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81,600 | Instead the focus is finding a balance between exploration (of uncharted territory) and exploitation (of current knowledge). reservoir computing A framework for computation that may be viewed as an extension of neural networks. Typically an input signal is fed into a fixed (random) dynamical system called a reservoir a... | Glossary of artificial intelligence | 0.799608 |
81,601 | Acylium ions are cations of the formula RCO+. The carbon–oxygen bond length in these cations is near 1.1 Å (110-112 pm), which is shorter than the 112.8 pm of carbon monoxide and indicates triple-bond character.The carbon centres of acylium ions generally have a linear geometry and sp atomic hybridization, and are best... | Acyl group | 0.799608 |
81,602 | After initial pursuit of teaching credentials, Van der Waals' undergraduate coursework in mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands led (with significant hurdles) to his acceptance for doctoral studies at Leiden under Pieter Rijke. While his dissertation helps to explain the experimental ob... | Real gas law | 0.799608 |
81,603 | In addition to the garden, best visited in the spring and summer, the university also manages nine museums, including a History of physics museum. The university began teaching medicine around 1250. | University of Padua | 0.799608 |
81,604 | In statistics, the absolute deviation of an element of a data set is the absolute difference between that element and a given point. Typically the deviation is reckoned from the central value, being construed as some type of average, most often the median or sometimes the mean of the data set: where Di is the absolute ... | Deviation (statistics) | 0.799608 |
81,605 | Buffon's needle Integral geometry Hadwiger's theorem Wendel's theorem | List of probability topics | 0.799608 |
81,606 | In microbiology, the term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment, for example in water or soil, or from living beings with skin flora, oral flora or gut flora, in order to identify the microbe(s) of interest. Historically, the la... | Isolation (microbiology) | 0.799607 |
81,607 | Sturm and J. Liouville, who studied them in the mid-1800s. SLPs have an infinite number of eigenvalues, and the corresponding eigenfunctions form a complete, orthogonal set, which makes orthogonal expansions possible. This is a key idea in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. SLPs are also useful in the analy... | Ordinary Differential Equations | 0.799607 |
81,608 | Without the Good, we would only be able to see with our physical eyes and not the "mind's eye". The sun bequeaths its light so that we may see the world around us. If the source of light did not exist we would be in the dark and incapable of learning and understanding the true realities that surround us.Incidentally, t... | Analogy of the sun | 0.799607 |
81,609 | CDO is a 22.5 kDa protein that contains 200 amino acid residues and has an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.5. The primary structure is highly conserved between mammalian species, with murine and human CDO differing in only 16 residues. CDO is part of the cupin superfamily, whose members possess a 6-stranded β-barrel in a "... | Cysteine dioxygenase | 0.799606 |
81,610 | Bon studied chemical engineering at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TUe) in the Netherlands, obtaining his integrated undergraduate and MSc in Chemical Engineering (ir.) in 1993. He continued to specialize in the area of polymer and colloid science, with research in nitroxide-mediated reversible-deactivation ra... | Stefan Bon | 0.799605 |
81,611 | In mathematics, the multiplier algebra, denoted by M(A), of a C*-algebra A is a unital C*-algebra that is the largest unital C*-algebra that contains A as an ideal in a "non-degenerate" way. It is the noncommutative generalization of Stone–Čech compactification. Multiplier algebras were introduced by Busby (1968). For ... | Multiplier algebra | 0.799605 |
81,612 | ocean trench A long, narrow, very deep depression in the ocean floor where, at the junction of two tectonic plates, one plate is subducted steeply beneath the other, often penetrating the mantle. oceanography Also oceanology. The scientific study of the Earth's oceans and all processes and phenomena relating to them, i... | Glossary of geography terms (N–Z) | 0.799605 |
81,613 | His work in elasticity theory includes the paper (Fichera 1961c), where Fichera proves the "Fichera's maximum principle", his work on variational inequalities. The work on this last topic started with the paper (Fichera 1963), where he announced the existence and uniqueness theorem for the Signorini problem, and ended ... | Gaetano Fichera | 0.799605 |
81,614 | Atomic Physics. OUP Oxford. ISBN 0-19-850696-1. | Anomalous Zeeman effect | 0.799605 |
81,615 | The Hamiltonian density H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} is defined by analogy with mechanics: The equations of motion are: where the variational derivative must be used instead of merely partial derivatives. For N fields, these Hamiltonian field equations are a set of 2N first order partial differential equations, whi... | Analytical mechanics | 0.799605 |
81,616 | In astronomy, absolute magnitude (M) is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object on an inverse logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale. An object's absolute magnitude is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were viewed from a distance of exactly 10 parsecs (32.6 light... | Absolute visual magnitude | 0.799605 |
81,617 | The idea of an algebraic approach to represent, manipulate, and solve large-scale mathematical models fused old and new paradigms into a consistent and computationally tractable system. Using generator matrices for linear programs revealed the importance of naming rows and columns in a consistent manner. The connection... | General Algebraic Modeling System | 0.799604 |
81,618 | Bush goes on to discuss the record-making process and how Memex could incorporate systems of voice-control and user-propagated learning. He proposes a machine that could respond to "simple remarks" as well as build trails based on its user's "habits of association," as Belinda Barnet described them in "The Technical Ev... | Memex | 0.799604 |
81,619 | There are several geophysics-related scientific journals. A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods. A physical science – one that studies non-living systems. | Outline of geophysics | 0.799604 |
81,620 | COMPASS, short for Compact Assembly, is a compact tokamak fusion energy device originally completed at the Culham Science Centre in 1989, upgraded in 1992, and operated until 2002. It was designed as a flexible research facility dedicated mostly to plasma physics studies in circular and D-shaped plasmas. When it was de... | COMPASS tokamak | 0.799604 |
81,621 | Lei "Stanley" Qi (Chinese: 亓磊; pinyin: Qí Lěi) is an associate professor in the department of bioengineering, and the department of chemical and systems biology at Stanford University. Qi led the development of the first catalytically dead Cas9 lacking endonuclease activity (dCas9), which is the basis for CRISPR interf... | Lei Stanley Qi | 0.799604 |
81,622 | During this time, Chris worked to apply open source principles to data management problems inspired by his work at NASA in Earth and Planetary science, and in engineering. Mattmann maintained an affiliation with USC as an Adjunct Associate Professor and in order to continue to do research on open source and data manage... | Chris Mattmann | 0.799603 |
81,623 | The different ways of constructing new representations from given ones can be used for compact groups as well, except for the dual representation with which we will deal later. The direct sum and the tensor product with a finite number of summands/factors are defined in exactly the same way as for finite groups. This i... | Complex representations of finite groups | 0.799603 |
81,624 | Neighbourhood components analysis was developed by Jacob Goldberger, Sam Roweis, Ruslan Salakhudinov, and Geoff Hinton at the University of Toronto's department of computer science in 2004. | Neighbourhood components analysis | 0.799603 |
81,625 | In mathematics, an element z {\displaystyle z} of a Banach algebra A {\displaystyle A} is called a topological divisor of zero if there exists a sequence x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , . . . {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},...} of elements of A {\displaystyle A} such that The sequence z x n {\displaystyle zx_{n}} converges to the ... | Topological divisor of zero | 0.799603 |
81,626 | Let X be a scheme. Its functor of points is the functor Hom(−,X): (Affine schemes)op ⟶ Sets sending an affine scheme Y to the set of scheme maps Y → X {\displaystyle Y\to X} .A scheme is determined up to isomorphism by its functor of points. This is a stronger version of the Yoneda lemma, which says that a X is determi... | Functor of points | 0.799602 |
81,627 | The field of artificial immune systems (AIS) is concerned with abstracting the structure and function of the immune system to computational systems, and investigating the application of these systems towards solving computational problems from mathematics, engineering, and information technology. AIS is a sub-field of ... | Artificial immune system | 0.799602 |
81,628 | The triplets RA0 = (RA10, RA20, RA30) satisfying these conditions, enter the theory as a given set of real constants. Following Biedenharn and Louck, we introduce an orthonormal body-fixed frame, the Eckart frame, F → = { f → 1 , f → 2 , f → 3 } {\displaystyle {\vec {\mathbf {F} }}=\{{\vec {f}}_{1},{\vec {f}}_{2},{\vec... | Eckart conditions | 0.799602 |
81,629 | The workplaces of engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electrical engineers may be found in the pristine lab environment of a fabrication plant, on board a Naval ship, the offices of a consulting firm or on site at a mine. During their working life, electrical engineers may find themselves supervi... | Electrical engineering | 0.799602 |
81,630 | The mathematical constant e can be represented in a variety of ways as a real number. Since e is an irrational number (see proof that e is irrational), it cannot be represented as the quotient of two integers, but it can be represented as a continued fraction. Using calculus, e may also be represented as an infinite se... | Representations of e | 0.799602 |
81,631 | Eh–pH (Pourbaix) diagrams are commonly used in mining and geology for assessment of the stability fields of minerals and dissolved species. Under the conditions where a mineral (solid) phase is predicted to be the most stable form of an element, these diagrams show that mineral. As the predicted results are all from th... | Oxidation reduction potential | 0.799601 |
81,632 | For a quantum neural network, the cost function is determined by measuring the fidelity of the outcome state ( ρ out {\displaystyle \rho ^{\text{out}}} ) with the desired outcome state ( ϕ out {\displaystyle \phi ^{\text{out}}} ), seen in Equation 2 below. In this case, the Unitary operators are adjusted after each ite... | Quantum Neural Network | 0.799601 |
81,633 | Neural Networks was established in 1988 and is published by Elsevier. The journal covers all aspects of research on artificial neural networks. The founding editor-in-chief was Stephen Grossberg (Boston University). The current editors-in-chief are DeLiang Wang (Ohio State University) and Taro Toyoizumi (RIKEN Center f... | Neural Networks (journal) | 0.799601 |
81,634 | UNAM-Ulusal Nanoteknoloji Araştırma Merkezi, Bilkent University - master's, Ph.D (Materials Science and Nanotechnology) Hacettepe University - master's, Ph.D (Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine) TOBB University of Economics and Technology - B.S. Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, master's, Ph.D Istanbul Tec... | Nanotechnology education | 0.799601 |
81,635 | Sender and receiver can generate the same set of numbers automatically to use as keys. The generation of pseudorandom numbers is an important and common task in computer programming. While cryptography and certain numerical algorithms require a very high degree of apparent randomness, many other operations only need a ... | Random generator | 0.799601 |
81,636 | Cornell, Wieman and Ketterle won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievements.A group led by Randall Hulet at Rice University announced a condensate of lithium atoms only one month following the JILA work. Lithium has attractive interactions, causing the condensate to be unstable and collapse for all but a fe... | Bose–Einstein condensate | 0.7996 |
81,637 | N2H+ was one of the first few molecular ions to be observed in other galaxies, and its observation helped to show that the chemistry in other galaxies is quite similar to that which we see in our own galaxy. N2H+ is most often observed in dense molecular clouds, where it has proven useful as one of the last molecules t... | Diazenylium | 0.7996 |
81,638 | In addition, several studies implicate progranulin in synaptic pruning, a microglial process that occurs during development of the neural network. Cytokines, a neuronal marker for synapse elimination, is found to be upregulated in neurons with the GRN mutation. Increased cytokine tagging results in an increase in micro... | Granulin | 0.7996 |
81,639 | In theoretical physics, quantum geometry is the set of mathematical concepts generalizing the concepts of geometry whose understanding is necessary to describe the physical phenomena at distance scales comparable to the Planck length. At these distances, quantum mechanics has a profound effect on physical phenomena. | Quantum geometry | 0.7996 |
81,640 | For a comparison of air transportation fatality rates, see air safety statistics. Several different metrics used to compare and evaluate the safety of different vehicles. The main three are deaths per billion passenger-journeys, deaths per billion passenger-hours and deaths per billion passenger-kilometers. | Vehicle | 0.7996 |
81,641 | In physics the Stoney units form a system of units named after the Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney, who first proposed them in 1881. They are the earliest example of natural units, i.e., a coherent set of units of measurement designed so that chosen physical constants fully define and are included in the set. | Stoney units | 0.7996 |
81,642 | The simplicity and efficiency of MEKC have made it an attractive technique for a variety of applications. Further improvements can be made to the selectivity of MEKC by adding chiral selectors or chiral surfactants to the system. Unfortunately, this technique is not suitable for protein analysis because proteins are ge... | Micellar electrokinetic chromatography | 0.799599 |
81,643 | The second is a shift from an organism's ancestral ecology to a derived ecology, or a more true form of ecological fitting: traits are exapted from their original purpose to increase fitness. Finally, a more dramatic form involves the creation of new evolutionary arenas, requiring morphological or ecological changes to... | Ecological fitting | 0.799599 |
81,644 | Quantitative Discourse Analysis Package (qdap) is an R package for computer assisted qualitative data analysis, particularly quantitative discourse analysis, transcript analysis and natural language processing. Qdap is installable from, and runs within, the R system. Qdap is a tool for quantitative analysis of qualitat... | Quantitative Discourse Analysis Package | 0.799599 |
81,645 | Inferential statistics relies on statistical models, and classical hypothesis testing, for instance, has often relied on the assumption of data normality. To reduce reliance on this assumption, robust and nonparametric statistics have been developed. Bayesian statistics, on the other hand, interpret new observations ba... | Foundations of statistics | 0.799599 |
81,646 | A standard modern definition is that π is equal to twice the least positive root of the cosine function or, equivalently, the half-period of the sine (or cosine) function. The cosine function can be defined either as a power series, or as the solution of a certain differential equation. This avoids any reference to cir... | Area of a circle | 0.799599 |
81,647 | The International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA) is an annual Astronomy and Astrophysics competition for high school students. It is one of the international science olympiads.The Olympiad was founded from a dissidence inside the International Astronomy Olympiad, in order to increase the scope of the org... | International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics | 0.799599 |
81,648 | Given a group G with a subgroup H, there are two fundamental functors between the categories of representations of G and H (over a fixed field): one is a forgetful functor called the restriction functor Res H G: Rep ( G ) ⟶ Rep ( H ) π ⟼ π | H {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {Res} _{H}^{G}:\operatornam... | Category of representations | 0.799598 |
81,649 | Biotic stressors are a major focus of agricultural research, due to the vast economic losses caused to cash crops. The relationship between biotic stress and plant yield affects economic decisions as well as practical development. The impact of biotic injury on crop yield impacts population dynamics, plant-stressor coe... | Biotic stress | 0.799598 |
81,650 | KIET School of Pharmacy, Ghaziabad 201 206 www.kiet.edu Department of Pharmacology, KIET, Ghaziabad, NCR Delhi NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal Himalayan Pharmacy Institute, Majhitar, East Sikkim University Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha | Master of Pharmacy | 0.799598 |
81,651 | In mathematics, a linear combination is an expression constructed from a set of terms by multiplying each term by a constant and adding the results (e.g. a linear combination of x and y would be any expression of the form ax + by, where a and b are constants). The concept of linear combinations is central to linear alg... | Linear combination | 0.799598 |
81,652 | Lazard ring The Lazard ring L is the (huge) commutative ring together with the formal group law ƒ that is universal among all the formal group laws in the sense that any formal group law g over a commutative ring R is obtained via a ring homomorphism L → R mapping ƒ to g. According to Quillen's theorem, it is also the ... | Reasonable topological space | 0.799597 |
81,653 | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a split graph is a graph in which the vertices can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. Split graphs were first studied by Földes and Hammer (1977a, 1977b), and independently introduced by Tyshkevich and Chernyak (1979).A split graph may have more than one parti... | Split graph | 0.799596 |
81,654 | Artelys Knitro supports a variety of programming and modeling languages including. Object-oriented interfaces for C++, C#, Java and Python Matrix-oriented interfaces for Julia, C, Fortran, MATLAB, and R Links to modeling languages: AIMMS, AMPL, GAMS, JuMP and MPL Links to Excel through Frontline SolversArtelys Knitro a... | Artelys Knitro | 0.799596 |
81,655 | GRACE is sensitive to regional variations in the mass of the atmosphere and high-frequency variation in ocean bottom pressure. These variations are well understood and are removed from monthly gravity estimates using forecast models to prevent aliasing. Nonetheless, errors in these models do influence GRACE solutions.G... | GRACE satellites | 0.799596 |
81,656 | For steady incompressible flow with constant viscosity and density, these read: Mass Continuity: ∂ u ∂ x + ∂ v ∂ y = 0 {\displaystyle {\dfrac {\partial u}{\partial x}}+{\dfrac {\partial v}{\partial y}}=0} x {\displaystyle x} -Momentum: u ∂ u ∂ x + v ∂ u ∂ y = − 1 ρ ∂ p ∂ x + ν ∂ 2 u ∂ y 2 {\displaystyle u{\dfrac {\part... | Falkner-Skan boundary layer | 0.799596 |
81,657 | In computational geometry, an alpha shape, or α-shape, is a family of piecewise linear simple curves in the Euclidean plane associated with the shape of a finite set of points. They were first defined by Edelsbrunner, Kirkpatrick & Seidel (1983). The alpha-shape associated with a set of points is a generalization of th... | Alpha shape | 0.799596 |
81,658 | The UK's National Cyber Security Centre, together with the Canadian Communications Security Establishment, the United States Department for Homeland Security Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency, and the US National Security Agency in mid-July, 2020, jointly alleged that Russian state-backed hackers have been t... | Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations | 0.799595 |
81,659 | doi:10.1016/0012-365X(91)90267-6. D. De Caen (1988). "On a theorem of König's on bipartite graphs". | Dominique de Caen | 0.799595 |
81,660 | In computer science, pseudocode is a plain language description of the steps in an algorithm or another system. Pseudocode often uses structural conventions of a normal programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading. It typically omits details that are essential for machine understa... | Pseudocode | 0.799595 |
81,661 | Direct expressions for the coefficients of the polynomial can be derived by taking an appropriate derivative:this generalizes as the Möbius inversion of the partially ordered set of bit vectors:where | a | {\displaystyle |a|} denotes the weight of the bit vector a {\displaystyle a} . Taken modulo 2, this is the Boolean... | Linear approximation table | 0.799595 |
81,662 | As lattices, Heyting algebras are distributive. Every Boolean algebra is a Heyting algebra when a → b is defined as ¬a ∨ b, as is every complete distributive lattice satisfying a one-sided infinite distributive law when a → b is taken to be the supremum of the set of all c for which c ∧ a ≤ b. In the finite case, every... | Heyting algebra | 0.799595 |
81,663 | There are two versions of water harvesters being developed by Honeybee Robotics: the 'Spider System' is for landers meant to "walk" or takeoff again using steam power, and PVEx for large rovers meant to harvest and transport the water for other purposes. The water extracted is stored in a tank, and it can be used for s... | World Is Not Enough (spacecraft propulsion) | 0.799595 |
81,664 | Similar to the centre-of-gravity method, the location was calculated from 24,500 points at the high-water mark of Australia's coastline. The computed result of the 1988 project was 25 degrees 36 minutes 36.4 seconds south latitude, 134 degrees 21 minutes 17.3 seconds east longitude (25°36′36.4″S 134°21′17.3″E); positio... | Centre points of Australia | 0.799594 |
81,665 | SOAP is a multi-pass assembler, that is, it processes the source program more than once in order to generate the object program. The first version of SOAP was succeeded by SOAP II in 1957, which supported additional hardware features such as index registers and magnetic core memory, SOAP IIA in 1958, SOAP 2L, SOAP 2L T... | Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program | 0.799594 |
81,666 | When the function f ( x i , β ) {\displaystyle f(x_{i},{\boldsymbol {\beta }})} itself is not known analytically, but needs to be linearly approximated from n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} , or more, known values (where n {\displaystyle n} is the number of estimators), the best estimator is obtained directly from the Linear ... | Nonlinear regression | 0.799594 |
81,667 | The Hodges–Lehmann univariate statistics have several generalizations in multivariate statistics: Multivariate ranks and signs Spatial sign tests and spatial medians Spatial signed-rank tests Comparisons of tests and estimates Several-sample location problems | Hodges–Lehmann estimator | 0.799593 |
81,668 | The building is equipped with a 60-station computer lab and patient care labs that simulate hospital settings. The building was constructed on the site of Smith Quad, a complex of dormitories demolished in the early 2000s. Stonecipher Lecture Hall (SLH), named after Harry Stonecipher, the former president and chief exe... | Tennessee Tech | 0.799593 |
81,669 | The Ramsauer–Townsend effect, also sometimes called the Ramsauer effect or the Townsend effect, is a physical phenomenon involving the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms of a noble gas. The effect can not be explained by classical mechanics, but requires the wave theory of quantum mechanics. | Ramsauer–Townsend effect | 0.799593 |
81,670 | However, the anion-exchange capacity is usually much smaller, so minerals are less likely to adsorb the pertechnetate and iodide anions, leaving them mobile in the soil. For this reason, the environmental chemistry of technetium is an active area of research. In 2012 the crystalline compound Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1... | 99Tc | 0.799593 |
81,671 | Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the r... | Infrared film | 0.799593 |
81,672 | Equivalently, X , Y , Z {\displaystyle X,Y,Z} are collinear. The proof above also shows that for Pappus's theorem to hold for a projective space over a division ring it is both sufficient and necessary that the division ring is a (commutative) field. German mathematician Gerhard Hessenberg proved that Pappus's theorem ... | Pappian plane | 0.799593 |
81,673 | ISPS was well suited to describe relations between the inputs and the outputs of the design and was quickly adopted by commercial teams at DEC, as well as by a number of research teams both in the US and among its NATO allies. The RTM products never took off commercially and DEC stopped marketing them in the mid-1980s,... | Hardware description languages | 0.799593 |
81,674 | Research and education in chemistry has been conducted at the department since 1778, when the first Laboratorium Chymicum was established. Since then, the chemists have moved several times. In 1962, Universitetets Kemiske Laboratorium moved to its present location in the H.C. Ørsted Institute (HCØ), named after Hans Ch... | UCPH Department of Chemistry | 0.799593 |
81,675 | SCRIM (Sideway-force Coefficient Routine Investigation Machine) is a machine, originally developed by TRL Limited in the United Kingdom, used to measure the wet skidding resistance of a road surface.W.D.M. Limited and ARRB Systems Pty Ltd (iSAVe) manufacture sideways-force coefficient routine investigation apparatus fo... | SCRIM | 0.799593 |
81,676 | For example, ramification is a phenomenon of codimension 1 (in the geometry of complex manifolds, reflecting as for Riemann surfaces that ramify at single points that it happens in real codimension two). A classical result, Zariski–Nagata purity of Masayoshi Nagata and Oscar Zariski, called also purity of the branch lo... | Purity (algebraic geometry) | 0.799592 |
81,677 | Computer scientists may classify database management systems according to the database models that they support. Relational databases became dominant in the 1980s. These model data as rows and columns in a series of tables, and the vast majority use SQL for writing and querying data. In the 2000s, non-relational databa... | Database systems | 0.799592 |
81,678 | When μ(x) is nonzero its sign gives the parity of the number of prime factors of x, so informally the Riemann hypothesis says that the parity of the number of prime factors of an integer behaves randomly. Such probabilistic arguments in number theory often give the right answer, but tend to be very hard to make rigorou... | Critical line theorem | 0.799592 |
81,679 | Jabberwacky learns new responses and context based on real-time user interactions, rather than being driven from a static database. Some more recent chatbots also combine real-time learning with evolutionary algorithms that optimize their ability to communicate based on each conversation held. Still, there is currently... | IM bot | 0.799592 |
81,680 | His "Physics for Future Presidents" series of lectures, in which Muller teaches a synopsis of modern qualitative (i.e. without resorting to complicated math) physics, has been released publicly on YouTube by UC Berkeley and has been published in book form. It has been one of the most highly regarded courses at Berkeley... | Richard A. Muller | 0.799592 |
81,681 | X is a set (and if objects in C {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}} also have algebraic structures, then X is automatically assumed to have has whatever algebraic structure is needed); f• = ( fi )i ∈ I is a family of maps where for each index i, the map has prototype fi: (Xi, τXi) → X. If all objects in the category have an... | LF space | 0.799592 |
81,682 | Darwin's interest on the biology of reef organisms was focussed on aspects related to his geological idea of subsidence; in particular, he was looking for confirmation that the reef building organisms could only live at shallow depths. FitzRoy's soundings at the Keeling Islands gave a depth limit for live coral of abou... | The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs | 0.799592 |
81,683 | X-ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X-rays for use in the study of X-ray astronomy. X-ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X-ray emission from celestial objects. X-radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so instruments to detect X-rays must be ta... | X-ray astronomy detector | 0.799591 |
81,684 | As a result, the World Health Organization currently takes into account both molecular genetics and morphology to classify rhabdomyosarcoma into the embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic subtypes.When examining embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tumors vs. alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma tumors, a 2013 study ... | Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | 0.799591 |
81,685 | In surface chemistry, the Hertz–Knudsen equation, also known as Knudsen-Langmuir equation describes evaporation rates, named after Heinrich Hertz and Martin Knudsen. | Hertz–Knudsen equation | 0.799591 |
81,686 | Functors and natural transformations abound in algebraic topology, with the Hurewicz homomorphisms serving as examples. For any pointed topological space ( X , x ) {\displaystyle (X,x)} and positive integer n {\displaystyle n} there exists a group homomorphism h n: π n ( X , x ) → H n ( X ) {\displaystyle h_{n}\colon \... | Natural isomorphism | 0.799591 |
81,687 | A module M is said to have the double centralizer property or to be a balanced module if CE(CE(RM)) = RM, where E = End(M) and RM are as given in the motivation section. In this terminology, the Artinian ring version of the double centralizer theorem states that simple right modules for right Artinian rings are balance... | Double centralizer theorem | 0.799591 |
81,688 | Integral cryptanalysis is a cryptanalytic attack that is particularly applicable to block ciphers based on substitution–permutation networks. Unlike differential cryptanalysis, which uses pairs of chosen plaintexts with a fixed XOR difference, integral cryptanalysis uses sets or even multisets of chosen plaintexts of w... | Tweakable block cipher | 0.799591 |
81,689 | Voet participated in postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania, Haverford College, and the Fox Chase Cancer Center before securing her faculty position at Swarthmore in 1979. Voet and her husband are coeditors-in-chief of the journal Biochemical and Molecular Biology Education. | Judith G. Voet | 0.799591 |
81,690 | 146–152 "Existence theorems on the numbers of representations of odd integers as sums of 4t + 2 squares". In: Crelles Journal 163, 1930, pp. 65–70 "Exponential numbers". In: The American Mathematical Monthly 41, 1934, pp. 411–419 | Eric Temple Bell | 0.79959 |
81,691 | Knot theory greatly expanded. Quantum mechanics led to the development of functional analysis. Other new areas include Laurent Schwartz's distribution theory, fixed point theory, singularity theory and René Thom's catastrophe theory, model theory, and Mandelbrot's fractals. | Roman mathematics | 0.79959 |
81,692 | Many problems in mathematics, physics, and engineering involve integration where an explicit formula for the integral is desired. Extensive tables of integrals have been compiled and published over the years for this purpose. With the spread of computers, many professionals, educators, and students have turned to compu... | Methods of integration | 0.79959 |
81,693 | {\displaystyle f_{v}(g)=\delta _{g,1}v.\,} If P is the projection of H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} onto H, then P U ( g ) P = Φ ( g ) , {\displaystyle \displaystyle {PU(g)P=\Phi (g),}} using the above identification. When G is a separable topological group, Φ is continuous in the strong (or weak) operator topology i... | Contraction (operator theory) | 0.799589 |
81,694 | 1827: French mathematician Sophie Germain saw her theorem, known as Germain's Theorem, published in a footnote of a book by the mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre. In this theorem Germain proved that if x, y, and z are integers and if x5 + y5 = z5 then either x, y, or z must be divisible by 5. Germain's theorem was a ... | Timeline of women in mathematics | 0.799589 |
81,695 | Electricity, Petroleum, Nuclear Physics, Metallurgy of Iron, Steel, and Copper, Optics, Electronics, and Television were among the first exhibitions at BITM. Motive Power (1962), Communication (1963), Mining (1964), Popular Science (1965), Transport (1973), Underground Mock-up Coal Mine (1983), and Atom(1984) were amon... | Birla Industrial & Technological Museum | 0.799589 |
81,696 | Sperner's theorem can also be stated in terms of partial order width. The family of all subsets of an n-element set (its power set) can be partially ordered by set inclusion; in this partial order, two distinct elements are said to be incomparable when neither of them contains the other. The width of a partial order is... | Sperner's theorem | 0.799589 |
81,697 | Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped by repeated formations of new species (speciation), changes within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Morphological and biochemical traits tend to be more similar among species that share a more ... | Random mutation | 0.799588 |
81,698 | One of his first efforts at reform was to attempt to abolish this distinction. But in 1937 he wrote:I do not see how one can make very much headway as a student ... of history and literature without a reading knowledge of Latin. I do not see how a person can go very far in any branch of science without a thorough under... | James B. Conant | 0.799588 |
81,699 | This addition remains stereospecific even if the starting alkene is not isomerically pure, as the products' stereochemistry will match the reactants'. The disrotatory ring closing reaction of conjugated trienes is stereospecific in that isomeric reactants will give isomeric products. For example, trans,cis,trans-2,4,6-... | Stereospecificity | 0.799588 |
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