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84,400 | Simultaneous localization and mapping – a technique used by robots and autonomous vehicles to build up a map within an unknown environment (without a priori knowledge), or to update a map within a known environment (with a priori knowledge from a given map), while at the same time keeping track of their current locatio... | Outline of robotics | 0.799009 |
84,401 | To complete this link, it was necessary to show that Frey's intuition was correct: that a Frey curve, if it existed, could not be modular. In 1985, Jean-Pierre Serre provided a partial proof that a Frey curve could not be modular. Serre did not provide a complete proof of his proposal; the missing part (which Serre had... | Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem | 0.799009 |
84,402 | 1914. Perception, physics and reality. An Enquiry into the Information that Physical Science can Supply about the Real. London: Cambridge University Press. | C. D. Broad | 0.799009 |
84,403 | As the automaton sees a symbol of input, it makes a transition (or jump) to another state, according to its transition function, which takes the previous state and current input symbol as its arguments. Automata theory is closely related to formal language theory. In this context, automata are used as finite representa... | Theory of automata | 0.799008 |
84,404 | A study published in 2012 did extensive research into the reproductive biology of D. mettleri and correlating information to its reproductive behaviors. Male flies mature more quickly than female flies do, but the study showed this is not the pivotal factor in why many wild females either lack sperm or exploit sperm so... | Drosophila mettleri | 0.799008 |
84,405 | Nova Scientia (1537) was Tartaglia's first published work, described by Matteo Valleriani as: ... one of the most fundamental works on mechanics of the Renaissance, indeed, the first to transform aspects of practical knowledge accumulated by the early modern artillerists into a theoretical and mathematical framework. T... | Nicolo Tartaglia | 0.799008 |
84,406 | The Jahn–Teller effect, sometimes also referred to as Jahn–Teller distortion, describes the geometrical distortion of molecules and ions that results from certain electron configurations. The Jahn–Teller theorem essentially states that any non-linear molecule with a spatially degenerate electronic ground state will und... | Jahn-Teller distortion | 0.799008 |
84,407 | When arcs do not cross, the arrangement of the two arcs will be either parallel (P) or series (S). When there are crossings, the crossings represent what is often called as X arrangement in circuit topology. The statistics of P, S, and X can be used to learn about folding kinetics of these polymers.Arc diagrams were us... | Linear embedding | 0.799008 |
84,408 | In 1967, Kroto began teaching and research at the University of Sussex in England. During his time at Sussex from 1967 to 1985, he carried out research mainly focused on the spectroscopic studies of new and novel unstable and semi-stable species. This work resulted in the birth of the various fields of new chemistry in... | Harry Kroto | 0.799007 |
84,409 | The first phase in the development of biolinguistics runs through the late 1960s with the publication of Lennberg's Biological Foundation of Language (1967). During the first phase, work focused on: specifying the boundary conditions for human language as a system of cognition; language development as it presents itsel... | Biolinguistics | 0.799007 |
84,410 | Tarski's axiomatization is also complete. This does not contradict Gödel's first incompleteness theorem, because Tarski's theory lacks the expressive power needed to interpret Robinson arithmetic (Franzén 2005, pp. 25–26). | Tarski's axioms | 0.799007 |
84,411 | A more recent construction, due to Pierre Ramond (Ramond 1976) and Bruce Allison (Allison 1978) and developed by Chris Barton and Anthony Sudbery, uses triality in the form developed by John Frank Adams; this was presented in (Barton & Sudbery 2000), and in streamlined form in (Barton & Sudbery 2003). Whereas Vinberg's... | Freudenthal magic square | 0.799007 |
84,412 | Several theories have been proposed, but none is currently universally accepted. An even more ambitious theory that includes all fundamental forces, including gravitation, is termed a theory of everything. Some common mainstream GUT models are: Pati–Salam model — SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2) Georgi–Glashow model — SU(5); and ... | Grand Unified Theory | 0.799007 |
84,413 | Although we now could use the algebraic update equations given previously, it may be preferable to rewrite them. Let ρ = 1 − c s , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {1-c}{s}},} so that ρ = tan(θ/2). Then the revised update equations are a h k ′ = a k h ′ = a h k − s ( a h ℓ + ρ a h k ) {\displaystyle a'_{hk}=a'_{kh}=a_{hk}-s... | Jacobi rotation | 0.799007 |
84,414 | Tim Maudlin writes that quantum "logic 'solves' the problem by making the problem impossible to state." Quantum logic remains in limited use among logicians as an extremely pathological counterexample (Dalla Chiara and Giuntini: "Why quantum logics? Simply because 'quantum logics are there!'"). Although the central in... | Quantum Logic | 0.799006 |
84,415 | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the Eilenberg–Zilber theorem is an important result in establishing the link between the homology groups of a product space X × Y {\displaystyle X\times Y} and those of the spaces X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} . The theorem first appeared in a 1953 paper... | Eilenberg–Zilber theorem | 0.799006 |
84,416 | From these are derived the two functions f ( n ) = F ( n ) − n = n {\displaystyle f(n)=F(n)-n=n} and f ∗ ( n ) = F ∗ ( n ) − n = n − 1 {\displaystyle f^{*}(n)=F^{*}(n)-n=n-1} . They form an inverse pair, and the partition generated via the Lambek–Moser theorem from this pair is just the partition of the positive intege... | Lambek–Moser theorem | 0.799006 |
84,417 | The design of a system is governed by multiple criteria, one being cost. If the benefit is fixed, the least cost design results in maximum benefit. However, the least cost approach normally results in a minimum capacity for a water supply network. A minimum cost model usually searches for the least cost solution (in pi... | Water system | 0.799006 |
84,418 | In the mathematical study of graph theory, a pancyclic graph is a directed graph or undirected graph that contains cycles of all possible lengths from three up to the number of vertices in the graph. Pancyclic graphs are a generalization of Hamiltonian graphs, graphs which have a cycle of the maximum possible length. | Pancyclic graph | 0.799006 |
84,419 | The University of Michigan Spin Physics Center focuses on studies of spin effects in high polarized proton-proton elastic and inelastic scattering. These polarized scattering experiments use the world-class solid and jet polarized proton targets, which are developed, upgraded and tested at the Center. The Center obtain... | Michigan Spin Physics Center | 0.799006 |
84,420 | West Point is a medium-sized, highly residential baccalaureate college, with a full-time, four-year undergraduate program that emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with no graduate program. There are forty-five academic majors, the most popular of which are foreign languages, management informa... | United States Military Academy | 0.799005 |
84,421 | Charles Meyer, finding that the ores of some elements are distributed over a wider time span than others, attributed the difference to the effects of tectonics and biomass on the surface chemistry, particularly free oxygen and carbon. In 1979, A. G. Zhabin introduced the concept of stages of mineral evolution in the Ru... | Mineral evolution | 0.799005 |
84,422 | CO₂ can be chemically transformed through organic chemistry into different products such as fertilizers, cement, biofuels, vodka, carbon nanotubes, material coatings, plastics, methanol, diamonds, clothing, foam, and detergents.CO₂ is also transformed into other forms of energy like synthetic fuels. Synthetic hydrocarb... | Carbon tech | 0.799005 |
84,423 | In wireless communication, the gamma distribution is used to model the multi-path fading of signal power; see also Rayleigh distribution and Rician distribution. In oncology, the age distribution of cancer incidence often follows the gamma distribution, wherein the shape and scale parameters predict, respectively, the ... | Gamma distribution | 0.799005 |
84,424 | In 2019, some companies “have committed to set climate targets across their operations and value chains aligned with limiting global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and reaching net-zero emissions by no later than 2050”. Corporate power purchase agreements can kickstart renewable energy projects, ... | Energy policy | 0.799005 |
84,425 | Roland Clift Developer of Life cycle assessment and broadcaster on environmental issues John Coulson (1910–1990) Co-writer of classic UK textbooks M. B. Donald (1897 - 1978) Fourth Ramsay professor of Chemical engineering at University College London. Former honorary secretary and vice-president of IChemE, Institution'... | Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers | 0.799005 |
84,426 | Encrypted data protected using public-key algorithms can be archived and may be broken at a later time, commonly known as retroactive/retrospective decryption or "harvest and decrypt". Mainstream symmetric ciphers (such as AES or Twofish) and collision resistant hash functions (such as SHA) are widely conjectured to of... | Cryptographic key length | 0.799005 |
84,427 | Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines timing processes, including periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms, such as their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms. These cycles are known as biological rhythms. Chronobiology comes from the ancient Greek χρόνος (chrónos, meaning "time"), and biol... | Chronobiology | 0.799004 |
84,428 | In 2002, after two decades of finding little interest from neuroscience institutions that he did not have a stake in, Hawkins founded the Redwood Neuroscience Institute in Menlo Park, California. In 2004, he co-authored On Intelligence with Sandra Blakeslee, laying out a theory on his "memory-prediction framework" of h... | Jeff Hawkins | 0.799004 |
84,429 | In computer science, robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution and cope with erroneous input. Robustness can encompass many areas of computer science, such as robust programming, robust machine learning, and Robust Security Network. Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing, are ... | Robustness (computer science) | 0.799004 |
84,430 | Bell Burnell was able to study science only after her parents and others challenged the school's policies. She failed the eleven-plus exam and her parents sent her to The Mount School, a Quaker girls' boarding school in York, England, where she completed her secondary education in 1961. There she was favourably impress... | Jocelyn Bell Burnell | 0.799004 |
84,431 | In this sense, a genus g surface resembles the surface of g doughnuts stuck together side by side, or a 2-sphere with g handles attached. As examples, a genus zero surface (without boundary) is the two-sphere while a genus one surface (without boundary) is the ordinary torus. The surfaces of higher genus are sometimes ... | Standard torus | 0.799004 |
84,432 | Let G n ( C ∞ ) = lim → k → ∞ G n ( C k ) {\displaystyle G_{n}(\mathbf {C} ^{\infty })={\lim _{\to }}\;_{k\to \infty }G_{n}(\mathbf {C} ^{k})} be the direct limit of all the Gn(Ck) (with the induced topology). Lemma: The group π p ( E U ( n ) ) {\displaystyle \pi _{p}(EU(n))} is trivial for all p ≥ 1. Proof: Let γ: Sp ... | Classifying space for U(n) | 0.799004 |
84,433 | As shown above, the group of conformal point transformations in Rn (composed of motions, similarities, and inversions) can be related by minimal projection to the group of contact transformations in Rn-1 transforming circles or spheres into other circles or spheres. In addition, Lie (1871, 1896) pointed out that in R3 ... | Spherical wave transformation | 0.799003 |
84,434 | American Crystallographic Association Biophysical Society Biophysical Society of Canada European Biophysical Societies' Association Indian Biophysical Society Institute of Biophysics (Chinese Academy of Sciences) International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics International Union of Crystallography National Institu... | Biophysical techniques | 0.799003 |
84,435 | The spectral theorem states that a matrix is normal if and only if it is unitarily similar to a diagonal matrix. Weakening the normality condition to EPness, a similar statement is still valid. Precisely, a matrix A of rank r is an EP matrix if and only if it is unitarily similar to a core-nilpotent matrix, that is, A ... | EP matrix | 0.799003 |
84,436 | A lambda term is in beta normal form if no beta reduction is possible; lambda calculus is a particular case of an abstract rewriting system. In the untyped lambda calculus, for example, the term ( λ x . ( x x ) λ x . | Canonical form | 0.799003 |
84,437 | While the effect is often described from the perspective of the human eye, it is well established in a number of animals under the same name to describe the general shifting of spectral sensitivity due to pooling of rod and cone output signals as a part of dark/light adaptation.This effect introduces a difference in co... | Purkinje effect | 0.799003 |
84,438 | A preorder field is called algebraic (or tight) if and only if it has a set of complexes A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} which determines the preorder in the following manner: x ≤ y {\displaystyle x\leq y} if and only if for every complex S ∈ A {\displaystyle S\in {\mathcal {A}}} , x ∈ S {\displaystyle x\in S} implies... | Preorder field | 0.799002 |
84,439 | She was at the Lick Observatory when she made her first observation of a supernova. She became interested by the supernova that form from the deaths of very large stars. She moved to Harvard University for her graduate studies, where she worked on the deaths of massive stars (including Type II supernova). Her doctoral ... | Maryam Modjaz | 0.799002 |
84,440 | In molecular biology, the Ubiquitin-Interacting Motif (UIM), or 'LALAL-motif', is a sequence motif of about 20 amino acid residues, which was first described in the 26S proteasome subunit PSD4/RPN-10 that is known to recognise ubiquitin. In addition, the UIM is found, often in tandem or triplet arrays, in a variety of ... | Ubiquitin-interacting motif | 0.799002 |
84,441 | Very accessible introduction to applied cryptography which covers most schemes of practical relevance. The focus is on being a textbook, i.e., it has pedagogical approach, many problems and further reading sections. | Books on cryptography | 0.799002 |
84,442 | A chemical transport model (CTM) is a type of computer numerical model which typically simulates atmospheric chemistry and may give air pollution forecasting. | Chemistry transport model | 0.799001 |
84,443 | Others associated with or influenced by second-order cybernetics include: Henri Atlan, biophysicist influenced by Foerster. Stewart Brand, associated with Bateson and Foerster. Some of the proceeds from Brand's Whole Earth Catalogue funded the publication of Foerster's Cybernetics of Cybernetics book. Nicholas Negropon... | Second-order cybernetics | 0.799001 |
84,444 | Because the treewidth of an n × n grid graph is n, the treewidth of a graph G is always greater than or equal to the size of the largest square grid minor of G. In the other direction, the grid minor theorem by Robertson and Seymour shows that there exists an unbounded function f such that the largest square grid minor... | Treewidth | 0.799001 |
84,445 | Linear lexicographic optimization is a special case of lexicographic optimization in which the objectives are linear, and the feasible set is described by linear inequalities. It can be written as:where c 1 , … , c n {\displaystyle c_{1},\ldots ,c_{n}} are vectors representing the linear objectives to maximize, ordered... | Lexicographic optimization | 0.799001 |
84,446 | With the expanding demand for software in many smaller organizations, the need for inexpensive software solutions led to the growth of simpler, faster methodologies that developed running software, from requirements to deployment, quicker & easier. The use of rapid-prototyping evolved to entire lightweight methodologie... | History of software engineering | 0.799001 |
84,447 | A small telescope is generally considered by professional astronomers to be any reflecting telescope with a primary mirror that is less than 2 metres (80 in) in diameter. By amateur standards, a small telescope can have a primary mirror/aperture less than 6–10 inches (150–250 mm) in diameter. Little if any professional... | Small telescope | 0.799001 |
84,448 | Several python libraries use JAX as a backend, including: Flax, a high level neural network library initially developed by Google Brain. Equinox, a library that revolves around the idea of representing parameterised functions (including neural networks) as PyTrees. It was created by Patrick Kidger. | Google JAX | 0.799 |
84,449 | The Prato reaction is a particular example of the well-known 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to olefins. In fullerene chemistry this reaction refers to the functionalization of fullerenes and nanotubes. The amino acid sarcosine reacts with paraformaldehyde when heated at reflux in toluene to an ylide whi... | Prato reaction | 0.799 |
84,450 | Samuel Ferguson, The Kepler Conjecture Robert Meyerhoff, Rigorous computer-aided proofs in the theory of hyperbolic 3-manifolds Herman Gluck, Geometry, topology and plasma physics Burkhard Wilking, New examples of manifolds with positive sectional curvature almost everywhere John Roe, Amenability and assembly maps Elen... | Geometry Festival | 0.799 |
84,451 | Thus, the multiplicative group of rational functions can be factored into the multiplicative group of complex numbers (the associated scalar factors for each function) and the free abelian group over the complex numbers. The rational functions that have a nonzero limiting value at infinity (the meromorphic functions on... | Integral basis | 0.799 |
84,452 | In computer science, metalinguistic abstraction is the process of solving complex problems by creating a new language or vocabulary to better understand the problem space. More generally, it also encompasses the ability or skill of a programmer to think outside of the pre-conceived notions of a specific language in ord... | Metalinguistic abstraction | 0.798999 |
84,453 | L. D. Landau; E. M. Lifshitz (1980). Statistical Physics, Part 1. Vol. | Lev Landau | 0.798999 |
84,454 | For hardness parameters, the variogram often increases rapidly near the origin and can reach the sill at distances significantly smaller than the typical drill hole collar spacing. For this reason the incremental model precision due to additional test work is often simply a consequence of the central limit theorem, and... | Geometallurgy | 0.798999 |
84,455 | In the 19th century, chemists found it puzzling that benzene could be so unreactive toward addition reactions, given its presumed high degree of unsaturation. The cyclohexatriene structure for benzene was first proposed by August Kekulé in 1865. Most chemists were quick to accept this structure, since it accounted for ... | Σ-aromaticity | 0.798999 |
84,456 | 2013 Andrew James Shields, Toshiba Research Europe Ltd. "For his research on semiconductor sources and detectors of quantum light states, as well as their application to secure communication on optical fibres, quantum-enhanced sensing and quantum computing." 2011 Andrew Peter Mackenzie, University of St Andrews. | Nevill Mott Medal and Prize | 0.798999 |
84,457 | Ted Hurley (born Thaddeus C. Hurley in 1944) is an Irish mathematician specialising in algebra, specifically in group theory, group rings, cryptography, coding theory, and computer algebra. Most of his academic career was spent at University College Galway (later renamed National University of Ireland Galway, or simply... | Ted Hurley | 0.798999 |
84,458 | Because randomness is present throughout quantum theory, one typically requires that a quantum computational procedure yield the correct answer, not with certainty, but with high probability. For example, one might aim for a procedure that computes the correct answer with probability at least 3/4. One also specifies a ... | Continuous-variable quantum information | 0.798999 |
84,459 | The role of epigenetics in cancer has been the subject of intensive study. For the purposes of epigenetic therapy, the two key findings from this research are that cancers frequently use epigenetic mechanisms to deactivate cellular antitumor systems and that most human cancers epigenetically activate oncogenes, such as... | Epigenetic Therapy | 0.798998 |
84,460 | The complete proof of the Law of Large Numbers for the arbitrary random variables was finally provided during first half of 20th century.A significant indirect influence was Thomas Simpson, who achieved a result that closely resembled de Moivre's. According to Simpsons' work's preface, his own work depended greatly on ... | Ars Conjectandi | 0.798998 |
84,461 | In vertebrate biology, iodine's primary function is as a constituent of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These molecules are made from addition-condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3... | Iodine in biology | 0.798998 |
84,462 | Usually the initial measurement is the minimal level of fluorescence, F 0 {\displaystyle \,F_{0}} . This is the fluorescence in the absence of photosynthetic light.To use measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence to analyse photosynthesis, researchers must distinguish between photochemical quenching and non-photochemica... | Chlorophyll fluorescence | 0.798998 |
84,463 | Coverage of Materials science is accomplished with the following editions: Materials Science, Ceramics Materials Science, Characterization & Testing Materials Science, Biomaterials Materials Science, Coatings & Films Materials Science, Composites Materials Science, Paper & Wood Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Mate... | Materials Science Citation Index | 0.798998 |
84,464 | Boolean-valued models can be used to give semantics to syntactic forcing; the price paid is that the semantics is not 2-valued ("true or false"), but assigns truth values from some complete Boolean algebra. Given a forcing poset P, there is a corresponding complete Boolean algebra B, often obtained as the collection of... | Boolean-valued model | 0.798997 |
84,465 | The odd crossing number is at most equal to the pairwise crossing number, which is at most equal to the crossing number. However, by the Hanani–Tutte theorem, whenever one of these numbers is zero, they all are. Schaefer (2014, 2018) surveys many such variants. | Crossing number (graph theory) | 0.798997 |
84,466 | UTM has established academic partnerships with companies like Microsoft, InterSystems, SAP, Oracle Corporation and Sun Microsystems. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed with the Mauritius Information and Technology Industry Association (MITIA) and the National Computer Board (NCB) for fostering a pool o... | University of Technology, Mauritius | 0.798997 |
84,467 | Geological processes, including the grinding of glaciers on the bedrock below and water-rock interaction, ensure that minerals are continuously fed into the subglacial system. Iron transported by subglacial streams, for example, is mostly sourced from subglacial weathering, and may be responsible for an Fe flux large e... | Subglacial stream | 0.798997 |
84,468 | In terms of linear algebra, assuming the origin is fixed, involutions are exactly the diagonalizable maps with all eigenvalues either 1 or −1. Reflection in a hyperplane has a single −1 eigenvalue (and multiplicity n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} on the 1 eigenvalue), while point reflection has only the −1 eigenvalue (with m... | Inversion point | 0.798996 |
84,469 | ImmunoGen, Inc. (Nasdaq: IMGN) is a biotechnology company focused on the development of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. ImmunoGen was founded in 1981 and is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts.An ImmunoGen ADC contains a manufactured antibody that binds to a target found on c... | ImmunoGen | 0.798996 |
84,470 | The scattered light produces the brightness and colour in clear skies. This partial polarization of scattered light can be taken advantage of using polarizing filters to darken the sky in photographs. Optical polarization is principally of importance in chemistry due to circular dichroism and optical rotation ("circula... | Optical device | 0.798996 |
84,471 | The sign of the weight of a tensor density, such as the weight of the determinant of the covariant metric tensor. The active and passive sign convention of current, voltage and power in electrical engineering. A sign convention used for curved mirrors assigns a positive focal length to concave mirrors and a negative fo... | Sign convention | 0.798996 |
84,472 | Algebraic surfaces of Kodaira dimension − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } may be birational to more than one minimal non-singular surface, but it is easy to describe the relation between these minimal surfaces. For example, P1 × P1 blown up at a point is isomorphic to P2 blown up twice. So to classify all compact complex su... | Complex surface | 0.798996 |
84,473 | In the context of Hamiltonian optics, at a point in space, a light ray may be completely defined by a point r = (x, y, z), a unit Euclidean vector v = (cos αX, cos αY, cos αZ) indicating its direction and the refractive index n at point r. The optical momentum of the ray at that point is defined by where ‖p‖ = n. The g... | Optical extent | 0.798995 |
84,474 | In both cases, the transverse directions are unaffected and the three planes meeting at each corner of the cuboids are mutually orthogonal (in the sense of E1,2 at right, and in the sense of E3 at left). In special relativity, Poincaré transformations are a class of affine transformations which can be characterized as ... | Length contraction | 0.798995 |
84,475 | As for Pascal's theorem there exist degenerations for Brianchon's theorem, too: Let coincide two neighbored tangents. Their point of intersection becomes a point of the conic. In the diagram three pairs of neighbored tangents coincide. This procedure results in a statement on inellipses of triangles. | Brianchon's theorem | 0.798995 |
84,476 | The Greek mathematician Menaechmus solved problems and proved theorems by using a method that had a strong resemblance to the use of coordinates and it has sometimes been maintained that he had introduced analytic geometry.Apollonius of Perga, in On Determinate Section, dealt with problems in a manner that may be calle... | Coordinate geometry | 0.798995 |
84,477 | Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600. Both lunar and solar eclipses presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color of a total lunar eclipse, and the reportedly unusual light surrounding a total solar eclipse. Related ... | History of optics | 0.798995 |
84,478 | Angelo, which was a student of mathematics at the University of Bologna under Gianfranco Cimmino, a former pupil of Mauro Picone, was charged of the task of testing the truth of Gaetano's assertions, examining him in mathematics: his question was:– "Mi sai dire una condizione sufficiente per scambiare un limite con un ... | Gaetano Fichera | 0.798994 |
84,479 | A system is modeled as a bipartite directed graph with two sets of nodes: A set of "place" nodes that contain resources, and a set of "event" nodes which generate and/or consume resources. There are additional constraints on the nodes and edges that constrain the behavior of the system. Petri nets utilize the propertie... | Bipartite graph | 0.798994 |
84,480 | Clinical pathology is itself divided into subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking, hematopathology and clinical microbiology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics and proteomics. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomic pathology. Both ... | Clinical pathology | 0.798994 |
84,481 | The transition state model for a six-membered oxocarbenium ring was proposed earlier in 1992 by Woods et al. The general strategy for determining the stereochemistry of a nucleophilic addition to a six-membered ring follows a similar procedure to the case of the five-membered ring. The assumption that one makes for thi... | Oxocarbenium | 0.798994 |
84,482 | Mathematical sociology the area of sociology that uses mathematics to construct social theories. Mathematical statistics the application of probability theory, a branch of mathematics, to statistics, as opposed to techniques for collecting statistical data. Mathematical system theory Matrix algebra Matrix calculus Matr... | Glossary of areas of mathematics | 0.798994 |
84,483 | The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na+) is a commonly cotransported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or mo... | Active uptake | 0.798994 |
84,484 | Laboratory B was known under another cover name as Объект 0211 (Ob'ekt 0211, Object 0211), as well as Object B. (In 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, Scientific Research Institute-1011, NII-101... | Karl Zimmer | 0.798994 |
84,485 | Independent of the developments for electrons in vacuum, at about the same time the components of quantum mechanics were being assembled. In 1924 Louis de Broglie in his PhD thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta introduced his theory of electron waves. He suggested that an electron around a nucleus could be thoug... | Electron diffraction | 0.798993 |
84,486 | He went on to receive a PhD in biology from the California Institute of Technology, where he trained in the laboratory of Norman Davidson. Snyder completed his postdoctoral training at Stanford University School of Medicine in the laboratory of Ronald W. Davis. There he was involved in several projects including establ... | Michael P. Snyder | 0.798993 |
84,487 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 20 (also known as scaRNA20 or ACA66) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation of U12 minor spliceosomal RNA. scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the... | Small Cajal body specific RNA 20 | 0.798993 |
84,488 | The fundamental theorem of algebra establishes a link between algebra and geometry by showing that a monic polynomial (an algebraic object) in one variable with complex number coefficients is determined by the set of its roots (a geometric object) in the complex plane. Generalizing this result, Hilbert's Nullstellensat... | Projective algebraic set | 0.798993 |
84,489 | The affinity laws (also known as the "Fan Laws" or "Pump Laws") for pumps/fans are used in hydraulics, hydronics and/or HVAC to express the relationship between variables involved in pump or fan performance (such as head, volumetric flow rate, shaft speed) and power. They apply to pumps, fans, and hydraulic turbines. I... | Affinity laws | 0.798993 |
84,490 | On the n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional Euclidean space R n , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} the intuitive notion of length of the vector x = ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}=\left(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}\right)} is captured by the formula This is the Euclidean norm, which gives the ordinar... | Norm (mathematics) | 0.798993 |
84,491 | As analysed by the evolutionary biologist Armand Leroi, Aristotle's biology included five major interlocking processes: a metabolic process, whereby animals take in matter, change its qualities, and distribute these to use to grow, live, and reproduce a cycle of temperature regulation, whereby animals maintain a steady... | Aristotelian biology | 0.798993 |
84,492 | Phosgene oxime, or CX, is an organic compound with the formula Cl2CNOH. It is a potent chemical weapon, specifically a nettle agent, which is a type of blister agent. The compound itself is a colorless solid, but impure samples are often yellowish liquids. It has a strong, disagreeable and irritating odor. It is used a... | Phosgene oxime | 0.798992 |
84,493 | The IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and for describing the science of chemistry in general. It is maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. the Blue Book and the Red Book: the two publications containing the rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds. | Scientific nomenclature | 0.798992 |
84,494 | The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as PPV = Number of true positives Number of true positives + Number of false positives = Number of true positives Number of positive calls {\displaystyle {\text{PPV}}={\frac {\text{Number of true positives}}{{\text{Number of true positives}}+{\text{Number of... | Positive and negative predictive values | 0.798992 |
84,495 | Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction, cryogenic engines (for rocket propulsion), cryosurgery. Generally, temperatures below cold come under the purview of cryogenic engineering. Cryogenics may be cons... | Cryogenic engineering | 0.798992 |
84,496 | It has a relatively high boiling point. DMSO has the unusual property that many individuals perceive a garlic-like taste in the mouth after DMSO makes contact with their skin.In terms of chemical structure, the molecule has idealized Cs symmetry. It has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry consistent with other thre... | Dimethyl Sulfoxide | 0.798992 |
84,497 | The theory of diffusion-controlled reaction was originally utilized by R.A. Alberty, Gordon Hammes, and Manfred Eigen to estimate the upper limit of enzyme-substrate reaction. According to their estimation, the upper limit of enzyme-substrate reaction was 109 M−1 s−1. In 1972, it was observed that in the dehydration of... | Catalytically perfect enzyme | 0.798991 |
84,498 | If X {\displaystyle X} is any space then the identity map Id: X → X {\displaystyle \operatorname {Id} :X\to X} is continuous but its graph, which is the diagonal Gr Id := { ( x , x ): x ∈ X } , {\displaystyle \operatorname {Gr} \operatorname {Id} :=\{(x,x):x\in X\},} , is closed in X × X {\displaystyle X\times X} if ... | Closed graph theorem | 0.798991 |
84,499 | According to O {\displaystyle O} , at t 2 {\displaystyle t_{2}} , the system S {\displaystyle S} is in a determinate state, namely spin up. And, if quantum mechanics is complete, then so is this description. But, for O ′ {\displaystyle O'} , S {\displaystyle S} is not uniquely determinate, but is rather entangled with ... | Relational quantum mechanics | 0.79899 |
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