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84,500 | In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram of objects, also known as vertices, and morphisms, also known as arrows or edges, such that when selecting two objects any directed path through the diagram leads to the same result by composition. Commutative diagrams play the role i... | Mathematical diagram | 0.79899 |
84,501 | Note that the homeomorphism described in the Anderson–Kadec theorem is not necessarily linear. | Fréchet space | 0.79899 |
84,502 | Opportunistic reasoning is a method of selecting a suitable logical inference strategy within artificial intelligence applications. Specific reasoning methods may be used to draw conclusions from a set of given facts in a knowledge base, e.g. forward chaining versus backward chaining. However, in opportunistic reasonin... | Opportunistic reasoning | 0.79899 |
84,503 | AISoy1, developed by the Spanish company AISoy Robotics, is a pet-robot considered to be one of the first emotional-learning robots for the consumer market. Its software platform allows it to interpret stimuli from its sensors network, in order to gain information from its environment and take decisions based on logica... | AISoy1 | 0.79899 |
84,504 | The electromagnetic section is composed of a crystal calorimeter in the negative direction, a novel imaging calorimeter in the central region, and a sampling calorimeter in the forward direction. The hadronic calorimeter system is composed of high-granularity sampling calorimeters with low threshold and good timing cap... | A Totally Hermetic Electron-Nucleus Apparatus | 0.79899 |
84,505 | The National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) are a set of surveys sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Department of Labor. These surveys have gathered information at multiple points in time on the labor market experiences and other significant life events of several groups of men and women. Each of... | National Longitudinal Surveys | 0.798989 |
84,506 | It is often desired to use a posterior distribution to estimate a parameter or variable. Several methods of Bayesian estimation select measurements of central tendency from the posterior distribution. For one-dimensional problems, a unique median exists for practical continuous problems. The posterior median is attract... | Bayesian analysis | 0.798989 |
84,507 | Rather than previous test card approaches that worked by a live camera or monoscope filming a printed card, the Philips PM5544 generates the test patterns fully using electronic circuits, with separate paths for Y, R-Y and B-Y colour components ( Y ′ U V {\displaystyle Y'UV} ), allowing engineers to reliably test and a... | Philips circle pattern | 0.798989 |
84,508 | So in Newtonian physics, a person at rest on the surface of a (non-rotating) massive object is in an inertial frame of reference. These considerations suggest the following corollary to the equivalence principle, which Einstein formulated precisely in 1911: Whenever an observer detects the local presence of a force tha... | Galilean equivalence | 0.798989 |
84,509 | Benzyl cyanide (abbreviated BnCN) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH2CN. This colorless oily aromatic liquid is an important precursor to numerous compounds in organic chemistry. | Benzyl cyanide | 0.798989 |
84,510 | In 2011, Alex Zhavoronkov published an article in the journal PLOS One with Dr. Charles Cantor, previously director of the Human Genome Project at the Department of Energy (DOE) and founder of Sequenom on the International Aging Research Portfolio (IARP), establishing a public data set tracking government research fund... | Insilico Medicine | 0.798989 |
84,511 | In combinatorial number theory, the Erdős–Graham problem is the problem of proving that, if the set { 2 , 3 , 4 , … } {\displaystyle \{2,3,4,\dots \}} of integers greater than one is partitioned into finitely many subsets, then one of the subsets can be used to form an Egyptian fraction representation of unity. That is... | Erdős–Graham problem | 0.798988 |
84,512 | Paul John Flory (June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist and Nobel laureate who was known for his work in the field of polymers, or macromolecules. He was a leading pioneer in understanding the behavior of polymers in solution, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achieve... | Paul Flory | 0.798988 |
84,513 | Much of the subsequent literature has consisted of attempts to formulate such a "Theory X." The impossibility theorems in population ethics highlight the difficulty of avoiding the repugnant conclusion without giving up even more fundamental axioms in ethics and rationality. In light of this, several prominent academic... | Population ethics | 0.798988 |
84,514 | Fruton was a researcher at the Rockefeller Institute from 1934 to 1945, part of Max Bergmann's long-term and very successful research program in protein chemistry. In his earliest work there, Fruton tested the stereochemical specificity of dipeptidase. Under the tutelage of fellow Bergmann lab researcher Leonidas Zerva... | Joseph S. Fruton | 0.798987 |
84,515 | If the sensors extend to the bed level the tower can also be used to monitor the hypolimnion (lowest layer of water) which in some conditions can become anoxic (of low oxygen content) which may affect the lake ecology.Limnological towers have been constructed in reservoirs used to supply drinking water in the United Ki... | Limnological tower | 0.798987 |
84,516 | For example, different sources and sinks of methane have different affinity for the 12C and 13C isotopes, which allows distinguishing between different sources by the 13C/12C ratio in methane in the air. In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography this ratio is called δ13C. The ratio is calculated with respe... | Isotopic signatures | 0.798987 |
84,517 | Heron reports in his Metrica (about 60 CE) that Archimedes continued the computation in a now lost book, but then attributes an incorrect value to him.Archimedes uses no trigonometry in this computation and the difficulty in applying the method lies in obtaining good approximations for the square roots that are involve... | Approximations of π | 0.798987 |
84,518 | The symmetry may be broken if the function fails to have differentiable partial derivatives, which is possible if Clairaut's theorem is not satisfied (the second partial derivatives are not continuous). An example of non-symmetry is the function (due to Peano) This can be visualized by the polar form f ( r cos ( θ ) ... | Schwarz theorem | 0.798986 |
84,519 | Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications. The term is defined by consensus, and thus lacks a general formal definition, but the list of ma... | Special function | 0.798986 |
84,520 | When the multiple parties on the other side all benefit fairly equally from the results of the negotiations, then each of the parties has the incentive to free-ride, to withhold their payments and withdraw from the negotiations because they can still receive the benefits regardless of whether or not they contribute fin... | Coase Theorem | 0.798986 |
84,521 | In addition to complete flooding, a pumped storage power plant is also an option on the site. A patent from 1995 states that such a pumped-storage plant in the Hambach open-cast mine can be realized and can provide many times the pumped-storage capacity currently available in Germany. The increased use of renewable ene... | Hambach surface mine | 0.798986 |
84,522 | A regular language satisfies the following equivalent properties: it is the language of a regular expression (by the above definition) it is the language accepted by a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) it is the language accepted by a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) it can be generated by a regular grammar i... | Rational language | 0.798986 |
84,523 | 1939 – The Institute for Continuing Education opens its gates. 1949 – The name Technical University of Budapest becomes official. At this time the university consists of the faculties of: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Architecture, Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering (in historical order). | Budapest University of Technology and Economics | 0.798985 |
84,524 | computer vision. The study and application of methods which allow computers to "understand" image content. | Machine vision glossary | 0.798985 |
84,525 | When the US and European regimen were studied side by side, the two regimens were comparable in terms of efficacy outcomes. Radiation therapy continues to be an integral component of rhabdomyosarcoma treatment; however, the long-term safety and treatment related complications remain a concern. Advancement in the use of... | Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | 0.798985 |
84,526 | In geometry, focal conics are a pair of curves consisting of either an ellipse and a hyperbola, where the hyperbola is contained in a plane, which is orthogonal to the plane containing the ellipse. The vertices of the hyperbola are the foci of the ellipse and its foci are the vertices of the ellipse (see diagram).or tw... | Focal conics | 0.798984 |
84,527 | In 1970, Kacprzyk graduated from Warsaw University of Technology, Poland, with M.Sc. in automatic control and computer science. In 1977, he obtained Ph.D. in systems analysis and in 1991 D.Sc. | Janusz Kacprzyk | 0.798984 |
84,528 | In non-Euclidean geometry, the Poincaré half-plane model is the upper half-plane, denoted below as H = { ⟨ x , y ⟩ ∣ y > 0 ; x , y ∈ R } {\displaystyle =\{\langle x,y\rangle \mid y>0;x,y\in \mathbb {R} \}} , together with a metric, the Poincaré metric, that makes it a model of two-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. Equiv... | Poincaré half-plane model | 0.798984 |
84,529 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, LCF notation or LCF code is a notation devised by Joshua Lederberg, and extended by H. S. M. Coxeter and Robert Frucht, for the representation of cubic graphs that contain a Hamiltonian cycle. The cycle itself includes two out of the three adjacencies for each vertex, and the ... | LCF notation | 0.798984 |
84,530 | Ergodic systems capture the common-sense, every-day notions of randomness, such that smoke might come to fill all of a smoke-filled room, or that a block of metal might eventually come to have the same temperature throughout, or that flips of a fair coin may come up heads and tails half the time. A stronger concept tha... | Unique ergodicity | 0.798984 |
84,531 | In mathematics and numerical analysis, an adaptive step size is used in some methods for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations (including the special case of numerical integration) in order to control the errors of the method and to ensure stability properties such as A-stability. Using an adaptive ... | Adaptive stepsize | 0.798984 |
84,532 | For molecular genetics to develop as a discipline, several scientific discoveries were necessary. The discovery of DNA as a means to transfer the genetic code of life from one cell to another and between generations was essential for identifying the molecule responsible for heredity. Molecular genetics arose initially ... | Molecular Genetics | 0.798984 |
84,533 | In 1993, it was reported that the Lambert W function provides an exact solution to the quantum-mechanical double-well Dirac delta function model for equal charges—a fundamental problem in physics. Prompted by this, Rob Corless and developers of the Maple computer algebra system realized that "the Lambert W function has... | Lambert's W function | 0.798983 |
84,534 | This is a list of probability topics. It overlaps with the (alphabetical) list of statistical topics. There are also the outline of probability and catalog of articles in probability theory. For distributions, see List of probability distributions. For journals, see list of probability journals. For contributors to the... | List of probability topics | 0.798983 |
84,535 | Thus the standard mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics allows different observers to give different accounts of the same sequence of events. There are many ways to overcome this perceived difficulty. | Relational quantum mechanics | 0.798983 |
84,536 | Drawing on her talent for solving rigorous logical problems that she developed during her high school training, Hafidi completed her bachelor's degree in theoretical physics at Mohammed V. University in 1995 in Rabat, Morocco.In her interview for CNN Arabia (2017), Hafidi recalls the doctorate holders strike due to lac... | Kawtar Hafidi | 0.798982 |
84,537 | Vol. I: Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels (1840); On the Origin of Geometry (1829–30). Vol. | Nikolai Lobachevsky | 0.798982 |
84,538 | The origins of dimensional analysis have been disputed by historians. The first written application of dimensional analysis has been credited to François Daviet, a student of Lagrange, in a 1799 article at the Turin Academy of Science.This led to the conclusion that meaningful laws must be homogeneous equations in thei... | Dimension of a physical quantity | 0.798982 |
84,539 | Once fully completed, the KM3NeT research infrastructure will consist of several large subdetectors. At first, two of these - together forming the ARCA detector - will indeed form a telescope searching for distant neutrino-sources. Another subdetector - baptised ORCA - will be optimised to measure the properties of the... | KM3NeT | 0.798981 |
84,540 | HDDA-derived benzynes have also been shown to dehydrogenate saturated alkanes to form alkenes. In the absence of external trapping reagents, the benzyne intermediate can abstract vicinal (chemistry) hydrogen atoms from a suitable donor, often the reaction solvent (such as tetrahydrofuran or cyclooctane). This desaturat... | Hexadehydro Diels–Alder reaction | 0.798981 |
84,541 | optiSLang is a software platform for CAE-based sensitivity analysis, multi-disciplinary optimization (MDO) and robustness evaluation. It is developed by Dynardo GmbH and provides a framework for numerical Robust Design Optimization (RDO) and stochastic analysis by identifying variables which contribute most to a predef... | OptiSLang | 0.798981 |
84,542 | One of the largest uses of SQUIDs is to read out superconducting Transition-edge sensors. Hundreds of thousands of multiplexed SQUIDs coupled to transition-edge sensors are presently being deployed to study the Cosmic microwave background, for X-ray astronomy, to search for dark matter made up of Weakly interacting mas... | Superconducting quantum interference device | 0.798981 |
84,543 | Her interest in Charlie wouldn't be so compounded if only he could not see everything in the world in mathematical categories. On the other hand, she deeply admires his work, and is filled with awe after touching a chalkboard full of his elegant equations. In Season 2, after Charlie became concerned with her associatio... | Amita Ramanujan | 0.798981 |
84,544 | Metacompilers reduce the task of writing compilers by automating the aspects that are the same regardless of the object language. This makes possible the design of domain-specific languages which are appropriate to the specification of a particular problem. A metacompiler reduces the cost of producing translators for s... | Semantic action routine | 0.79898 |
84,545 | "Axonometry" means "to measure along the axes". In German literature, axonometry is based on Pohlke's theorem, such that the scope of axonometric projection could encompass every type of parallel projection, including not only orthographic projection (and multiview projection), but also oblique projection. However, out... | Axonometric projection | 0.79898 |
84,546 | The primary concern of automated synthesis is job displacement. Other concerns are high initial investment and maintenance costs, privacy concerns, and an over-dependence on technology. There are also ethical concerns, regarding the use of artificial intelligence and robotics. See Ethics of artificial intelligence, Rob... | Fully automated synthesis | 0.79898 |
84,547 | Blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), has been used in video games for monetization. Many live-service games offer in-game customization options, such as character skins or other in-game items, which the players can earn and trade with other players using in-game currency. Some... | Blockchain technology | 0.79898 |
84,548 | As a young area of research, gravitational-wave astronomy is still in development; however, there is consensus within the astrophysics community that this field will evolve to become an established component of 21st century multi-messenger astronomy.Gravitational-wave observations complement observations in the electro... | Gravitational wave detection | 0.79898 |
84,549 | Multimodality integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. For example, information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived. Sensation and perception are studied by a variety of related fields, most notably psychophysics, neurobiology, cognitive psy... | Sensory information | 0.79898 |
84,550 | The following is a primality test in Golang using the same optimization as above. | Primality testing | 0.79898 |
84,551 | Frederic Clements published the first American ecology book in 1905, presenting the idea of plant communities as a superorganism. This publication launched a debate between ecological holism and individualism that lasted until the 1970s. Clements' superorganism concept proposed that ecosystems progress through regular ... | Ecology | 0.79898 |
84,552 | In organosulfur chemistry, a mesylate is any salt or ester of methanesulfonic acid (CH3SO3H). In salts, the mesylate is present as the CH3SO−3 anion. When modifying the international nonproprietary name of a pharmaceutical substance containing the group or anion, the spelling used is sometimes mesilate (as in imatinib ... | Methane sulfonate | 0.798979 |
84,553 | The power of probabilistic methods in dealing with uncertainty was shown by Gauss's determination of the orbit of Ceres from a few observations. The theory of errors used the method of least squares to correct error-prone observations, especially in astronomy, based on the assumption of a normal distribution of errors ... | History of probability | 0.798979 |
84,554 | In mathematics and computer science, a random tree is a tree or arborescence that is formed by a stochastic process. Types of random trees include: Uniform spanning tree, a spanning tree of a given graph in which each different tree is equally likely to be selected Random minimal spanning tree, spanning trees of a grap... | Random tree | 0.798979 |
84,555 | Unlike the coordination geometry of zinc in zinc diacetate dihydrate, cadmium is seven coordinate in Cd(O2CCH3)2(H2O)2. It is a coordination polymer, featuring acetate ligands interconnecting cadmium centers. | Cadmium acetate | 0.798979 |
84,556 | Isotope masses from: M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. | Tennessine-295 | 0.798979 |
84,557 | The Laplace operator is a scalar operator that can be applied to either vector or scalar fields; for cartesian coordinate systems it is defined as: Δ = ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 ∂ z 2 = ∇ ⋅ ∇ = ∇ 2 {\displaystyle \Delta ={\partial ^{2} \over \partial x^{2}}+{\partial ^{2} \over \partial y^{2}}+{\partial ^{2} \over \p... | Divergence operator | 0.798979 |
84,558 | The normal distribution CDF and its inverse are not available in closed form, and computation requires careful use of numerical procedures. However, the functions are widely available in software for statistics and probability modeling, and in spreadsheets. In Microsoft Excel, for example, the probit function is availa... | Probit function | 0.798979 |
84,559 | Systems of many identical fermions are described by Fermi–Dirac statistics. Parastatistics are also possible. In certain two-dimensional systems, mixed symmetry can occur. | Indistinguishable particles | 0.798978 |
84,560 | To prove the theorem, each of the basic constructions of compass and straightedge need to be proven to be possible by using a straightedge alone (provided that a circle and its center exist in the plane), as these are the foundations of, or elementary steps for, all other constructions. That is to say, all construction... | Poncelet–Steiner theorem | 0.798978 |
84,561 | For simply connected topological spaces X and Y, a map f: X → Y is a weak homotopy equivalence if and only if the induced homomorphism f*: Hn(X,Z) → Hn(Y,Z) on singular homology groups is bijective for all n. Likewise, for simply connected spaces X and Y, a map f: X → Y is a weak homotopy equivalence if and only if the... | Weak equivalence (homotopy theory) | 0.798978 |
84,562 | The stereoscope is an instrument used to see the 3D overlapping aerial images. Reaching the requirements of the two chosen, overlapping images is simple. The principal points (central point of the image in geometry) of the two photos must be in different locations on the terrain. Another restriction is that the scale o... | Aerial photograph interpretation | 0.798978 |
84,563 | In analysis and geometry, any closed subset of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} is the zero set of a smooth function defined on all of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} . This extends to any smooth manifold as a corollary of paracompactness. In differential geometry, zero sets are frequently used to define manif... | Root of a function | 0.798978 |
84,564 | Authorship measures that analysts use include word length average, average number of syllables per word, article frequency, type-token ratio, punctuation (both in terms of overall density and syntactic boundaries), and the measurements of hapax legomena (unique words in a text). Statistical approaches include factor an... | Forensic stylistics | 0.798977 |
84,565 | For dim V = 1, if Q has diagonalization diag(a), that is there is a non-zero vector x such that Q(x) = a, then Cl(V, Q) is algebra-isomorphic to a K-algebra generated by an element x satisfying x2 = a, the quadratic algebra K / (X2 − a). In particular, if a = 0 (that is, Q is the zero quadratic form) then Cl(V, Q) is a... | Clifford Algebra | 0.798977 |
84,566 | In robotics and motion planning, kinodynamic planning is a class of problems for which velocity, acceleration, and force/torque bounds must be satisfied, together with kinematic constraints such as avoiding obstacles. The term was coined by Bruce Donald, Pat Xavier, John Canny, and John Reif. Donald et al. developed th... | Kinodynamic planning | 0.798977 |
84,567 | Industrial Green Chemistry World (IGCW) has a special focus primarily over the four most chemistry-intensive sectors: Pharmaceuticals Agro-chemicals Dyes & Pigments Specialty, Fine and Performance Chemicals. | Industrial Green Chemistry World | 0.798977 |
84,568 | pathology A medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, as well as tissues, using the tools of chemistry, clinical microbiology, hematology, and molecular pathology. pH A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicit... | Glossary of biology | 0.798977 |
84,569 | Since the Shang period, the Chinese had already fully developed a decimal system. Since early times, Chinese understood basic arithmetic (which dominated far eastern history), algebra, equations, and negative numbers with counting rods. Although the Chinese were more focused on arithmetic and advanced algebra for astro... | Chinese mathematics | 0.798977 |
84,570 | Third, it can be used to study the evolution of microstructure over time, such as during deformation or heat treatment.However, 3D EBSD also has some limitations. It requires extensive data acquisition and processing, proper alignment between slices, and can be time-consuming and computationally intensive. In addition,... | 3D EBSD | 0.798977 |
84,571 | From 1991 to 1994, users of the Worm Community System, a major biology database on worms, switched to the Web and Gopher. While the Web did not include many advanced functions for data retrieval and collaboration, it was easily accessible. Conversely, the Worm Community System could only be browsed on specific terminal... | Open scientific data | 0.798977 |
84,572 | Observe that all rules have mirror companions, except the ones for implication. This reflects the fact that the usual language of first-order logic does not include the "is not implied by" connective ↚ {\displaystyle \not \leftarrow } that would be the De Morgan dual of implication. Adding such a connective with its na... | Sequent calculus | 0.798977 |
84,573 | The second phase of Einstein's "debate" with Bohr and the orthodox interpretation is characterized by an acceptance of the fact that it is, as a practical matter, impossible to simultaneously determine the values of certain incompatible quantities, but the rejection that this implies that these quantities do not actual... | Einstein's box | 0.798977 |
84,574 | Biophysical chemistry journals include Biophysical Journal, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (published by Academic Press), Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications (Academic Press), Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Elsevier Science), Biophysical Chemistry, An International Journal devoted to the Physic... | Biophysical chemist | 0.798977 |
84,575 | Robotics is another area that has recently benefited from chaos theory. Instead of robots acting in a trial-and-error type of refinement to interact with their environment, chaos theory has been used to build a predictive model. Chaotic dynamics have been exhibited by passive walking biped robots. | Chaotic behavior | 0.798976 |
84,576 | The notion of spacetime having more than four dimensions is of interest in its own mathematical right. Its appearance in physics can be rooted to attempts of unifying the fundamental interactions, originally gravity and electromagnetism. These ideas prevail in string theory and beyond. | Complex spacetime | 0.798976 |
84,577 | The university played a key role in the establishment of China's first national "EPA Communication Standard for Industrial Measurement and Control System", which was recognized by the IEC as international standard in the field of industrial automation. The university's spin-off company Chongqing CYIT Communications Tec... | Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications | 0.798976 |
84,578 | However, a competing meeting forced ISMB to change venues at short notice. The conference was held at Stanford University in August 1994 and was organised by Russ Altman, a research scientist at Stanford University School of Medicine. To emphasise the international aspect of the conference, ISMB 1995 was held at Robins... | Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology | 0.798976 |
84,579 | There is some tension here between concepts: integer point belongs in a sense to affine geometry, while abelian variety is inherently defined in projective geometry. The basic results, such as Siegel's theorem on integral points, come from the theory of diophantine approximation. | Arithmetic of elliptic curves | 0.798976 |
84,580 | 2023 Richard Ellis 2022 Frank Eisenhauer 2021 Marc Kamionkowski, Uroš Seljak, and Matias Zaldarriaga 2020 Lars Hernquist and Volker Springel 2019 Nicholas Kaiser and Joseph Silk, "for their seminal contributions to the theory of cosmological structure formation and probes of dark matter". 2018 Nazzareno Mandolesi, Jean... | Gruber Prize in Cosmology | 0.798976 |
84,581 | Examples of parameters that may be varied are the oscillator's resonance frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } and damping β {\displaystyle \beta } . Parametric oscillators are used in several areas of physics. The classical varactor parametric oscillator consists of a semiconductor varactor diode connected to a resonant... | Parametric amplifier | 0.798976 |
84,582 | Color filters are needed because the typical photosensors detect light intensity with little or no wavelength specificity and therefore cannot separate color information. Since sensors are made of semiconductors, they obey solid-state physics. The color filters filter the light by wavelength range, such that the separa... | Color filter array | 0.798976 |
84,583 | Maxwell even made, with his own hands, a clay model illustrating Gibbs's construct. He then produced two plaster casts of his model and mailed one to Gibbs. That cast is on display at the Yale physics department.Maxwell included a chapter on Gibbs's work in the next edition of his Theory of Heat, published in 1875. | Josiah Willard Gibbs | 0.798976 |
84,584 | Fragmentation and wholeness The rheomode – an experiment with language and thought Reality and knowledge considered as process Hidden variables in the quantum theory Quantum theory as an indication of a new order in physics, Part A: The development of new orders as shown through the history of physics Quantum theory as... | Wholeness and the Implicate Order | 0.798976 |
84,585 | The Gilbert–Varshamov bound, proved independently in 1952 by Gilbert and in 1957 by Rom Varshamov, is a mathematical theorem that guarantees the existence of error-correcting codes that have a high transmission rate as a function of their length, alphabet size, and Hamming distance between codewords (a parameter that c... | Edgar Gilbert | 0.798976 |
84,586 | In astronomy, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (Two-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Survey), 2dF or 2dFGRS is a redshift survey conducted by the Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO) with the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope between 1997 and 11 April 2002. The data from this survey were made public on 30 June 2003. The s... | 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey | 0.798975 |
84,587 | Estrone sulfate was first isolated from the urine of pregnant mares in the late 1930s by researchers in the Department of Biochemistry at University of Toronto. Premarin was first introduced in 1941 by Wyeth Ayerst as a treatment for hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause; at that time, Wyeth Ayerst only had to pr... | Conjugated estrogens | 0.798975 |
84,588 | No single qualification exists to become a security engineer. However, an undergraduate and/or graduate degree, often in computer science, computer engineering, or physical protection focused degrees such as Security Science, in combination with practical work experience (systems, network engineering, software developm... | Security engineering | 0.798975 |
84,589 | Polynomials are frequently used to encode information about some other object. The characteristic polynomial of a matrix or linear operator contains information about the operator's eigenvalues. The minimal polynomial of an algebraic element records the simplest algebraic relation satisfied by that element. The chromat... | Polynomial notation | 0.798975 |
84,590 | In molecular biology, SNORA4 (also known as ACA4) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines. | Small nucleolar RNA SNORA4 | 0.798975 |
84,591 | For any totally ordered set X we can define the open intervals (a, b) = {x | a < x and x < b}, (−∞, b) = {x | x < b}, (a, ∞) = {x | a < x}, and (−∞, ∞) = X.We can use these open intervals to define a topology on any ordered set, the order topology. When more than one order is being used on a set one talks about the ord... | Linear ordering | 0.798975 |
84,592 | A categorical product can be characterized by a universal construction. For concreteness, one may consider the Cartesian product in Set, the direct product in Grp, or the product topology in Top, where products exist. Let X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} be objects of a category C {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C... | Universal morphism | 0.798975 |
84,593 | Without elasticity, the varnish would soon crack, allowing water to penetrate the wood beneath. Prior to the development of modern polymer chemistry, varnish production was rudimentary. | Spar varnish | 0.798974 |
84,594 | Alan Turing, as well as a number of other pioneers of cybernetics, already formulated those questions and the general approach in 1950, but it is only since the end of the 20th century that they began to be investigated systematically.Because the concept of adaptive intelligent machines is central to developmental robo... | Epigenetic robotics | 0.798974 |
84,595 | With the proper guide, one is able to do normative assessments, that is measuring the potential, the moral and ethical reasoning of an economic system. Systems can be measured relative to the achievement of the rivals and normative assessments can be done based on statistics of the living standard, the gap of income an... | Comparative economic systems | 0.798974 |
84,596 | The Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (武田薬品工業株式会社, Takeda Yakuhin Kōgyō kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational pharmaceutical company, with partial American and British roots. It is the largest pharmaceutical company in Asia and one of the top 20 largest pharmaceutical companies in the world by revenue (top... | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company | 0.798973 |
84,597 | Artificially created antimatter is only usable as a medium of energy storage, not as an energy source, unless future technological developments (contrary to the conservation of the baryon number, such as a CP violation in favor of antimatter) allow the conversion of ordinary matter into anti-matter. Theoretically, huma... | Kardashev scale | 0.798973 |
84,598 | Radioluminescence, a result of bombardment by ionizing radiation Electroluminescence, a result of an electric current passed through a substance Cathodoluminescence, a result of a luminescent material being struck by electrons Chemiluminescence, the emission of light as a result of a chemical reaction Bioluminescence, ... | Luminescence | 0.798973 |
84,599 | A primary motivation for paraconsistent logic is the conviction that it ought to be possible to reason with inconsistent information in a controlled and discriminating way. The principle of explosion precludes this, and so must be abandoned. In non-paraconsistent logics, there is only one inconsistent theory: the trivi... | Paraconsistent analysis | 0.798973 |
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