λ I ) ∩ ker ( A − λ I ) = { 0 } , {\displaystyle \operatorname {Ran} (A-\lambda I)\cap \ker(A-\lambda I)=\{0\},} the desired result follows immediately from the rank–nullity theorem. (This would be the case, for example, if A were Hermitian.) | Jordan normal form | 0.799655 |
81,376 | Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging is used to part-of-speech tag a text. A high percentage of words in a natural language are words which out of context can be assigned more than one part of speech. The percentage of these ambiguous words is typically around 30%, although it depends greatly on the language. So... | Sliding window based part-of-speech tagging | 0.799655 |
81,377 | The algebraic geometers of the Italian school had often used the somewhat foggy concept of the generic point of an algebraic variety. What is true for the generic point is true for "most" points of the variety. In Weil's Foundations of Algebraic Geometry (1946), generic points are constructed by taking points in a very... | Scheme theory | 0.799655 |
81,378 | in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Following his graduation, Truchard worked as managing director of the acoustical measurements division at the U.T. Applied Research Laboratories. | James Truchard | 0.799654 |
81,379 | The Gray graph is interesting as the first known example of a cubic graph having the algebraic property of being edge but not vertex transitive (see below). The Gray graph has chromatic number 2, chromatic index 3, radius 6 and diameter 6. It is also a 3-vertex-connected and 3-edge-connected non-planar graph. | Gray graph | 0.799654 |
81,380 | From that and P→Z, we get P→Q. Then we apply modus ponens with (P→Q)→Z as the major premise to get Z. Applying the deduction theorem, we get that (Z→Q)→Z follows from the original premises. Then we use Peirce's law in the form ((Z→Q)→Z)→Z and modus ponens to derive Z from the original premises. Then we can finish off p... | Peirce's law | 0.799654 |
81,381 | Glashow is a skeptic of superstring theory due to its lack of experimentally testable predictions. He had campaigned to keep string theorists out of the Harvard physics department, though the campaign failed. About ten minutes into "String's the Thing", the second episode of The Elegant Universe TV series, he describes... | Sheldon Glashow | 0.799654 |
81,382 | Over many years of operation, it may be able to produce a map of the neutrino flux from cosmic origins in the Southern Hemisphere. Of particular interest would be the detection of astrophysical point sources of neutrinos, possibly in correlation with observations in other bands (such as gamma rays sources observed by t... | RE6 experiment | 0.799654 |
81,383 | The main results are those of William Browder (1969), who reduced the problem from differential topology to stable homotopy theory and showed that the only possible dimensions are 2 k − 2 {\displaystyle 2^{k}-2} , and those of Michael A. Hill, Michael J. Hopkins, and Douglas C. Ravenel (2016), who showed that there wer... | Kervaire invariant problem | 0.799653 |
81,384 | The history of quantum mechanics continues in the history of quantum field theory. The history of quantum chemistry, theoretical basis of chemical structure, reactivity, and bonding, interlaces with the events discussed in this article. The phrase "quantum mechanics" was coined (in German, Quantenmechanik) by the group... | Modern quantum theory | 0.799653 |
81,385 | In 1949 Alexander and Johnson published Colloid Science which an anonymous reviewer praised as a broad, modern, and authoritative treatment of the subject of colloid physics and chemistry from the fundamental rather than from the phenomenological viewpoint.In Australia, the government of New South Wales created an Inst... | Albert Ernest Alexander | 0.799653 |
81,386 | Consider a ring or algebra in which the exponential e A = exp ( A ) = 1 + A + 1 2 ! A 2 + ⋯ {\displaystyle e^{A}=\exp(A)=1+A+{\tfrac {1}{2! }}A^{2}+\cdots } can be meaningfully defined, such as a Banach algebra or a ring of formal power series. | Commutator (group theory) | 0.799653 |
81,387 | DESY's function is to conduct fundamental research for solely civil and peaceful purposes. It specialises in particle accelerator development, construction and operation, particle physics, astroparticle physics and photon science research to explore the fundamental relationships between the structure, dynamics and func... | DESY | 0.799653 |
81,388 | ; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). "Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D." | Sulphur-mercury theory of metals | 0.799652 |
81,389 | The American Naturalist The Biological Bulletin Freshwater Science International Journal of Plant Sciences The Journal of Geology Physiological and Biochemical Zoology The Quarterly Review of Biology | Freshwater Science | 0.799652 |
81,390 | PLOS Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology. Publication began on October 13, 2003. It is the first journal published by the Public Library of Science. The editor-in-chief is Nonia Pariente.In addition to research articles, the journal publishes magazine content aimed to b... | PLOS Biology | 0.799652 |
81,391 | The above examples show the potential reactivity and specificity of these molecules. The binding cavity between the side arms of the tweezer can evolve to bind to an appropriate guest with high specificity, depending on the configuration of the tweezer. That makes this overall class of macromolecule truly synthetic mol... | Molecular tweezer | 0.799652 |
81,392 | In order to apply combinatorial chemistry for the synthesis of DNA-encoded chemical libraries, a Split-&-Pool approach was pursued. Initially a set of unique DNA-oligonucleotides (n) each containing a specific coding sequence is chemically conjugated to a corresponding set of small organic molecules. Consequently, the ... | DNA-encoded chemical library | 0.799652 |
81,393 | It also uses a 2nd generation (G-2) HEUI (Hydraulic-Electronic Unit injector) direct injection fuel system, as well as a variable-geometry turbocharger, which is designed to reduce turbo lag and create better throttle response. An optional TorqShift 5-speed automatic transmission is available for Ford trucks. This spec... | Navistar VT engine | 0.799652 |
81,394 | Features evolved for one purpose may be co-opted for a different one, as when the insulating feathers of dinosaurs were co-opted for bird flight. Adaptation is a major topic in the philosophy of biology, as it concerns function and purpose (teleology). Some biologists try to avoid terms which imply purpose in adaptatio... | Adaptation | 0.799652 |
81,395 | The use of h A {\displaystyle h_{A}} for the covariant hom-functor and h A {\displaystyle h^{A}} for the contravariant hom-functor is not completely standard. Many texts and articles either use the opposite convention or completely unrelated symbols for these two functors. However, most modern algebraic geometry texts ... | Yoneda's lemma | 0.799652 |
81,396 | In condensed matter physics, the moiré phenomenon is commonly discussed for two-dimensional materials. The effect occurs when there is mismatch between the lattice parameter or angle of the 2D layer and that of the underlying substrate, or another 2D layer, such as in 2D material heterostructures. The phenomenon is exp... | Moiré effect | 0.799652 |
81,397 | Brandstädt is an active researcher in graph algorithms, discrete mathematics, combinatorial optimization, and graph theory. A frequently used tool in his papers is tree structure of graphs and hypergraphs such as for hypertrees, strongly chordal graphs and chordal graphs. He frequently took part in program committees s... | Andreas Brandstädt | 0.799651 |
81,398 | Controlled-rate and slow freezing, also known as slow programmable freezing (SPF), is a technique where cells are cooled to around -196 °C over the course of several hours. Slow programmable freezing was developed during the early 1970s, and eventually resulted in the first human frozen embryo birth in 1984. Since then... | Slow cooling | 0.799651 |
81,399 | Complex convexity is a general term in complex geometry. | Complex convexity | 0.799651 |
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