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84,300 | The most studied cation–π interactions involve binding between an aromatic π system and an alkali metal or nitrogenous cation. The optimal interaction geometry places the cation in van der Waals contact with the aromatic ring, centered on top of the π face along the 6-fold axis. Studies have shown that electrostatics d... | Cation–pi interaction | 0.79903 |
84,301 | AEGEE – European Students' Forum Club der Ehemaligen der Deutschen SchülerAkademien e. V. Associated Student Government at École normale supérieure de Paris Flemish Society of Engineering Students Leuven Graduate Student Organization at the State University of New York: Computer Science (GSOCS) Hillegass Parker House K... | Schulze method | 0.79903 |
84,302 | A prism light guide was developed in 1981 by Lorne Whitehead, a physics professor at the University of British Columbia, and has been used in solar lighting for both the transport and distribution of light. A large solar pipe based on the same principle was set up in the narrow courtyard of a 14-floor building of a Was... | Sun pipe | 0.79903 |
84,303 | In this (historical) sense, all non-collapse theories are (historically) "minority" interpretations. The term 'Copenhagen interpretation' suggests some definite set of rules for interpreting the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics. However, no such text exists, apart from some informal popular lectures by Bohr ... | Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics | 0.799029 |
84,304 | Eagle was a 184-node IBM RS/6000 SP operated by the Computer Science and Mathematics Division of ORNL. It had 176 Winterhawk-II “thin” nodes, each with four 375 MHz Power3-II processors and 2GB of memory. Eagle also had eight Winterhawk-II “wide” nodes - each with two 375 MHz Power3-II processors and 2 GB of memory—for... | National Center for Computational Sciences | 0.799029 |
84,305 | The generation of random numbers has many uses, such as for random sampling, Monte Carlo methods, board games, or gambling. In physics, however, most processes, such as gravitational acceleration, are deterministic, meaning that they always produce the same outcome from the same starting point. Some notable exceptions ... | Pseudo random | 0.799029 |
84,306 | This mission was very successful and, in 2002, students of Space Robotics Lab of the Tohoku University went up to 45 meters from the target and, in 2006, this figure dropped to 6 meters. Interest in this type of satellite has been growing and spreading. In 2003, the University of Tokyo placed into orbit two satellites ... | CanSat | 0.799029 |
84,307 | IP Pascal has a series of modules (or "libraries") that form a "porting platform" called Petit-Ami (French for "little friend"). These libraries present an idealized API for each function that applies, such as files and extended operating system functions, graphics, midi and sound, etc. The whole collection forms the b... | IP Pascal | 0.799029 |
84,308 | Jet geometry affects cleaning rate. A round jet has the maximum impact on the contamination, but the area affected is relatively small. A fan jet impinges on a much wider swath, but with less impact, and the width and impact of a fan jet are strongly affected by the distance between the nozzle and the surface. | In-water surface cleaning | 0.799029 |
84,309 | Some biological samples are not amenable to uranyl acetate staining and, in these cases, alternative staining techniques and or low-voltage electron microscopy technique may be more suitable. 1% and 2% uranyl acetate solutions are used as an indicator, and a titrant in stronger concentrations in analytical chemistry, a... | Uranyl acetate | 0.799029 |
84,310 | The value of a conceptual model is usually directly proportional to how well it corresponds to a past, present, future, actual or potential state of affairs. A concept model (a model of a concept) is quite different because in order to be a good model it need not have this real world correspondence. In artificial intel... | Conceptual modeling | 0.799029 |
84,311 | "In Voltaire's Candide, Dr. Pangloss is portrayed as a clueless scholar who, despite the evidence, insists that "all is for the best in this best of all possible worlds". Gould and Lewontin asserted that it is Panglossian for evolutionary biologists to view all traits as atomized things that had been naturally selected... | Stephen Jay Gould | 0.799028 |
84,312 | A review of methods for choosing summary statistics is available, which may provide valuable guidance in practice. One approach to capture most of the information present in data would be to use many statistics, but the accuracy and stability of ABC appears to decrease rapidly with an increasing numbers of summary stat... | Approximate Bayesian Computation | 0.799028 |
84,313 | {\displaystyle Y.} Every vector space isomorphism (i.e. a linear bijection) between two finite-dimensional Hausdorff TVSs is a TVS isomorphism. Uniqueness of topology: If X {\displaystyle X} is a finite-dimensional vector space and if τ 1 {\displaystyle \tau _{1}} and τ 2 {\displaystyle \tau _{2}} are two Hausdorff TVS... | F. Riesz's theorem | 0.799028 |
84,314 | If passphrases are chosen by humans, they are usually biased by the frequency of particular words in natural language. In the case of four word phrases, actual entropy rarely exceeds 30 bits. On the other hand, user-selected passwords tend to be much weaker than that, and encouraging users to use even 2-word passphrase... | Pass phrase | 0.799028 |
84,315 | In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation (auto-differentiation, autodiff, or AD), also called algorithmic differentiation, computational differentiation, is a set of techniques to evaluate the partial derivative of a function specified by a computer program. Automatic differentiation exploits the ... | Computational differentiation | 0.799028 |
84,316 | The investment was co-financed by the European Union with funds from the European Regional Development Fund, as part of the Innovative Economy Operational Program for 2007–2013. The SOLARIS synchrotron began operation with two beamlines (PIRX with two end-stations, and URANOS with one end-station). Ultimately, howeve... | Solaris (synchrotron) | 0.799027 |
84,317 | Simon was a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, creating with Allen Newell the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from information about particular problems. Both programs w... | Herbert A. Simon | 0.799027 |
84,318 | The calculator is derived from and the hardware is based on the more powerful science/engineering oriented HP 48 series of machines. Unlike the HP 48 series, which offered both reverse Polish notation and algebraic entry logic, the HP 38G has only algebraic entry. The calculator is programmable, supporting small, inter... | HP 38G | 0.799027 |
84,319 | Quantum simulator Quantum simulators permit the study of quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to provide insight about specific physics problems. Quantum simulators may be contrasted with generally programmable "digital" quantum computers, which wou... | Glossary of quantum computing | 0.799027 |
84,320 | Patrick Colonel Suppes (; March 17, 1922 – November 17, 2014) was an American philosopher who made significant contributions to philosophy of science, the theory of measurement, the foundations of quantum mechanics, decision theory, psychology and educational technology. He was the Lucie Stern Professor of Philosophy E... | Patrick Suppes | 0.799027 |
84,321 | The ATLAS system was developed within the Applied Physics Group at the School of Physics, Trinity College, Dublin. The experimental procedure is relatively straightforward, when compared to lithography or other approaches, meaning that only standard equipment is needed. The set-up consists of an ultrahigh vacuum chambe... | Atomic-terrace low-angle shadowing | 0.799026 |
84,322 | Eric Grimson, Intelligent Medical Image Analysis: Computer Assisted Surgery and Disease Monitoring Takeo Kanade, Artificial Intelligence Vision: Progress and Non-Progress Terry Sejnowski, A Critique of Pure Vision | AI@50 | 0.799026 |
84,323 | For a route to become a feasible successor, its RD must be smaller than the FD of the successor. If this feasibility condition is met, there is no way that adding this route to the routing table could cause a loop. If all the successor routes to a destination fail, the feasible successor becomes the successor and is im... | Diffusing Update Algorithm | 0.799026 |
84,324 | An alumnus of the École Normale Supérieure, David Pointcheval obtained his Ph.D. in 1996 from the University of Caen Normandy. In 1998, he joined the French National Centre for Scientific Research, working within the Computer Science department of École Normale Supérieure. | David Pointcheval | 0.799026 |
84,325 | The components of the cross product are A × B = {\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \times \mathbf {B} =} , and can also be written in components, using Einstein summation convention as ( A × B ) i = ϵ i j k A j B k {\displaystyle (\mathbf {A} \times \mathbf {B} )_{i}=\epsilon _{ijk}A_{j}B_{k}} where ϵ i j k {\displaystyle \ep... | Three-dimensional space (mathematics) | 0.799026 |
84,326 | In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are a class of small RNA molecules that primarily guide chemical modifications of other RNAs, mainly ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs and small nuclear RNAs. There are two main classes of snoRNA, the C/D box snoRNAs, which are associated with methylation, and the H/ACA ... | Small nucleolar RNA | 0.799026 |
84,327 | Differentiation was a fundamental process in shaping many asteroids and all terrestrial planets, and direct exploration of a core could greatly enhance understanding of this process. The Psyche mission aims to characterize 16 Psyche's geology, shape, elemental composition, magnetic field, and mass distribution. It is e... | Psyche (spacecraft) | 0.799026 |
84,328 | In fluid dynamics, Hicks equation, sometimes also referred as Bragg–Hawthorne equation or Squire–Long equation, is a partial differential equation that describes the distribution of stream function for axisymmetric inviscid fluid, named after William Mitchinson Hicks, who derived it first in 1898. The equation was also... | Bragg-Hawthorne equation | 0.799026 |
84,329 | Libration (from the Latin verb librare "to balance, to sway"; cf. libra "scales") is a type of reciprocating motion in which an object with a nearly fixed orientation repeatedly rotates slightly back and forth. In physics and chemistry, a molecule (or other group of atoms) can undergo libration if it is subject to exte... | Libration (molecule) | 0.799025 |
84,330 | Most later authors agreed with Lindley, but differed about the rank of this grouping, considering an order, family, subfamily (within the Saxifragaceae or the Escalloniaceae) or tribe (in the Escallonioideae in the Saxifragaceae). Other authors remained doubtful about the connection with Brexia, as suggested by differe... | Roussea simplex | 0.799024 |
84,331 | The motivation for this had come from the Norwegian Academy of Science who applied to the Norwegian Parliament for funding for the project, which was quickly granted. This funding allowed Sylow to take leave from his school in Fredrikshald for four years in order to devote himself to the project. Sylow wanted as much a... | Ludvig Sylow | 0.799024 |
84,332 | In 2017, the cyberespionage threat group known as Gothic Panda or APT3 was determined to have nation-state level capabilities and to be functioning on behalf of the MSS by researchers.In 2018, the United States Department of Justice indicted two individuals of the cyber-espionage group APT10, which it stated was under ... | Ministry of State Security (China) | 0.799024 |
84,333 | In mathematics, the term variational analysis usually denotes the combination and extension of methods from convex optimization and the classical calculus of variations to a more general theory. This includes the more general problems of optimization theory, including topics in set-valued analysis, e.g. generalized der... | Variational analysis | 0.799024 |
84,334 | Second, it formally defined the concept of selfish genetic elements. Finally, it was the first paper to bring together all different kinds of selfish genetic elements known at the time (genomic imprinting, for example, was not covered).In the late 1980s, most molecular biologists considered selfish genetic elements to ... | Selfish genetic element | 0.799024 |
84,335 | ACSL, or the American Computer Science League, is an international computer science competition among more than 300 schools. Originally founded in 1978 as the Rhode Island Computer Science League, it then became the New England Computer Science League. With countrywide and worldwide participants, it became the American... | American Computer Science League | 0.799024 |
84,336 | Although mechanistically simple and quite robust on molecular level, several issues need to be addressed before an in vivo implementation of computational genes can be considered. First, the DNA material must be internalised into the cell, specifically into the nucleus. In fact, the transfer of DNA or RNA through biolo... | Computational gene | 0.799024 |
84,337 | If we want to find a minimum spanning tree instead, we simply "invert" the weight function by subtracting it from a large constant. More specifically, let w min ( x ) = W − w ( x ) {\displaystyle w_{\text{min}}(x)=W-w(x)} , where W {\displaystyle W} exceeds the total weight over all graph edges. Many more optimization ... | Weighted matroid | 0.799024 |
84,338 | EWKT and EWKB – Extended Well-Known Text/Binary A PostGIS-specific format that includes the spatial reference system identifier (SRID) and up to 4 ordinate values (XYZM). For example: SRID=4326;POINT(-44.3 60.1) to locate a longitude/latitude coordinate using the WGS 84 reference coordinate system. It also supports cir... | Well-known text representation of geometry | 0.799023 |
84,339 | Keyword-search systems evolved into web-based search engines, and many software systems had to be re-designed, for international searching, depending on search engine optimization (SEO) . Human natural-language translation systems were needed to attempt to translate the information flow in multiple foreign languages, w... | History of software engineering | 0.799023 |
84,340 | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses electrons to generate high-resolution images as using electrons allows to overcome limitations of visible light wavelengths. TEM on graphene should be done with electron energy less than 80 keV to induce a smaller amount of defects, because this energy is the threshold electr... | Graphene production techniques | 0.799023 |
84,341 | In mathematics, the Almgren–Pitts min-max theory (named after Frederick J. Almgren, Jr. and his student Jon T. Pitts) is an analogue of Morse theory for hypersurfaces. The theory started with the efforts for generalizing George David Birkhoff's method for the construction of simple closed geodesics on the sphere, to al... | Almgren–Pitts min-max theory | 0.799023 |
84,342 | The polar radius has now been measured at just over 6357 km. This was an error only 0.44% less than the modern value. This was another example of advances in astronomy and its tools making possible advances in cartography. | Picard's arc measurement | 0.799023 |
84,343 | The University of Hawaiʻi 88-inch (2.24-meter) telescope—called UH88, UH2.2, or simply 88 by members of the local astronomical community—is situated at the Mauna Kea Observatories and operated by the University's Institute for Astronomy. It was constructed in 1968, and entered service in 1970, at which point it was kno... | UH88 | 0.799023 |
84,344 | Suppose that R is an algebra over a field k and the vector space M = N is a simple module of R. Then Schur's lemma says that the endomorphism ring of the module M is a division algebra over k. If M is finite-dimensional, this division algebra is finite-dimensional. If k is the field of complex numbers, the only option ... | Schur lemma | 0.799022 |
84,345 | It was installed in the early 1970s under the care of the Physics Department. At the time it was still St Nicholas Grammar School for boys. Mill Hill School had an Elliott 803 with 8192 memory in the 1970s. | Elliott 803 | 0.799022 |
84,346 | An example is the Dirichlet process, which falls in the realm of nonparametric statistics. In such a case, it is logically assumed that an infinite number of categories exist, but at any one time most of them (in fact, all but a finite number) have never been seen. All formulas are phrased in terms of the number of cat... | Categorical variable | 0.799022 |
84,347 | On October 9, 1998, EPA Administrator Carol Browner sent letters to the CEOs of more than 900 chemical companies that manufacture HPV chemicals, asking them to participate in EPA's voluntary testing initiative, the so-called "HPV Challenge Program". The Environmental Defense Fund, the American Petroleum Institute, and ... | High production volume chemical | 0.799022 |
84,348 | The blades must be the proper length to both accommodate the desired wheel and have the correct amount of rake to provide the approximate steering geometry intended by the frame designer. The functional length of the fork is typically expressed in terms of Axle-to-Crown race length (A-C). Also, the axle on the wheel mu... | Bicycle fork | 0.799022 |
84,349 | Examples: Prolog, OPS5, Mercury A fifth-generation programming language (5GL) is any programming language based on problem-solving using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages and some other declarative languages ar... | Programming language generations | 0.799021 |
84,350 | In abstract algebra, the split-quaternions or coquaternions form an algebraic structure introduced by James Cockle in 1849 under the latter name. They form an associative algebra of dimension four over the real numbers. After introduction in the 20th century of coordinate-free definitions of rings and algebras, it was ... | Split quaternion | 0.799021 |
84,351 | Embedding the samples in ice below the sublimation temperature was a possibility that was contemplated early on, but water tends to arrange into a crystalline lattice of lower density upon freezing and this can destroy the structure of anything that is embedded in it. In the early 1980s, several groups studying solid s... | Transmission electron cryomicroscopy | 0.799021 |
84,352 | Currently, an interest in applying control methods in physics is still growing. The following areas of research are being actively developed: Control of oscillations Control of synchronization Control of chaos, bifurcations Control of phase transitions, stochastic resonance Optimal control in thermodynamics Control of ... | Cybernetical Physics | 0.799021 |
84,353 | The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer. Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year whe... | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | 0.799021 |
84,354 | Calkin The Calkin algebra on a Hilbert space is the quotient of the algebra of all bounded operators on the Hilbert space by the ideal generated by compact operators. Cauchy–Schwarz inequality The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality states: for each pair of vectors x , y {\displaystyle x,y} in an inner-product space, | ⟨ x , y ⟩... | Glossary of functional analysis | 0.799021 |
84,355 | 1915 – Emmy Noether proves her symmetry theorem, which shows that every symmetry in physics has a corresponding conservation law. 1916 – Srinivasa Ramanujan introduces Ramanujan conjecture. This conjecture is later generalized by Hans Petersson. | Timeline of mathematics | 0.799021 |
84,356 | In mathematics, class field theory (CFT) is the fundamental branch of algebraic number theory whose goal is to describe all the abelian Galois extensions of local and global fields using objects associated to the ground field.Hilbert is credited as one of pioneers of the notion of a class field. However, this notion wa... | Global class field theory | 0.79902 |
84,357 | An example of the focused crawlers are academic crawlers, which crawls free-access academic related documents, such as the citeseerxbot, which is the crawler of CiteSeerX search engine. Other academic search engines are Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search etc. Because most academic papers are published in PDF ... | Web spider | 0.79902 |
84,358 | For a polynomial with real coefficients, root isolation consists of finding, for each real root, an interval that contains this root, and no other roots. This is useful for root finding, allowing the selection of the root to be found and providing a good starting point for fast numerical algorithms such as Newton's met... | Sturm sequence | 0.799019 |
84,359 | SGA5 Cohomologie l-adique et fonctions L, 1965–1966 (l-adic cohomology and L-functions), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 589, 1977 SGA6 Théorie des intersections et théorème de Riemann-Roch, 1966–1967 (Intersection theory and the Riemann–Roch theorem), Lecture Notes in Mathematics 225, 1971 SGA7 Groupes de monodromie en g... | Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie | 0.799019 |
84,360 | In the Kochen–Specker article the possibility is discussed that the value attribution v ( A ) {\displaystyle v(\mathbf {A} )} may be context-dependent, i.e. observables corresponding to equal vectors in different columns of the table need not have equal values because different columns correspond to different measureme... | Kochen–Specker theorem | 0.799019 |
84,361 | {\displaystyle \{a,b\}=ab+ba.} Sometimes + {\displaystyle _{+}} is used to denote anticommutator, while − {\displaystyle _{-}} is then used for commutator. The anticommutator is used less often, but can be used to define Clifford algebras and Jordan algebras and in the derivation of the Dirac equation in particle phy... | Graded commutator | 0.799019 |
84,362 | Employees need training, tools, and technologies for remote work. Remote work poses cybersecurity risks and people should follow best practices that include using antivirus software, keeping family members away from work devices, covering their webcams, using a VPN, using a centralized storage solution, making sure pas... | Remote work | 0.799019 |
84,363 | Its avatars are thus encountered in semantics, statistics, logistics, business administration, semiotics, and many other applications. A frequent coda to "all models are wrong" is that "all models are wrong (but some are useful)," which emphasizes the proper framing of recognizing map–territory differences—that is, how... | Map–territory relation | 0.799019 |
84,364 | There are N k ( n ) = 1 n ∑ d ∣ n φ ( d ) k n / d = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n k g c d ( i , n ) {\displaystyle N_{k}(n)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{d\mid n}\varphi (d)k^{n/d}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}k^{\,{\rm {gcd}}(i,n)}} different k-ary necklaces of length n, where φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is Euler's totient function. This follo... | Necklace (combinatorics) | 0.799019 |
84,365 | The science of geology allows an understanding of what was desirable and feasible. There may never be a comprehensive history of the Thames walls. The following are some instances. | Embanking of the tidal Thames | 0.799019 |
84,366 | This section will describe the relationships between prefilters and nets in great detail because of how important these details are applying filters to topology − particularly in switching from utilizing nets to utilizing filters and vice verse. | Convergent prefilter | 0.799018 |
84,367 | If e is an idempotent in a Jordan algebra A (e2 = e) and R is the operation of multiplication by e, then R(2R − 1)(R − 1) = 0so the only eigenvalues of R are 0, 1/2, 1. If the Jordan algebra A is finite-dimensional over a field of characteristic not 2, this implies that it is a direct sum of subspaces A = A0(e) ⊕ A1/2(... | Jordan algebra | 0.799018 |
84,368 | Hu studied fluid mechanics at the California Institute of Technology. His doctoral advisor was Theodore von Kármán. Hu also studied quantum mechanics under Paul Sophus Epstein during this period. | Hu Ning | 0.799018 |
84,369 | In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, discovered by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by tak... | Jones vectors | 0.799018 |
84,370 | The United States sent teams to the International Young Physicists' Tournament several times in the 2000s, and achieved a second-place finish in 2005. The nonprofit United States Association for Young Physicists Tournaments was incorporated in 2005, initially for the purpose of supporting and training the US team as we... | United States Invitational Young Physicists Tournament | 0.799017 |
84,371 | As a real algebra, Cℓ02,0( R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } ) is isomorphic to the field of complex numbers C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . As a result, it admits a conjugation operation (analogous to complex conjugation), sometimes called the reverse of a Clifford element, defined by which, by the Clifford relations, c... | Majorana–Weyl fermion | 0.799017 |
84,372 | Another development is the Golod–Shafarevich theorem on towers of unramified extensions of number fields. Shafarevich and his school greatly contributed to the study of algebraic geometry of surfaces. He started a famous Moscow seminar on classification of algebraic surfaces that updated the treatment of birational geo... | Igor Shafarevich | 0.799017 |
84,373 | From this incorrect assumption, Baxter proves fourteen geometric theorems on circles, alongside some others on cones and ellipses, which Edgeworth refers to as of "equal absurdity" to Baxter's other assertions. Thomas Gent, who published the work, wrote in his reminisces, in The Life of Mr. Thomas Gent, that "as it nev... | Thomas Baxter (mathematician) | 0.799017 |
84,374 | The early attempts at creating a unified field theory began with the Riemannian geometry of general relativity, and attempted to incorporate electromagnetic fields into a more general geometry, since ordinary Riemannian geometry seemed incapable of expressing the properties of the electromagnetic field. Einstein was no... | Classical unified field theories | 0.799017 |
84,375 | For more details see Betz's law. Since this effect is the same for both lift and drag-based machines it can be ignored for comparison purposes. The topology of the machine can introduce additional losses, for example trailing vorticity in horizontal axis machines degrade the performance at the tip. Typically these loss... | Wind-turbine aerodynamics | 0.799016 |
84,376 | Zetta has been awarded several patents for its backup and disaster recovery technology, including for minimizing network bandwidth for replication/backup, ensuring that the data that is replicated is the same, bit for bit, as on the source system and is able to scale to Internet volumes of data.Zetta's agent eliminates... | Zetta (cloud backup) | 0.799016 |
84,377 | If G {\displaystyle G} is a generically minimally rigid graph with a vertex v {\displaystyle v} of degree 3 {\displaystyle 3} , connected to vertices u 1 , u 2 , {\displaystyle u_{1},u_{2},} and u 3 {\displaystyle u_{3}} , then for at least one pair of the neighbors of v {\displaystyle v} , without loss of generality s... | Geiringer–Laman theorem | 0.799016 |
84,378 | The Grothendieck-Witt ring of C, and indeed any algebraically closed field or quadratically closed field, is Z. The Grothendieck-Witt ring of R is isomorphic to the group ring Z, where C2 is a cyclic group of order 2. The Grothendieck-Witt ring of any finite field of odd characteristic is Z ⊕ Z/2Z with trivial multipli... | Witt–Grothendieck ring | 0.799016 |
84,379 | Several important problems can be phrased in terms of eigenvalue decompositions or singular value decompositions. For instance, the spectral image compression algorithm is based on the singular value decomposition. The corresponding tool in statistics is called principal component analysis. | Numerical analyst | 0.799016 |
84,380 | Bayesians consider the calculation of evidential probabilities to be both valid and necessary in statistics. This article, however, focuses on the interpretations of probability rather than theories of statistical inference. | Probability interpretation | 0.799016 |
84,381 | The electronic properties are greatly influenced by the unique conical structure of SWNHs. Most of the studies on the electronic properties investigated the conical endcaps that contain five pentagons in the hexagonal network. Berber et al. utilized theoretical calculations to determine the stability, optimum geometry,... | Single-walled carbon nanohorn | 0.799015 |
84,382 | In mathematics, more specifically, in convex geometry, the mixed volume is a way to associate a non-negative number to a tuple of convex bodies in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} . This number depends on the size and shape of the bodies, and their relative orientation to each other. | Mixed volume | 0.799015 |
84,383 | (2000). "Dürer-Kepler-Penrose: the development of pentagonal tilings". Materials Science and Engineering. | Penrose tiling | 0.799014 |
84,384 | After returning to Copenhagen, Zeuthen submitted his doctoral dissertation on a new method to determine the characteristics of conic systems in 1865. Enumerative geometry remained his focus up until 1875. In 1871 he was appointed as an extraordinary professor at the University of Copenhagen, as well as becoming an edit... | Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen | 0.799014 |
84,385 | The EmTech (short for "Emerging Technologies") conference, produced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Technology Review magazine, is an annual conference highlighting invention and new developments in engineering and technology. Started in 1999, the 2011 conference is planned for October 18–19 at MIT. Emte... | Emtech | 0.799014 |
84,386 | Instead, the experimental work of the German biologist August Weismann resulted in the germ plasm theory of inheritance, which Weismann said made the inheritance of acquired characteristics impossible, since the Weismann barrier would prevent any changes that occurred to the body after birth from being inherited by the... | Non-Darwinian evolution | 0.799014 |
84,387 | Biochemically, the cobalt center can take part in both two-electron and one-electron reductive processes to access the "reduced" (B12r, +2 oxidation state) and "super-reduced" (B12s, +1 oxidation state) forms. The ability to shuttle between the +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states is responsible for the versatile chemistry ... | Vitamin B 12 | 0.799013 |
84,388 | In September 2006 he posted to the Types mailing list "A very short note on homotopy lambda calculus", which sketched the outlines of a type theory with dependent products, sums and universes and of a model of this type theory in Kan simplicial sets. It began by saying "The homotopy λ-calculus is a hypothetical (at the... | Univalence axiom | 0.799013 |
84,389 | Grothendieck is considered by many to be the greatest mathematician of the twentieth century. In an obituary David Mumford and John Tate wrote: Although mathematics became more and more abstract and general throughout the 20th century, it was Alexander Grothendieck who was the greatest master of this trend. His unique ... | Alexander Grothendieck | 0.799013 |
84,390 | Although intending to continue experimental research, he instead initiated high-quality Monte Carlo studies of phase transitions. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He won the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics, the highest award in computational physics given by the American Physical Society.... | David P. Landau | 0.799012 |
84,391 | The κ-calculus is merely concerned with providing a language to encode multi-state models, not with interpreting the models themselves. A simulator compatible with Kappa is KaSim.BioNetGen is a software suite that provides both specification and simulation capacities. | Multi-state modeling of biomolecules | 0.799012 |
84,392 | In atmospheric chemistry, differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) is used to measure concentrations of trace gases. When combined with basic optical spectrometers such as prisms or diffraction gratings and automated, ground-based observation platforms, it presents a cheap and powerful means for the measurem... | Differential absorption spectroscopy | 0.799012 |
84,393 | 2012 Gina G. Turrigiano (Brandeis University, USA), "for her pioneering work on homeostatic plasticity in the nervous system" 2013 Stephen Quake (Stanford University, USA), "for his pioneering work that advanced biological measuring techniques". 2014 Uri Alon (Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel), "for his p... | Human Frontier Science Program | 0.799011 |
84,394 | In 2010, a paper in the journal Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry showed that low doses of methylmercury, a potent neurotoxic pollutant, improved the hatching rate of mallard eggs. The author of the study, Gary Heinz, who led the study for the U.S. Geological Survey at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Beltsv... | Mitochondrial hormesis | 0.799011 |
84,395 | It was here that Ewald met Ella Philippson, who was to become his wife.In the spring of 1913, Niels Bohr, of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, submitted his theory of the Bohr atomic model for publication. Later that year, Ewald attended the Birmingham meeting of the British Associa... | Paul Peter Ewald | 0.799011 |
84,396 | William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American inventor, physicist, and eugenicist. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for "their researches on ... | William Shockley | 0.799011 |
84,397 | However, in 1928 J. C. Slater and J. A. Gaunt independently showed that the Hartree method could be couched on a sounder theoretical basis by applying the variational principle to an ansatz (trial wave function) as a product of single-particle functions.In 1930, Slater and V. A. Fock independently pointed out that the ... | Self consistent field | 0.79901 |
84,398 | The fact that isoprene had polymerized was not unexpected, but the high degree of stereo control was unexpected. They immediately recognized the importance of this discovery and began an intense program to elucidate the chemistry and variables associated with diene polymerizations. The successful duplication of natural... | Samuel E. Horne Jr. | 0.79901 |
84,399 | In chemistry, a reactivity series (or activity series) is an empirical, calculated, and structurally analytical progression of a series of metals, arranged by their "reactivity" from highest to lowest. It is used to summarize information about the reactions of metals with acids and water, single displacement reactions ... | Activity series | 0.79901 |
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