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84,600 | By triangulating 1-dimensional manifolds, one can show that they are always homeomorphic to disjoint copies of the real line and the unit sphere S 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} ^{1}} . Moreover, surfaces, i.e. 2-manifolds, can be classified completely: Let S {\displaystyle S} be a compact surface. If S {\displaystyle S}... | Triangulation (topology) | 0.798973 |
84,601 | The theory of two-level planning (alternatively, Kornai–Liptak decomposition) is a method that decomposes large problems of linear optimization into sub-problems. This decomposition simplifies the solution of the overall problem. The method also models a method of coordinating economic decisions so that decentralized f... | Theory of two-level planning | 0.798973 |
84,602 | As a postdoc he was a research associate under the supervision of Eric Adelberger and Blayne Heckel at the University of Washington from 1990 to 1993. As a member of the Eöt-Wash Group, named in honor of Loránd Eötvös, Gundlach did research in experimental gravitational physics. With his colleagues he searched for the ... | Jens H. Gundlach | 0.798973 |
84,603 | Classifying according to mathematical graph theory, USB buses are directed trees, whereas FireWire buses have a true bus network topology. This difference is reflected in the bus connectors used, in that USB cables are asymmetrical (one end Type A, other end Type B) while FireWire cables may have identical connectors a... | Hermaphroditic connector | 0.798972 |
84,604 | The Poncelet-Steiner Theorem does not prohibit the normal treatment of circles already drawn in the plane; normal construction rules apply. The theorem only prohibits the construction of new circular arcs with a compass. Steiner constructions and those constructions herein proving the Poncelet-Steiner theorem require t... | Poncelet–Steiner theorem | 0.798972 |
84,605 | Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes long survey and tutorial articles in the field of theoretical computer science. It was established in 2005 and is published by Now Publishers. The founding editor-in-chief is Madhu Sudan (Microsoft Research). | Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science | 0.798972 |
84,606 | His successor, Theophrastus, began the scientific study of plants. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz (781–869), Al-Dīnawarī (828–896), who wrote on botany, and Rhazes (865–925) who wrote on anatomy and physiology. Medicine was especially well studied by Islamic scholars worki... | Biological research | 0.798972 |
84,607 | Yebol – Yebol was a vertical "decision" search engine that had developed a knowledge-based, semantic search platform. Yebol's artificial intelligence human intelligence-infused algorithms automatically clustered and categorized search results, web sites, pages and content that it presented in a visually indexed format ... | Natural language search engine | 0.798971 |
84,608 | The system size expansion, also known as van Kampen's expansion or the Ω-expansion, is a technique pioneered by Nico van Kampen used in the analysis of stochastic processes. Specifically, it allows one to find an approximation to the solution of a master equation with nonlinear transition rates. The leading order term ... | System size expansion | 0.798971 |
84,609 | In number theory, a pernicious number is a positive integer such that the Hamming weight of its binary representation is prime, that is, there is a prime number of 1s when it is written as a binary number. | Pernicious number | 0.798971 |
84,610 | Devarda's alloy (alloy of aluminium (~45%), copper (~50%) and zinc (~5%)) is a reducing agent that was commonly used in wet analytical chemistry to produce in situ so-called nascent hydrogen under alkaline conditions for the determination of nitrates (NO−3) after their reduction into ammonia (NH3). In the Marsh test, u... | Active hydrogen | 0.798971 |
84,611 | After graduating, he was offered a position at Oxford University in the department headed by David Chilton Phillips, though the position's start date was to commence after a year. He undertook a postdoctoral appointment at California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He enjoyed Caltech and decided to stay on as an ins... | Robert M. Stroud | 0.798971 |
84,612 | Despite the motivation from coloring political maps of countries, the theorem is not of particular interest to cartographers. According to an article by the math historian Kenneth May, "Maps utilizing only four colors are rare, and those that do usually require only three. Books on cartography and the history of mapmak... | Four-colour theorem | 0.79897 |
84,613 | In chemistry, pi bonds (π bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, in each of which two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap with two lobes of an orbital on another atom, and in which this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through t... | Π bond | 0.798969 |
84,614 | Jacques Tits has proved that if the indeterminate q is specialized to any complex number outside of an explicitly given list (consisting of roots of unity), then the resulting one parameter Hecke algebra is semisimple and isomorphic to the complex group algebra C (which also corresponds to the specialization q ↦ 1). 5.... | Hecke algebra of a Coxeter group | 0.798968 |
84,615 | This does not hold in the fpqc topology, making it not as "nice" in terms of technical properties. Even though this is true, using algebraic stacks over the fpqc topology still has its use, such as in chromatic homotopy theory. This is because the Moduli stack of formal group laws M f g {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}_{f... | Algebraic stack | 0.798968 |
84,616 | Surface engineering and modification allows clinicians to better control the interactions of a biomaterial with the host living system. Important surface properties: Wettability (surface energy) Surface chemistry Surface textures (smooth/rough) Topographical factors including: size, shape, alignment, structure determin... | Biomaterial | 0.798968 |
84,617 | At every step k, the Euclidean algorithm computes a quotient qk and remainder rk from two numbers rk−1 and rk−2 rk−2 = qk rk−1 + rkwhere the rk is non-negative and is strictly less than the absolute value of rk−1. The theorem which underlies the definition of the Euclidean division ensures that such a quotient and rema... | Euclidean Algorithm | 0.798968 |
84,618 | Conceptually, the problem was that the definition sprung from GL, which was classically the source of K1. Because GL knows only about gluing vector bundles, not about the vector bundles themselves, it was impossible for it to describe K0. Inspired by conversations with Quillen, Segal soon introduced another approach to... | Algebraic K-group | 0.798968 |
84,619 | Modern turbine design carries the calculations further. Computational fluid dynamics dispenses with many of the simplifying assumptions used to derive classical formulas and computer software facilitates optimization. These tools have led to steady improvements in turbine design over the last forty years. | Impulse turbine | 0.798967 |
84,620 | Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. 74: 127–142. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22291-7_8. | Bruno Zamborlin | 0.798967 |
84,621 | Matrix isolation is an experimental technique used in chemistry and physics. It generally involves a material being trapped within an unreactive matrix. A host matrix is a continuous solid phase in which guest particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) are embedded. The guest is said to be isolated within the host matrix... | Inert gas matrix | 0.798967 |
84,622 | In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the (m,n)-tadpole graph is a special type of graph consisting of a cycle graph on m (at least 3) vertices and a path graph on n vertices, connected with a bridge. | Tadpole graph | 0.798967 |
84,623 | With a = 2 {\displaystyle a=2} , we find that a N − 1 ≡ 9 ( mod N ) {\displaystyle a^{N-1}\equiv 9{\pmod {N}}} . This is enough to prove that N is not prime. Given N, if p and a can be found which satisfy the conditions of the theorem, then N is prime. | Pocklington primality test | 0.798967 |
84,624 | The three-schema approach, or three-schema concept, in software engineering is an approach to building information systems and systems information management that originated in the 1970s. It proposes three different views in systems development, with conceptual modelling being considered the key to achieving data integ... | Three-schema approach | 0.798966 |
84,625 | These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional inform... | Human nutrition | 0.798965 |
84,626 | A solution to a Gaudin model often means determining the spectrum of the Gaudin Hamiltonian or Gaudin Hamiltonians. There are several methods of solution, including Algebraic Bethe ansatz, used by Gaudin Separation of variables, used by Sklyanin Correlation functions/opers, using a method described by Feigin, Frenkel a... | Gaudin model | 0.798965 |
84,627 | Id., Toward a Self-referential Collective Intelligence: Some Philosophical Background of the IEML Research Program, First International Conference, ICCCI 2009, Wroclaw (Poland) 10.2009, in N.N. Than, K. Ryszard, C. Shyi-Ming (a cura di), Computational Collective Intelligence, Semantic Web, Social Networks and Multi-age... | Pierre Lévy | 0.798965 |
84,628 | The department has acquired a world recognised expertise on steady/unsteady aerodynamic and aero/thermal aspects of high pressure, including cooling, and low pressure turbomachinery components through the design, development and use of a number of unique wind tunnels. On the computational side, the department has over ... | Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics | 0.798965 |
84,629 | Banting's original method of isolating insulin required performing surgery on living dogs, which was too labor-intensive to produce insulin on a large scale. Best then set about finding a biochemical extraction method, while James Collip, a chemistry professor on sabbatical from the University of Alberta, joined Macleo... | Nobel Prize controversies | 0.798965 |
84,630 | The original development of TimeTree, by Hedges and Kumar, dates to the late 1990s, with initial support from NASA Astrobiology Institute. Since then, it has been supported by additional grants from NASA, and by NSF and NIH. The current version (v5) was released in 2022 and contains data from 4,075 studies and 137,306 ... | TimeTree | 0.798965 |
84,631 | DUNE (Distributed and Unified Numerics Environment) is a modular C++ library for the solution of partial differential equations using grid-based methods. The DUNE library is divided into modules. In version 2.9 are the core modules general classes and infrastructure: dune-common, geometry classes: dune-geometry, grid i... | Dune (software) | 0.798964 |
84,632 | Many profound insights into vortex dynamics were generated during the pursuit of this theory. Other interesting corollaries were the first counting of simple knots by P. G. Tait, today considered a pioneering effort in graph theory, topology and knot theory. Ultimately, Kelvin's vortex atom was seen to be wrong-headed ... | History of fluid mechanics | 0.798964 |
84,633 | In November 1945, Smolková-Keulemansová's dream to return to Prague and continue her studies became a reality. She completed grammar school and realized that her biggest struggle in her supplementary exams was chemistry, so she began to study chemistry at Charles University in Prague, leading to her lifelong devotion a... | Eva Smolková-Keulemansová | 0.798964 |
84,634 | Wavy single bonds represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers. For example, the adjacent diagram shows the fructose molecule with a wavy bond to the HOCH2- group at the left. In this case the two possible ring structures are in chemical equilibrium with each other and also with the open-cha... | Structural formulae | 0.798964 |
84,635 | In computer science, the minimum routing cost spanning tree of a weighted graph is a spanning tree minimizing the sum of pairwise distances between vertices in the tree. It is also called the optimum distance spanning tree, shortest total path length spanning tree, minimum total distance spanning tree, or minimum avera... | Minimum routing cost spanning tree | 0.798964 |
84,636 | Douglas later became a full professor at the City College of New York (CCNY), where he taught until his death. At the time CCNY only offered undergraduate degrees and Professor Douglas taught the advanced calculus course. Sophomores (and freshmen with advanced placement) were privileged to get their introduction to rea... | Jesse Douglas | 0.798964 |
84,637 | In 2007, Olcay Akman of mathematics and Steven Juliano of biological sciences started a master's degree program at Illinois State University. The program grew and is now operated under the same umbrella as the IBA, the Center for Collaborative Studies in Mathematical Biology. In 2008, the first BEER (Biomathematics Eco... | Intercollegiate Biomathematics Alliance | 0.798963 |
84,638 | Hodgkin also played a role in the foundation of the International Union of Crystallography. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her work using X-ray techniques to study the structures of penicillin, insulin and vitamin B12. Her work on penicillin began in 1942 during the war and on vitamin B12 in 1... | Crystallographic planes | 0.798963 |
84,639 | Quillen–Suslin theorem The Quillen–Suslin theorem states that a finite projective module over a polynomial ring is free. quotient Given a left R {\displaystyle R} -module M {\displaystyle M} and a submodule N {\displaystyle N} , the quotient group M / N {\displaystyle M/N} can be made to be a left R {\displaystyle R} -... | Glossary of module theory | 0.798963 |
84,640 | The field of complex numbers is an example. If L {\displaystyle L} is algebraically closed, then the field of algebraic elements of L {\displaystyle L} over K {\displaystyle K} is algebraically closed, which can again be directly shown using the characterisation of simple algebraic extensions above. An example for this... | Transcendental element | 0.798963 |
84,641 | In this case there is an isomorphism Δ ≅ Hom c ( Gal ( L / K ) , μ n ) {\displaystyle \Delta \cong \operatorname {Hom} _{\text{c}}(\operatorname {Gal} (L/K),\mu _{n})} given by a ↦ ( σ ↦ σ ( α ) α ) , {\displaystyle a\mapsto \left(\sigma \mapsto {\frac {\sigma (\alpha )}{\alpha }}\right),} where α is any nth root o... | Kummer extension | 0.798963 |
84,642 | In mathematical logic and computer science, homotopy type theory (HoTT ) refers to various lines of development of intuitionistic type theory, based on the interpretation of types as objects to which the intuition of (abstract) homotopy theory applies. This includes, among other lines of work, the construction of homot... | Univalence axiom | 0.798963 |
84,643 | Codd-tables algebra is based on the usual Codd's singe NULL values. The table T above is an example of Codd-table. Codd-table algebra supports projection and positive selections only. It is also demonstrated in [IL84 that it is not possible to correctly extend more relational operators over Codd-Tables. | Imieliński–Lipski algebra | 0.798962 |
84,644 | The so-called Fredholm constants, such as ∑ n = 0 ∞ 10 − 2 n = 0. 1 1 0 1 000 1 0000000 1 … {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }10^{-2^{n}}=0. {\textbf {1}}{\textbf {1}}0{\textbf {1}}000{\textbf {1}}0000000{\textbf {1}}\ldots } which also holds by replacing 10 with any algebraic number b > 1. arctan ( x ) π {\display... | Transcendental numbers | 0.798962 |
84,645 | Coxeter himself went on to enumerate the star uniform polyhedra for the first time, to treat tilings of the plane as polyhedra, to discover the regular skew polyhedra and to develop the theory of complex polyhedra first discovered by Shephard in 1952, as well as making fundamental contributions to many other areas of g... | Polyhedral surface | 0.798962 |
84,646 | In a Church–Rosser system, an object has at most one normal form; that is the normal form of an object is unique if it exists, but it may well not exist. In lambda calculus for instance, the expression (λx.xx)(λx.xx) does not have a normal form because there exists an infinite sequence of β-reductions (λx.xx)(λx.xx) → ... | Confluence (abstract rewriting) | 0.798962 |
84,647 | An example from Hodge theory is the category of polarizable pure Hodge structures, i.e., pure Hodge structures equipped with a suitable positive definite bilinear form. The presence of this so-called polarization causes the category of polarizable Hodge structures to be semi-simple. Another example from algebraic geome... | Semisimple category | 0.798961 |
84,648 | In a one or two dimensional theory the only possible scattering is forwards and backwards scattering so analyticity of the scattering angles is no longer possible and the theorem no longer holds. Spacetime dependent internal symmetries are then possible, such as in the massive Thirring model which can admit an infinite... | Coleman–Mandula theorem | 0.798961 |
84,649 | Infinitely varied in her effects, nature is only simple in her causes. What we know is little, and what we are ignorant of is immense. (Fourier comments: "This was at least the meaning of his last words, which were articulated with difficulty.") One sees in this essay that the theory of probabilities is basically only ... | Pierre-Simon Laplace | 0.798961 |
84,650 | The subalgebra generated by the bivectors is the even subalgebra of the geometric algebra, written Cl+n(R). This algebra results from considering all products of scalars and bivectors generated by the geometric product. It has dimension 2n−1, and contains ⋀2Rn as a linear subspace with dimension 1/2n(n − 1) (a triangul... | Bivector | 0.798961 |
84,651 | Deep-fakes can be used for comedic purposes but are better known for fake news and hoaxes. In January 2016, the Horizon 2020 program financed the InVID Project to help journalists and researchers detect fake documents, made available as browser plugins.In June 2016, the visual computing group of the Technical Universit... | Applications of artificial intelligence | 0.798961 |
84,652 | Fisher's information (FIM), named after Ronald Fisher, (1925) is another kind of measure, in two respects, namely, 1) it reflects the amount of (positive) information of the observer, 2) it depends not only on the PD but also on its first derivatives, a property that makes it a local quantity (Shannon's is instead a gl... | Minimum Fisher information | 0.79896 |
84,653 | The commutative diagram in the previous section, which connects the number theoretic class extension homomorphism j L / K {\displaystyle j_{L/K}} with the group theoretic Artin transfer T G , H {\displaystyle T_{G,H}} , enabled Furtwängler to prove the principal ideal theorem by specializing to the situation that L = F... | Principalization (algebra) | 0.79896 |
84,654 | Quantum mechanics allows the physicist to calculate the probability that a chosen measurement will elicit a particular result. The expectation value for a measurement is the average of the possible results it might yield, weighted by their probabilities of occurrence.In quantum mechanics, interactions are typically des... | Force vector | 0.79896 |
84,655 | 1300) esteems him highly as a mathematician, and claims that he may be regarded as "the successor of Avicenna in the various branches of philosophic learning". : 352 Al-Qifti (d. 1248), even though disagreeing with his views, concedes he was "unrivalled in his knowledge of natural philosophy and astronomy". | Omar Khayyam | 0.79896 |
84,656 | The primary technical reference work on this topic is Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, an in-depth, physics-based analysis of a particular class of potential nanomachines and molecular manufacturing systems, with extensive analyses of their feasibility and performance. Nanosystems is cl... | Molecular Nanotechnology | 0.79896 |
84,657 | Chrysippus taught that ethics depended on physics. In his Physical Theses, he stated: "for there is no other or more appropriate way of approaching the subject of good and evil on the virtues or happiness than from the nature of all things and the administration of the universe." The goal of life, said Chrysippus, is t... | Chrysippus | 0.79896 |
84,658 | Knowing this chord and the foreground object's size, a more precise orbit for the object can be determined. This usage of the term "chord" is similar to the geometric concept (see: Chord (geometry)). The difference being that in the geometric sense a chord refers to a line segment whose ends lie on a circle, whereas in... | Chord (astronomy) | 0.79896 |
84,659 | And, the angle of incidence and angle of emergence equal each other (i = e). This is clearly visible in the graph below. The formula for minimum deviation can be derived by exploiting the geometry in the prism. | Minimum deviation | 0.79896 |
84,660 | New MCR's are found by building a chemical library from combinatorial chemistry or by combining existing MCR's. For example, a 7-component MCR results from combining the Ugi reaction with the Asinger reaction. MCR's are an important tool in new drug discovery. MCR's can often be extended into combinatorial, solid phase... | Multi-component reaction | 0.798959 |
84,661 | He prepared his thesis about heavy-metal-resistant bacteria at the microbiology department of the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dräger earned his doctorate at the Center for Bioinformatics in Tübingen (ZBIT), focusing on the dynamic simulation of metabolic networks in a virtual liver. During this time, he worked a... | Andreas Dräger | 0.798959 |
84,662 | A sequence (An)n ≥ 1 is said to be periodic if there is a number N ≥ 1 so that An+N = An for every n ≥ 1. If a nondegenerate EDS (Wn)n ≥ 1 is periodic, then one of its terms vanishes. The smallest r ≥ 1 with Wr = 0 is called the rank of apparition of the EDS. A deep theorem of Mazur implies that if the rank of appariti... | Elliptic divisibility sequence | 0.798959 |
84,663 | In: Alavi, Y., Lick, D.R., White, A.T. (eds) Graph Theory and Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol 303. | Ki-Hang Kim | 0.798959 |
84,664 | For optimal function, they usually have to be accompanied by another enzyme such as prephenate dehydrogenase. These chorismate mutases are typically bifunctional enzymes, meaning they contain two catalytic capacities in the same polypeptide chain. However, the chorismate mutase of eukaryotic organisms are more commonly... | Chorismate mutase | 0.798959 |
84,665 | They were introduced by Nathan Jacobson in 1949 to study subspaces of associative algebras closed under triple commutators , w] and triple anticommutators {u, {v, w}}. In particular, any Lie algebra defines a Lie triple system and any Jordan algebra defines a Jordan triple system. They are important in the theories of ... | Jordan triple system | 0.798959 |
84,666 | AlphaFold is an artificial intelligence (AI) program developed by DeepMind, a subsidiary of Alphabet, which performs predictions of protein structure. The program is designed as a deep learning system.AlphaFold AI software has had two major versions. A team of researchers that used AlphaFold 1 (2018) placed first in th... | AlphaFold 2 | 0.798958 |
84,667 | The sulfate anion consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The symmetry is the same as that of methane. The sulfur atom is in the +6 oxidation state while the four oxygen atoms are each in the −2 state. The sulfate ion carries an overall charge of −2 and... | HSO4 | 0.798958 |
84,668 | The Secure Operations Language (SOL) was developed jointly by the United States Naval Research Laboratory and Utah State University in the United States. SOL is a domain-specific synchronous programming language for developing distributed applications and is based on software engineering principles developed in the Sof... | Secure Operations Language | 0.798958 |
84,669 | JEDEC Continues SSD Standardization Efforts Linux & NVM: File and Storage System Challenges (PDF) Linux and SSD Optimization Understanding the Robustness of SSDs under Power Fault (USENIX 2013, by Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin and Mark Lillibridge) | Solid State Drive | 0.798958 |
84,670 | In algebraic geometry, the Néron–Severi group of a variety is the group of divisors modulo algebraic equivalence; in other words it is the group of components of the Picard scheme of a variety. Its rank is called the Picard number. It is named after Francesco Severi and André Néron. | Néron–Severi group | 0.798958 |
84,671 | Food availability can alter shell growth patterns, as can chemical cues from predators, which cause clams, snails and oysters to produce thicker shells. There are costs to producing thicker shells as protection, including the energetic expense of calcification, limits on somatic growth, and reduced growth rates in term... | Shell growth in estuaries | 0.798957 |
84,672 | As a Fields Medalist he gave an ICM plenary talk Recent progress in arithmetic algebraic geometry. In 1994 as an ICM invited speaker in Zurich he gave a talk Mumford-Stabilität in der algebraischen Geometrie. Extending methods of Paul Vojta, he proved the Mordell–Lang conjecture, which is a generalization of the Mordel... | Gerd Faltings | 0.798957 |
84,673 | Born in the Bronx, New York City, Herman graduated cum laude with special honors in physics from the City College of New York in 1935, and in 1940 was awarded master's and doctoral degrees in physics from Princeton University in the area of molecular spectroscopy. As a graduate student, Herman already exhibited eclecti... | Robert Herman | 0.798957 |
84,674 | Historically, some of the first chemistry offices were located in the main building of Saint Petersburg State University called Twelve Collegia. The remainder of these is the Mendeleev museum located on the first floor of the central part of this enormous building. In the 20th century, the Department of Chemistry was h... | Saint Petersburg State University Institute of Chemistry | 0.798957 |
84,675 | NADS was born out of necessity. If simulating an instrument takes more than one CPU-day, then performing a full optimisation of a neutron guide hall requires more than two CPU-decades. NADS was designed with the goal of reducing the CPU time to less than one minute for all instrument geometries, making an optimisation ... | Neutron-acceptance diagram shading | 0.798957 |
84,676 | With an increased interest in the ocean by many people, both young and old, and the increased availability of once expensive and non-commercially available equipment, ROVs have become a popular hobby amongst many. This hobby involves the construction of small ROVs that generally are made out of PVC piping and often can... | Remotely Operated Vehicle | 0.798957 |
84,677 | Theoretically, in orbital models of heavy atoms, the electron orbits partially inside the nucleus (it does not orbit in a strict sense, but has a non-vanishing probability of being located inside the nucleus). A nuclear decay happens to the nucleus, meaning that properties ascribed to the nucleus change in the event. I... | Mass defect | 0.798957 |
84,678 | As it contains the aforementioned combinations of a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} , adjoining one of them to K {\displaystyle K} also yields a finite extension, and therefore these elements are algebraic as well. Thus set of all elements of L {\displaystyle L} which are algebraic over K {\displaystyle K} is... | Transcendental element | 0.798956 |
84,679 | For example, in cubic close-packed crystals, the stacking sequence of a twin boundary would be ABCABCBACBA. On planes of single crystals, steps between atomically flat terraces can also be regarded as planar defects. It has been shown that such defects and their geometry have significant influence on the adsorption of ... | Line defect | 0.798956 |
84,680 | Additionally, there is a form of technology that allows people who have diabetes to monitor their blood glucose and administers insulin when required. However, this same technology poses a threat to individuals because it enables a platform for cybercrime where abuse, exploitation, intimidation and threatening conduct ... | Accessibility apps | 0.798955 |
84,681 | This became a controversy in ecology known as the SLOSS debate. In his 1976 Science paper, Simberloff contradicted his own theory, claiming that most of the insect turnover in the assemblages studied was ephemeral and did not, therefore, confirm island biogeography theory in general. In fact, two smaller areas could ma... | Daniel Simberloff | 0.798955 |
84,682 | Clinical chemistry laboratory testing utilizes picric acid for the Jaffe reaction to test for creatinine. It forms a colored complex that can be measured using spectroscopy.Picric acid forms red isopurpurate with hydrogen cyanide (HCN). By photometric measurement of the resulting dye picric acid can be used to quantify... | Picric acid | 0.798955 |
84,683 | The fundamental interest in Dynkin diagrams is that they classify semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields. One classifies such Lie algebras via their root system, which can be represented by a Dynkin diagram. One then classifies Dynkin diagrams according to the constraints they must satisfy, as describ... | Affine Dynkin diagram | 0.798955 |
84,684 | A succinct statement of the theorem is that the metric space of convex bodies is locally compact. Using the Hausdorff metric on sets, every infinite collection of compact subsets of the unit ball has a limit point (and that limit point is itself a compact set). | Blaschke selection theorem | 0.798954 |
84,685 | Second, for non-interacting point particles, the equilibrium density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is solely a function of the local potential energy U {\displaystyle U} , i.e. if two locations have the same U {\displaystyle U} then they will also have the same ρ {\displaystyle \rho } (e.g. see Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics a... | Stokes-Einstein equation | 0.798954 |
84,686 | Potential global catastrophic risks are conventionally classified as anthropogenic or non-anthropogenic hazards. Examples of non-anthropogenic risks are an asteroid or comet impact event, a supervolcanic eruption, a natural pandemic, a lethal gamma-ray burst, a geomagnetic storm from a coronal mass ejection destroying ... | Doomsday scenario | 0.798954 |
84,687 | Granted, there is no intuitive or mnemonic way to number any set of elementary concepts using the prime numbers. Because Leibniz was a mathematical novice when he first wrote about the characteristic, at first he did not conceive it as an algebra but rather as a universal language or script. Only in 1676 did he conceiv... | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz | 0.798954 |
84,688 | The Aerospike database management system is a key-value datastore, or distributed hash table, that delivers predictable, sub-millisecond query response times. It also has the ability to scale to very large sizes while maintaining high speeds. Its code is engineered to match the characteristics of flash memory, as oppos... | Aerospike (company) | 0.798954 |
84,689 | It incorporates elements of applied physics and chemistry. With recent media attention on nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials engineering has been at the forefront of academic research. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis. | Civil works | 0.798954 |
84,690 | ISBN 978-1-84821-194-0. A. Kazharov, V. Kureichik, 2010. "Ant colony optimization algorithms for solving transportation problems", Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International, Vol. | Ant colony optimization | 0.798954 |
84,691 | "Structural studies on banana oil, isoamyl acetate, by means of microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations". Molecular Physics. 110 (23): 2883–2893. | Wolfgang Stahl | 0.798953 |
84,692 | The Lander, Parkin, and Selfridge conjecture concerns the integer solutions of equations which contain sums of like powers. The equations are generalisations of those considered in Fermat's Last Theorem. The conjecture is that if the sum of some k-th powers equals the sum of some other k-th powers, then the total numbe... | Lander, Parkin, and Selfridge conjecture | 0.798953 |
84,693 | In the frame of biology this may include the abiotic and biotic factors that a population is immersed in. In the frame of civilization, spatial organization may include if an area is rural, suburban, or urban. Spatial organization can even include how one manages and organizes their lawn to meet social norms. | Spatial organization | 0.798953 |
84,694 | Some work in denotational semantics has interpreted types as domains in the sense of domain theory, which can be seen as a branch of model theory, leading to connections with type theory and category theory. Within computer science, there are connections with abstract interpretation, program verification, and model che... | Fully abstract | 0.798953 |
84,695 | The correct form of this homomorphism is not what one might naively write, but has to be the one carefully defined in the coalgebra article. In this case, one obtains Δ ( v ∧ w ) = 1 ⊗ ( v ∧ w ) + v ⊗ w − w ⊗ v + ( v ∧ w ) ⊗ 1. {\displaystyle \Delta (v\wedge w)=1\otimes (v\wedge w)+v\otimes w-w\otimes v+(v\wedge w)\oti... | Exterior Algebra | 0.798953 |
84,696 | In 2009, the company acquired Proteolix, Inc., a private biotechnology company, for $276 million in cash plus additional milestone payments. In January 2012, the company was named "the top biotechnology takeover target in 2012" through an industry survey. Onyx president and chief executive officer (CEO) Tony Coles had ... | Onyx Pharmaceuticals | 0.798952 |
84,697 | Assuming charge density oscillations ρ ( ω ) = ρ 0 e − i ω t {\displaystyle \rho (\omega )=\rho _{0}e^{-i\omega t}} the continuity equation: the Gauss law and the conductivity taking the divergence on both sides and substituting the above relations: which is always true only if But this is also the dielectric constant ... | Plasma Frequency | 0.798952 |
84,698 | One for intra-rack communication and another one for inter-rack communication. Network Interface Cards (NIC) that are used in traditional data centers are replaced by a custom-built Y-switch with transceivers to connect the server's system bus. In this way, classic network switching fabric that exists in traditional da... | Wireless data center | 0.798952 |
84,699 | Probability theory became measure theory with its own problems and terminology. Doob recognized that this would make it possible to give rigorous proofs for existing probability results, and he felt that the tools of measure theory would lead to new probability results. Doob's approach to probability was evident in his... | Joseph L. Doob | 0.798951 |
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