id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 20 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 104 | similarity float32 0.8 0.91 |
|---|---|---|---|
81,400 | A topological group is a locally compact group if the underlying topological space is locally compact and Hausdorff; a topological group is abelian if the underlying group is abelian. Examples of locally compact abelian groups include finite abelian groups, the integers (both for the discrete topology, which is also in... | Locally compact abelian topological group | 0.799651 |
81,401 | In the fpqc topology, any faithfully flat and quasi-compact morphism is a cover. These topologies are closely related to descent. The "pure" faithfully flat topology without any further finiteness conditions such as quasi compactness or finite presentation is not used much as is not subcanonical; in other words, repres... | Flat cohomology | 0.799651 |
81,402 | Let ( F , + , ⋅ , < ) {\displaystyle (F,+,\cdot ,<)} be an arbitrary ordered field, and M {\displaystyle M} a nonempty set; a function d: M × M → F + ∪ { 0 } {\displaystyle d:M\times M\to F^{+}\cup \{0\}} is called a metric on M , {\displaystyle M,} if the following conditions hold: d ( x , y ) = 0 {\displaystyle d(x,y... | Generalised metric | 0.79965 |
81,403 | For sometime, the PINSTECH became affiliated with the Quaid-i-Azam University in 1967, bearing some special materials testing. Soon, the scientists from Institute of Theoretical Physics at the Quaid-i-Azam University joined the PINSTECH to engage research in physics. After the war with India in 1971, President of Pakis... | Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology | 0.79965 |
81,404 | Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an obse... | Causal analysis | 0.79965 |
81,405 | After a childhood fever, he suffered from very sensitive eyes, and believed that he would soon go blind. For fear of losing his ability to read, he devoured any book available and trained his memory. He thus immersed himself in Greek and Latin literature, acquired the ability to recall entire pages verbatim weeks after... | Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre | 0.79965 |
81,406 | Sure Chill Technology is a cooling technology that is currently being used in medical refrigerators, but is thought to have wider potential in the future for domestic refrigerators and beverage coolers. According to BBC, the refrigerator's temperature 'can stay at 4°C for more than 10 days without power, and is used ma... | Sure Chill Technology | 0.79965 |
81,407 | Horizon: The Hunt for AI (BBC 2, 2012). Marcus Du Sautoy asks how close mankind is to creating computers or robots that can think for themselves – artificial intelligence, AI. First broadcast on 3 April 2012. | Marcus du Sautoy | 0.799649 |
81,408 | Observe that the KC is a measure of a "compactness" of the point set—trivially, if all points in the point set were at the same location, the KC would evaluate to a large value. The cost function of the point set registration algorithm for some transformation parameter θ {\displaystyle \theta } is defined thus: Some al... | Point cloud registration | 0.799649 |
81,409 | However, conceptually it is easier to derive by considering a reflecting telescope. If an extended object with angular size α {\displaystyle \alpha } is observed through a telescope, then due to the Laws of reflection and Trigonometry the size of the image projected onto the focal plane will be s = tan ( α ) f . {\di... | Optical telescopes | 0.799649 |
81,410 | In 1986, V.A. Okhonin (Institute of Biophysics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk) had patented the STED idea. This patent was unknown to Hell and Wichmann in 1994. | STED microscope | 0.799648 |
81,411 | Recently, scientists have been improving their knowledge of the genetics of resistance to the blast fungus, one of the most damaging diseases of rice. Using the techniques of biotechnology, they are developing cultivars with more durable disease resistance. In the uplands, the blast is particularly important because th... | Upland rice | 0.799648 |
81,412 | Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates (forms covalent links between) its genetic information into that of the host cell it infects. Retroviral INs are not to be confused with phage integrases (recombinases) used in biotechnology, such as λ phage integrase, as disc... | Retroviral integrase | 0.799648 |
81,413 | Stuart B. Levy, M.D., Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and of Medicine, was the Director of the Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance at Tufts University School of Medicine and staff physician at the Tufts Medical Center. He also served as President of the International Alliance for the Prud... | Stuart B. Levy | 0.799648 |
81,414 | This is a compilation of initialisms and acronyms commonly used in astronomy. Most are drawn from professional astronomy, and are used quite frequently in scientific publications. A few are frequently used by the general public or by amateur astronomers. The acronyms listed below were placed into one or more of these c... | Astronomical acronyms | 0.799647 |
81,415 | The HX1750 includes an FPU and peripherals on chip. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) MIL-STD-1750AAV space flight qualified processor. A multi-board silicon on sapphire implementation specifically designed for space flight. | MIL-STD-1750A | 0.799647 |
81,416 | This feature may cause packet analyzers that are unaware or uncertain about the use of checksum offload to report invalid checksums in outbound packets that have not yet reached the network adapter. This will only occur for packets that are intercepted before being transmitted by the network adapter; all packets transm... | TCP acceleration | 0.799646 |
81,417 | William Messing is an American mathematician who works in the field of arithmetic algebraic geometry. Messing received his doctorate in 1971 at Princeton University under the supervisions of Alexander Grothendieck (and Nicholas Katz) with his thesis entitled The Crystals Associated to Barsotti–Tate Groups: With Applica... | William Messing | 0.799646 |
81,418 | These systems are often governed by nonlinear differential equations. The few mathematical techniques which have been developed to handle them are more difficult and much less general, often applying only to narrow categories of systems. These include limit cycle theory, Poincaré maps, Lyapunov stability theorem, and d... | Control strategy | 0.799646 |
81,419 | New labs, centers, and institutes have been established in Japan and overseas, including: in 1984, the Life Science Center in Tsukuba in 1995, the Muon Research Facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK in 1997, the Harima Institute, the Brain Science Institute in Wako, and the center at the Brookhaven N... | Riken | 0.799646 |
81,420 | In magnetohydrodynamics, Alfvén's theorem states that the magnetic flux through a surface, such as the surface of a flux tube, moving along with a perfectly conducting fluid is conserved. In other words, the magnetic field is constrained to move with the fluid or is "frozen-in" to the fluid. This can be shown mathemati... | Magnetic flux tube | 0.799646 |
81,421 | Early studies of black holes relied on explicit solutions of Einstein's equations, notably the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild solution (used to describe a static black hole) and the axisymmetric Kerr solution (used to describe a rotating, stationary black hole, and introducing interesting features such as the ergo... | General Relativity Theory | 0.799645 |
81,422 | In experimental physics, and particularly in high energy and nuclear physics, a parasite experiment or parasitic experiment is an experiment performed using a big particle accelerator or other large facility, without interfering with the scheduled experiments of that facility. This allows the experimenters to proceed w... | Parasite experiment | 0.799645 |
81,423 | In the examples above, we may see that interchanging limits may or may not give the same result. A sufficient condition for interchanging limits is given by the Moore-Osgood theorem. The essence of the interchangeability depends on uniform convergence. | Iterated limit | 0.799645 |
81,424 | Speakers agreed that it requires the understanding of industrial needs, focused R&D and suitable funding instruments, as well as the identification of areas where nanotechnology is most likely to have impact. One of the event highlights was a video message by U2’s guitarist, David Howell Evans, better known as The Edge... | EuroNanoForum | 0.799645 |
81,425 | In organic chemistry, 1β-Methylseleno-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is an amino sugar containing selenium. It is found in urine, as a disposal metabolite for selenium. | 1β-Methylseleno-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine | 0.799645 |
81,426 | Earnie; Rainbow; Popcorn Chat; Pygmy Hippo (October 12, 1985) Dinosaurs; Bullet Proof Vest; Heartburn Chat; Killer Whales (October 22, 1985) Space Shuttle; Rube Goldberg; Crazy Inventions (October 29, 1985) Chimp Communication; Bends; Sweating Chat; Cold Remedies (November 2, 1985) Boomerangs; Cooking Chemistry; Bears ... | Newton's Apple | 0.799644 |
81,427 | However, they may contain valuable information for other topics ("recycle the waste!"). For computational materials science, Scheffler, together with Claudia Draxl, designed and set up a database where research data can be stored in a well-documented manner and where the research data are also available to other resear... | Matthias Scheffler | 0.799644 |
81,428 | He has performed advanced aerodynamic research and applied his research results to industry turbomachinery design. He developed a three-dimensional viscous optimization design procedure for industry turbomachinery aerodynamic and heat transfer design. He was one of the pioneers that helped develop high efficiency and w... | Cheng Xu | 0.799644 |
81,429 | This circumstance is the re-establishing of equilibrium... Imagine two bodies A and B, kept each at a constant temperature, that of A being higher than that of B. These two bodies, to which we can give or from which we can remove the heat without causing their temperatures to vary, exercise the functions of two unlimit... | Available energy | 0.799644 |
81,430 | Semantic parsing is the task of converting a natural language utterance to a logical form: a machine-understandable representation of its meaning. Semantic parsing can thus be understood as extracting the precise meaning of an utterance. Applications of semantic parsing include machine translation, question answering, ... | Semantic parser | 0.799644 |
81,431 | Identification of the Rho family of GTPases began in the mid-1980s. The first identified Rho member was RhoA, isolated serendipitously in 1985 from a low stringency cDNA screening. Rac1 and Rac2 were identified next, in 1989 followed by Cdc42 in 1990. Eight additional mammalian Rho members were identified from biologic... | Rho family of GTPases | 0.799643 |
81,432 | IUPAC committee has a long history of officially naming organic and inorganic compounds. IUPAC nomenclature is developed so that any compound can be named under one set of standardized rules to avoid duplicate names. The first publication on IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds was A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of O... | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry | 0.799643 |
81,433 | In 4-dimensional geometry, the icosahedral bipyramid is the direct sum of a icosahedron and a segment, {3,5} + { }. Each face of a central icosahedron is attached with two tetrahedra, creating 40 tetrahedral cells, 80 triangular faces, 54 edges, and 14 vertices. An icosahedral bipyramid can be seen as two icosahedral p... | Icosahedral bipyramid | 0.799643 |
81,434 | Usually in quantum mechanics it is also demanded that the derivative of the wavefunction in addition to the wavefunction itself be continuous; here this demand would lead to the only solution being the constant zero function, which is not what we desire, so we give up this demand (as this system with infinite potential... | Infinite quantum well | 0.799642 |
81,435 | From 1977 to 1982 he worked for his habilitation in organic chemistry at the Free University Berlin with a focus on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and double resonance methods, such as ENDOR/TRIPLE. From 1979 to 1989 the FU Berlin employed him as an assistant professor, and as an associate professor at the Chemi... | Wolfgang Lubitz | 0.799642 |
81,436 | In the language of abstract polytopes, the small cubicuboctahedron is a faithful realization of this abstract toroidal polyhedron, meaning that it is a nondegenerate polyhedron and that they have the same symmetry group. In fact, every automorphism of the abstract genus 3 surface with this tiling is realized by an isom... | Small cubicuboctahedron | 0.799642 |
81,437 | The Homestake experiment was followed by other experiments with the same purpose, such as Kamiokande in Japan, SAGE in the former Soviet Union, GALLEX in Italy, Super Kamiokande, also in Japan, and SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) in Ontario, Canada. SNO was the first detector able to detect neutrino oscillation, sol... | Homestake Experiment | 0.799642 |
81,438 | The traditional source of the law of non-contradiction is Aristotle's Metaphysics where he gives three different versions. Ontological: "It is impossible that the same thing belong and not belong to the same thing at the same time and in the same respect." (1005b19-20) Psychological: "No one can believe that the same t... | Principle of non-contradiction | 0.799642 |
81,439 | Shallow parsing (also chunking or light parsing) is an analysis of a sentence which first identifies constituent parts of sentences (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) and then links them to higher order units that have discrete grammatical meanings (noun groups or phrases, verb groups, etc.). While the most elementary ch... | Shallow parsing | 0.799641 |
81,440 | Moussouris had interest in computers at a young age and learned to program in BASIC on a Commodore 64 that her mother bought her in 3rd grade. She was the first girl to take AP Computer Science at her high school. She attended Simmons College to study molecular biology and mathematics and simultaneously worked on the H... | Katie Moussouris | 0.799641 |
81,441 | He established the Astrobiology Group there in 1997 and until his retirement in late 2011 he headed their astrobiology research. He conducted research on microbial extremophiles in the Antarctic, microfossils, and chemical biomarkers in precambrian rocks and in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Hoover has published cl... | Richard B. Hoover | 0.799641 |
81,442 | But since black holes lack a surface, acceleration due to gravity increases exponentially, but never reaches a final value as there is no considered surface in a singularity. In quantum mechanics, the black hole emits Hawking radiation and so it can come to thermal equilibrium with a gas of radiation (not compulsory). ... | White Holes | 0.799641 |
81,443 | 1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene (diars) is the organoarsenic compound with the formula C6H4(As(CH3)2)2. The molecule consists of two dimethylarsino groups attached to adjacent carbon centers of a benzene ring. It is a chelating ligand in coordination chemistry. This colourless oil is commonly abbreviated "diars." | 1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene | 0.799641 |
81,444 | The Interactive Compilation Interface (ICI) is a plugin system with a high-level compiler-independent and low-level compiler-dependent API to transform current black-box compilers into collaborative modular interactive toolsets. It was developed by Grigori Fursin during MILEPOST project. The ICI framework acts as a "mi... | Interactive Compilation Interface | 0.799641 |
81,445 | Ramsey's theorem concerns the problem of k-coloring the edges of a large complete graph Kn in order to avoid creating monochromatic complete subgraphs Ks of some given size s. According to the theorem, there exists a number Rk(s) such that, whenever n ≥ R(s), such a coloring is not possible. For instance, R2(3) = 6, th... | Chromatic index | 0.799641 |
81,446 | In 2006, he published an article in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, claiming that attractive people are 26% less likely to have male offspring. In a letter to the editors regarding Kanazawa's claim that attractive people are more likely to have daughters, Columbia statistician Andrew Gelman points out that a correc... | Savanna principle | 0.79964 |
81,447 | Globally it is estimated that at least 8.5% of children have consanguineous parents.In clinical genetics, consanguinity is defined as a union between two individuals who are related as second cousins or closer, with the inbreeding coefficient (F) equal or higher than 0.0156, where (F) represents the proportion of genet... | Cousin chart | 0.79964 |
81,448 | LEMON is an open source graph library written in the C++ language providing implementations of common data structures and algorithms with focus on combinatorial optimization tasks connected mainly with graphs and networks. The library is part of the COIN-OR project. LEMON is an abbreviation of Library for Efficient Mod... | LEMON (C++ library) | 0.79964 |
81,449 | Ahmed Zewail from Caltech was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. Using modern control theory, new horizons may open for studying the interaction of atoms and molecules, and new ways and possible limits may be discovered for intervening in the intimate processes of the microworld. ... | Cybernetical Physics | 0.799639 |
81,450 | Since the usual domains of applicability of general relativity and quantum mechanics are so different, most situations require that only one of the two theories be used. : 842–844 The two theories are considered incompatible in regions of extremely small scale – the Planck scale – such as those that exist within a blac... | Theories of everything | 0.799638 |
81,451 | At first glance one might think of them as differing simply in the size of objects that they describe, classical objects being considered far larger as to mass and geometrical size than quantal objects, for example a football versus a fine particle of dust. More refined consideration distinguishes classical and quantum... | Macroscopic scale | 0.799638 |
81,452 | The Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) is an assessment framework and assessor certification program designed to increase the trust in measures of compliance to a variety of standards published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.The CMMC framework and model was developed by Office of t... | Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification | 0.799638 |
81,453 | The definitions of the thermodynamic potentials may be differentiated and, along with the first and second laws of thermodynamics, a set of differential equations known as the fundamental equations follow. (Actually they are all expressions of the same fundamental thermodynamic relation, but are expressed in different ... | Thermodynamic potentials | 0.799638 |
81,454 | Given a knot in the 3-sphere, the knot complement is all the points of the 3-sphere not contained in the knot. A major theorem of Gordon and Luecke states that at most two knots have homeomorphic complements (the original knot and its mirror reflection). This in effect turns the study of knots into the study of their c... | Knots and graphs | 0.799638 |
81,455 | Remarkably, if g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is finite dimensional, the apparently much weaker condition (2) is actually equivalent to (1), as stated by Engel's theorem: A finite dimensional Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} is nilpotent if and only if all elements of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} a... | Nilpotent Lie algebra | 0.799638 |
81,456 | At the point where the yield was similar to a hand grenade, the amount of energy needed to start the fusion reaction was small enough that it could be produced by a laser. Nuckolls' version differed from Brueckner's only in design details, the underlying physics was identical.Due to Nuckolls' work, the AEC considered l... | KMS Fusion | 0.799638 |
81,457 | Roth was born in Lomnička, and originally completed his vocational training as a mechanic for agricultural machinery and as a programmer. He started his university studies in 1957 at the then Hochschule fuer Elektrotechnik Ilmenau in electrical engineering, with a specialization in control engineering under Karl Reinis... | Michael Roth (cyberneticist) | 0.799637 |
81,458 | It accumulates everything robotics into a comprehensive and interconnected knowledge base. Applications include prototyping for robotics research, household robots, and self-driving cars. The goal is as direct as the project's name—to create a centralised, always-online brain for robots to tap into. | Cloud robotics | 0.799637 |
81,459 | In quantum computing, quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical version of ordinary computer memory. Whereas ordinary memory stores information as binary states (represented by "1"s and "0"s), quantum memory stores a quantum state for later retrieval. These states hold useful computational information known as qubits. U... | Quantum memory | 0.799637 |
81,460 | The near-time approach uses the recent fossil record (usually from the Late Pleistocene or the Holocene) to provide a long-term context to extant ecosystems dynamics. The fossil record is, in many cases, the only source of information on conditions previous to human impacts. These records can be used as reference basel... | Conservation paleobiology | 0.799637 |
81,461 | Eigen desired to study physics, but since returning soldiers who were previously enrolled received priority, he enrolled in Geophysics. He earned an undergraduate degree and entered graduate study in natural sciences. One of his advisors was Werner Heisenberg, the noted proponent of the uncertainty principle. He receiv... | Manfred Eigen | 0.799637 |
81,462 | Rouse accepted the analyses based on molecular phylogenetics, and their main conclusions are now the scientific consensus, although the details of the annelid family tree remain uncertain.In addition to re-writing the classification of annelids and three previously independent phyla, the molecular phylogenetics analyse... | Annelid worm | 0.799637 |
81,463 | In the paper of Edward F. Moore, ( n ; m ; p ) {\displaystyle (n;m;p)} , an automaton (or a machine) S {\displaystyle S} , is defined as a device with n {\displaystyle n} states, m {\displaystyle m} input symbols and p {\displaystyle p} output symbols. Nine theorems on the structure of S {\displaystyle S} and experimen... | Anatoly Karatsuba | 0.799637 |
81,464 | Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms ... | Index of optics articles | 0.799636 |
81,465 | Upon the end of World War II, he enrolled as a graduate student at Harvard. In 1947 he received his Ph.D. for research on the structure of matter at high pressure, as a student under Professor Percy Williams Bridgman, who in 1946 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his remarkable research in the field he effecti... | Gerald Holton | 0.799636 |
81,466 | Measurable factors in cellular analysis and flow cytometry include a diverse set of traits and indicators that provide important insights into cell biology and function. Flow cytometry techniques can quantify and evaluate these factors, allowing researchers to investigate and analyze various aspects of cells. Here are ... | Fluorescent-activated cell sorting | 0.799636 |
81,467 | A blackboard system is an artificial intelligence approach based on the blackboard architectural model, where a common knowledge base, the "blackboard", is iteratively updated by a diverse group of specialist knowledge sources, starting with a problem specification and ending with a solution. Each knowledge source upda... | Blackboard system | 0.799636 |
81,468 | It does not satisfy the later-no-harm criterion, meaning that giving a positive rating to a less preferred candidate can cause a more preferred candidate to lose. It does not satisfy the majority criterion, but it satisfies a weakened form of it: a majority can force their choice to win, although they might not exercis... | Utilitarian voting | 0.799635 |
81,469 | Adobe's lack of publicized progress opened opportunities for other projects to build alternative products to VOCO, such as Resemble AI and 15.ai, a real-time text-to-speech tool using artificial intelligence. WaveNet is a similar but open-source research project at London-based artificial intelligence firm DeepMind, de... | Adobe Voco | 0.799634 |
81,470 | Carlos Sánchez Infrared Telescope (TCS): 152 cm diameter installed by the UK in 1971 Mons reflecting telescope: 50 cm diameter, operated by the University of Mons (Belgium), built in 1972. IAC-80 Telescope: 80 cm IAC telescope, installed in 1991. OGS Telescope: 1 m European Space Agency optical ground station for satel... | Teide Observatory | 0.799634 |
81,471 | In physics, an infrared fixed point is a set of coupling constants, or other parameters, that evolve from initial values at very high energies (short distance) to fixed stable values, usually predictable, at low energies (large distance). This usually involves the use of the renormalization group, which specifically de... | Infrared fixed point | 0.799633 |
81,472 | Arrow's impossibility theorem states that for three and more candidates, the only unanimous voting rule for which there is always a Condorcet winner is a dictatorship. The usual proof of Arrow's theorem is combinatorial. Kalai gave an alternative proof of this result in the case of three candidates using Fourier analys... | Analysis of Boolean functions | 0.799633 |
81,473 | Applications of extreme value theory include predicting the probability distribution of: Extreme floods; the size of freak waves Tornado outbreaks Maximum sizes of ecological populations Side effects of drugs (e.g., ximelagatran) The magnitudes of large insurance losses Equity risks; day-to-day market risk Mutational e... | Extreme value analysis | 0.799633 |
81,474 | Robot competition National ElectroniX Olympiad ABU Robocon BEST Robotics Botball DARPA Grand Challenge – prize competition for American autonomous vehicles, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the most prominent research organization of the United States Department of Defense. DARPA Grand Challenge... | Outline of robotics | 0.799633 |
81,475 | In medical terminology, a temporal encroachment has to do with bones in the skull pressing tightly against the brain after an injury to the head. In computer science, a temporal key that is improperly validatated is considered a temporal encroachment. | Temporal encroachment | 0.799633 |
81,476 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the windmill graph Wd(k,n) is an undirected graph constructed for k ≥ 2 and n ≥ 2 by joining n copies of the complete graph Kk at a shared universal vertex. That is, it is a 1-clique-sum of these complete graphs. | Windmill graph | 0.799633 |
81,477 | Heredity, also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. Through heredity, variations between individuals can ac... | Genetic inheritance | 0.799632 |
81,478 | A proof of Fleischner's theorem was announced by Herbert Fleischner in 1971 and published by him in 1974, solving a 1966 conjecture of Crispin Nash-Williams also made independently by L. W. Beineke and Michael D. Plummer. In his review of Fleischner's paper, Nash-Williams wrote that it had solved "a well known problem ... | Fleischner's theorem | 0.799632 |
81,479 | In particular, he introduced the elementary transcendental functions, the logarithm, the exponential function, the trigonometric functions and their inverses without recourse to integral calculus — which was no mean feat, as the logarithm was traditionally linked to the quadrature of the hyperbola and the trigonometric... | Introductio in analysin infinitorum | 0.799632 |
81,480 | Neveu studied in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS). In 1969 he received his diploma (Thèse de troisième cycle) at University of Paris XI in Orsay with Philippe Meyer and Claude Bouchiat and in 1971 he completed his doctorate (Doctorat d'État) there. In 1969 he and his classmate from ENS and Orsay, Joël Scherk... | André Neveu | 0.799632 |
81,481 | The field of real numbers is not algebraically closed, the geometry of even a plane curve C in the real projective plane. Assuming no singular points, the real points of C form a number of ovals, in other words submanifolds that are topologically circles. The real projective plane has a fundamental group that is a cycl... | Real plane curve | 0.799632 |
81,482 | Strong evidence of tilted discs is seen in the systems Her X-1, SMC X-1, and SS 433 (among others), where a periodic line-of-sight blockage of X-ray emissions is seen on the order of 50–200 days; much slower than the systems' binary orbit of ~1 day. The periodic blockage is believed to result from precession of a circu... | Circumstellar disk | 0.799632 |
81,483 | Cobb, George (1992). In Steen, Lynn Arthur (ed.). Teaching Statistics: More Data, Less Lecturing. Washington, D.C. | AP Statistics | 0.799631 |
81,484 | Also, the multiple sensors needed for the USBL transducer pole position and orientation compensation each introduce additional errors. Finally, the non-uniformity of the underwater acoustic environment cause signal refractions and reflections that have a greater impact on USBL positioning than is the case for the LBL g... | Underwater Acoustic Positioning System | 0.799629 |
81,485 | Georgeff has a BSc in Physics and Mathematics from Melbourne University, Australia, a B.E. in Aeronautical Engineering from Sydney University, and a PhD from Imperial College London. | Michael Georgeff | 0.799629 |
81,486 | In academic institutions, medical informatics research focus on applications of artificial intelligence in healthcare and designing medical devices based on embedded systems. In some countries term informatics is also used in the context of applying library science to data management in hospitals. 'Clinical informatici... | Medical informatics | 0.799629 |
81,487 | At the turn of the 19th century, Carl Friedrich Gauss developed the identity sign for congruence relation and, in Quadratic reciprocity, the integral part. Gauss contributed functions of complex variables, in geometry, and on the convergence of series. He gave the satisfactory proofs of the fundamental theorem of algeb... | History of mathematical notation | 0.799629 |
81,488 | This means that it is possible to translate speech in one language directly into text in another language, without first transcribing it to text. According to the Researchers at Google Brain, this intermediate step can be avoided using neural networks. In order for the system to learn this, they exposed it to many hour... | Google Brain | 0.799628 |
81,489 | Algebras for which the logic MTL is sound are called MTL-algebras. They can be characterized as prelinear commutative bounded integral residuated lattices. In more detail, an algebraic structure ( L , ∧ , ∨ , ∗ , ⇒ , 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle (L,\wedge ,\vee ,\ast ,\Rightarrow ,0,1)} is an MTL-algebra if ( L , ∧ , ∨ , 0 ,... | Monoidal t-norm logic | 0.799628 |
81,490 | Such singularities in algebraic geometry are the easiest in principle to study, since they are defined by polynomial equations and therefore in terms of a coordinate system. One can say that the extrinsic meaning of a singular point isn't in question; it is just that in intrinsic terms the coordinates in the ambient sp... | Singular curve | 0.799628 |
81,491 | The explicit form of the estimator in equation (1) is derived in two steps. First, the representer theorem states that the minimizer of the functional (2) can always be written as a linear combination of the kernels centered at the training-set points, for some c ∈ R n {\displaystyle \mathbf {c} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} .... | Bayesian interpretation of kernel regularization | 0.799628 |
81,492 | History of Flavor chemistry – history of the someone who uses chemistry to engineer artificial and natural flavors. History of Flow chemistry – history of the chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production. History of geochemistry – history of the study of the mechanisms behin... | Outline of chemistry | 0.799628 |
81,493 | This result is usually stated as: if a {\displaystyle a} is algebraic and not equal to 0 or 1, and if b {\displaystyle b} is algebraic and irrational, then a b {\displaystyle a^{b}} is transcendental. The exponential function is multi-valued for complex exponents, and this applies to all of its values, which in most ca... | Linear forms in logarithms | 0.799628 |
81,494 | According to Gregory, Lamarck did not claim that the environment directly affected living things. Instead, Lamarck "argued that the environment created needs to which organisms responded by using some features more and others less, that this resulted in those features being accentuated or attenuated, and that this diff... | Lamarckism | 0.799627 |
81,495 | EuroCarbDB was an EU-funded initiative for the creation of software and standards for the systematic collection of carbohydrate structures and their experimental data, which was discontinued in 2010 due to lack of funding. The project included a database of known carbohydrate structures and experimental data, specifica... | Eurocarbdb | 0.799627 |
81,496 | There are relatively few analytic expressions and identities involving Mathieu functions. Moreover, unlike many other special functions, the solutions of Mathieu's equation cannot in general be expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions. This can be seen by transformation of Mathieu's equation to algebraic form, us... | Mathieu differential equation | 0.799627 |
81,497 | In organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure R1R2C=NR3 (R3 = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen). They can be considered a sub-class of imines, being either secondary ketimines or secondary aldimines depending on their structure. Anil refers to a common subset of S... | Schiff bases | 0.799627 |
81,498 | Applications for tracks A and B closed in May 2012. The track C application window closed on 18 December 2012, though late applications were still being considered as of January 2013, though participants may still download the DRC Simulator, an open-source application created by the Open Source Robotics Foundation. Tra... | DARPA Robotics Challenge | 0.799627 |
81,499 | In 1973, to address the issues with analog clocks, Bruce Cheney, a Cornell University Electrical Engineering student and chess player, created the first digital chess clock as a project for an undergraduate EE course. Typical of most inventions, it was crude compared to the products on the market many years later and w... | Chess clock | 0.799627 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.