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86,400 | The Beginning Teacher Longitudinal Study (BTLS), a study of a cohort of beginning public school teachers initially interviewed as part of the 2007–08 Schools and Staffing Survey The Common Core of Data which annually collects fiscal and non-fiscal data about all public schools, public school districts and state educati... | National Center for Education Statistics | 0.798589 |
86,401 | A positive semidefinite matrix S gives rise to an infinite-dimensional Kac–Moody algebra of affine type, or an affine Lie algebra. An indefinite matrix S gives rise to a Kac–Moody algebra of indefinite type. Since the diagonal entries of C and S are positive, S cannot be negative definite or negative semidefinite.Symme... | Kac algebra | 0.798588 |
86,402 | Hawkins credited a "Friday afternoon" email from Norwegian climatologist Jan Fuglestvedt for the idea of converting a conventional coloured line chart into a spiral, and thanked Fuglestvedt's wife, Taran Fæhn, for having suggested it to Fuglestvedt. Fæhn, a researcher for Statistics Norway and the Oslo Centre for Resea... | Climate spiral | 0.798588 |
86,403 | The Gauss-Wantzel theorem showed in 1837 that constructing an equilateral n-gon is impossible for most values of n. | Impossibility proof | 0.798588 |
86,404 | (2000). Heterocyclic Chemistry. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. | Indole ring | 0.798588 |
86,405 | The data of the real vector space and the J matrix is exactly the same as the data of the complex vector space, as the J matrix allows one to define complex multiplication. At the level of Lie algebras and Lie groups, this corresponds to the inclusion of gl(n,C) in gl(2n,R) (Lie algebras – matrices, not necessarily inv... | Linear complex structure | 0.798588 |
86,406 | Channels can be either depolarized or hyperpolarized depending on the wavelength of light that targets them. For instance, the technique can be applied to channelrhodopsin cation channels to initiate neuronal depolarization and eventually activation upon illumination. Conversely, activity inhibition of a neuron can be ... | Photostimulation | 0.798588 |
86,407 | These graduated summaries or features of a path are at the heart of the definition of a rough path; locally they remove the need to look at the fine structure of the path. Taylor's theorem explains how any smooth function can, locally, be expressed as a linear combination of certain special functions (monomials based a... | Rough paths | 0.798587 |
86,408 | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a cycle basis of an undirected graph is a set of simple cycles that forms a basis of the cycle space of the graph. That is, it is a minimal set of cycles that allows every even-degree subgraph to be expressed as a symmetric difference of basis cycles. A fundamental cycle basis ... | Cycle basis | 0.798587 |
86,409 | Atomic force microscopy or scanning electron microscopy techniques may be utilized to image the indentation, but can be quite cumbersome. Instead, an indenter with a geometry known to high precision (usually a Berkovich tip, which has a three-sided pyramid geometry) is employed. During the course of the instrumented in... | Nanoindentation | 0.798587 |
86,410 | 28 BCE – Chinese history book Book of Han makes earliest known dated record of sunspot. c. 150 CE – Claudius Ptolemy completes his work Almagest, that codifies the astronomical knowledge of his time and cements the geocentric model in the West, and it remained the most authoritative text on astronomy for more than 1,50... | Timeline of Solar System astronomy | 0.798587 |
86,411 | An important traditional discussion in this field concerns whether all knowledge is based on sensory experience, as empiricists claim, or not, as rationalists contend. This is closely related to the role of experience in science, in which experience is said to act as a neutral arbiter between competing theories. In met... | Experience | 0.798587 |
86,412 | In stratiform anvil regions, aggregation into graupel was the main growth mechanism. The speed of the updraft determines if warm rain processes, riming, or aggregation are the primary mechanism of growth in updraft regions.Heymsfield et al. (2002) also looked at the microphysics of tropical convection, but they limited... | Hurricane dynamics and cloud microphysics | 0.798587 |
86,413 | Includes optimizations for Intel Pentium, Core and Intel Xeon CPUs and Intel Xeon Phi; support for Linux, Windows and macOS. MathKeisan NEC's math library, supporting NEC SX architecture under SUPER-UX, and Itanium under Linux Netlib BLAS The official reference implementation on Netlib, written in Fortran 77. Netlib CB... | Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms | 0.798586 |
86,414 | He earned his doctorate in 1799 for a dissertation based on the works of Kant entitled The Architectonics of Natural Metaphysics. In 1800, Alessandro Volta reported his invention of the voltaic pile, which inspired Ørsted to investigate the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments. In 1801,... | Hans Christian Ørsted | 0.798586 |
86,415 | Calcite is a form of carbon that is removed from the atmosphere and stored in the ocean, which helps to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and mitigate the effects of climate change. Recent studies suggest the belt sequesters something between 15 and 30 million tonnes of carbon per year.Scientists ha... | Great Calcite Belt | 0.798586 |
86,416 | Open Engineering is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal, covering all aspects of engineering, from electrical and computer engineering, civil and environmental, mechanical, and aerospace engineering, to materials science. The editor-in-chief is William F. Ritter (University of Delaware). The journal was esta... | Open Engineering | 0.798585 |
86,417 | With Aristotle's Metaphysics, the Elements is perhaps the most successful ancient Greek text, and was the dominant mathematical textbook in the Medieval Arab and Latin worlds.The first English edition of the Elements was published in 1570 by Henry Billingsley and John Dee. The mathematician Oliver Byrne published a wel... | Euclid | 0.798585 |
86,418 | The topological Vaught conjecture is the statement that whenever a Polish group acts continuously on a Polish space, there are either countably many orbits or continuum many orbits. The topological Vaught conjecture is more general than the original Vaught conjecture: Given a countable language we can form the space of... | Vaught conjecture | 0.798585 |
86,419 | Experimenting with the energy of beta particles in 1912, Moseley showed that high potentials were attainable from a radioactive source of radium, thereby inventing the first atomic battery, though he was unable to produce the 1MV necessary to stop the particles.In 1913, Moseley observed and measured the X-ray spectra o... | Henry Moseley | 0.798585 |
86,420 | In particle physics, the Goldberger–Wise mechanism is a popular mechanism that determines the size of the fifth dimension in Randall–Sundrum models. The mechanism uses a scalar field that propagates throughout the five-dimensional bulk. On each of the branes that end the fifth dimension (frequently referred to as the P... | Goldberger–Wise mechanism | 0.798584 |
86,421 | Now, to prove Tennenbaum's theorem, begin with a nonstandard countable model M and an element a in M so that S = N ∩ S a {\displaystyle S=\mathbb {N} \cap S_{a}} is nonrecursive. The proof method shows that, because of the way the standard system is defined, it is possible to compute the characteristic function of the ... | Tennenbaum's theorem | 0.798584 |
86,422 | The term "hereditary" has been also used for graph properties that are closed with respect to taking subgraphs. In such a case, properties that are closed with respect to taking induced subgraphs, are called induced-hereditary. The language of hereditary properties and induced-hereditary properties provides a powerful ... | Hereditary property | 0.798584 |
86,423 | In physics, the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian describes the non-linear dynamics of electromagnetic fields in vacuum. It was first obtained by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler in 1936. By treating the vacuum as a medium, it predicts rates of quantum electrodynamics (QED) light interaction processes. | Vacuum birefringence | 0.798584 |
86,424 | Big O notation has two main areas of application: In mathematics, it is commonly used to describe how closely a finite series approximates a given function, especially in the case of a truncated Taylor series or asymptotic expansion In computer science, it is useful in the analysis of algorithmsIn both applications, th... | Landau notation | 0.798584 |
86,425 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm3113 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nu... | Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm3113 | 0.798583 |
86,426 | Before we go on to Theorem 3, we need to define a couple important terms first: W ζ ( y | x ) = ∑ s ∈ S W ( y | x , s ) P S r ( s ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle W_{\zeta }(y|x)=\sum _{s\in S}W(y|x,s)P_{S_{r}}(s)} I ( P , ζ ) {\displaystyle \textstyle I(P,\zeta )} is very similar to the I ( P ) {\displaystyle \textstyle... | Arbitrarily varying channel | 0.798583 |
86,427 | Seventy years in organic chemistry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. ISBN 0841217696. | Tetsuo Nozoe | 0.798582 |
86,428 | Similar atomist ideas emerged independently among ancient Indian philosophers of the Nyaya, Vaisesika and Buddhist schools. In particular, like the Nyaya, Vaisesika, and Buddhist schools, the Cārvāka epistemology was materialist, and skeptical enough to admit perception as the basis for unconditionally true knowledge, ... | History of scientific method | 0.798582 |
86,429 | However, the rate that hydrogen is directly injected into the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines can be controlled to prevent the higher combustion temperatures that produce NOx. Ammonia and nitrous oxides actively alter atmospheric chemistry. They are precursors of tropospheric (lower atmosphere) ozone... | Marine nitrogen cycle | 0.798582 |
86,430 | Richard Alan Morton FRS was the Johnston Professor of Biochemistry at University of Liverpool from 1944 until 1966. He was a pioneer in the application of spectroscopy to biological molecules. His research group were the first to identify vitamin A2 and related compounds. They were also among the first to characterise ... | Richard Alan Morton | 0.798582 |
86,431 | The DUF1646 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. One of the two DUF1646 RNAs in Enterococcus faecalis was independently detected by term-seq. Data from both discoveries suggest that DUF1646 RNAs are cis-regulatory RNAss, and that at least some DUF1646 RNAs use Rho-independent tr... | DUF1646 RNA motif | 0.798582 |
86,432 | Consider a linear time-invariant system with transfer function The impulse response is simply the inverse Laplace transform of this transfer function: Partial fraction expansionTo evaluate this inverse transform, we begin by expanding H(s) using the method of partial fraction expansion, The unknown constants P and R ar... | Laplace Transform | 0.798581 |
86,433 | Mathematician Gizem Karaali is originally from Istanbul, Turkey. Her father was an electrical engineer and her mother was a professor of nutrition science. She graduated from UAA (the Üsküdar American Academy) and then went on to Boğaziçi University where she graduated (with honors) in 1997 with undergraduate degrees i... | Gizem Karaali | 0.798581 |
86,434 | In the above derivation of the closed form of the geometric series, the interpretation of the distance between two values is the distance between their locations on the number line. That is the most common interpretation of the distance between two values. However, the p-adic metric, which has become a critical notion ... | Geometric series | 0.798581 |
86,435 | Vol.I: 'The elements of algebra', by Wood; Vol.II: 'The principles of fluxions' by Samuel Vince; Vol.III Part I: 'The principles of mechanics" by Wood; and Vol.III Part II: "The principles of hydrostatics" by Samuel Vince; Vol.IV "The principles of astronomy" by Samuel Vince. Three other volumes -"A treatise on plane a... | James Wood (mathematician) | 0.798581 |
86,436 | During his time in Zurich Hennig decided to focus his future work in the area of NMR method development with less focus on chemistry.Hennig began his work at the University Medical Center Freiburg in 1984 as a scientific researcher in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology. There, in cooperation with the company Bruker... | Jürgen Hennig | 0.798581 |
86,437 | In computer science, a perfect hash function h for a set S is a hash function that maps distinct elements in S to a set of m integers, with no collisions. In mathematical terms, it is an injective function. Perfect hash functions may be used to implement a lookup table with constant worst-case access time. A perfect ha... | Minimal perfect hash function | 0.79858 |
86,438 | In chemistry, a pentagonal bipyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the centre with seven ligands at the corners of a pentagonal bipyramid. A perfect pentagonal bipyramid belongs to the molecular point group D5h. The pentagonal bipyramid is a case where bond angles surrounding an atom are not identical (see a... | Pentagonal bipyramidal molecular geometry | 0.79858 |
86,439 | This reaction is used to generate coordinatively unsaturated complexes. 2+ + NO+ + H2O → 3+ + N2O + N2Metal complexes of organic azides are intermediates in the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, the basis of Click chemistry. == References == | Transition metal azide complex | 0.79858 |
86,440 | If ( X , Y , b ) {\displaystyle (X,Y,b)} is a pairing over K {\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } and T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} is a vector topology on X {\displaystyle X} then T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} is a topology of the pairing and that it is compatible (or consistent) with the pairing ( X , Y , b ) {\display... | Duality pairing | 0.79858 |
86,441 | Typically a cell tower is located at the edge of one or more cells and covers multiple cells using directional antennas. A common geometry is to locate the cell site at the intersection of three adjacent cells, with three antennas at 120° angles each covering one cell. | Cellular phone towers | 0.798579 |
86,442 | Niels Henrik Abel Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi Jakob Steiner Julius Plücker Arthur Cayley Bernhard Riemann Max Noether William Kingdon Clifford David Hilbert Italian school of algebraic geometry Guido Castelnuovo Federigo Enriques Francesco Severi Solomon Lefschetz Oscar Zariski W. V. D. Hodge Sir Michael Atiyah Kunihiko K... | List of algebraic geometry topics | 0.798579 |
86,443 | In Eulerian simulations, time and space are divided into a discrete grid and the continuous differential equations of motion (such as the Navier–Stokes equation) are discretized into finite-difference equations. The discrete equations are in general more diffusive than the original differential equations, so that the s... | Numerical diffusion | 0.798579 |
86,444 | Wells-Riley assumes that the air contains doses of the infectious bacterium or virus, and that you become infected if you breathe one dose in, i.e., the probability a person becomes infected, P i {\displaystyle P_{i}} , is given by P i = probability one or more doses are inhaled {\displaystyle P_{i}={\mbox{probability ... | Wells-Riley model | 0.798579 |
86,445 | Moreover, if f ( x , y ) = 0 , x ∈ U , y ∈ V {\displaystyle f(x,y)=0,x\in U,y\in V} , then y = g ( x ) {\displaystyle y=g(x)} ; i.e., g ( x ) {\displaystyle g(x)} is a unique solution.To see this, consider the map F ( x , y ) = ( x , f ( x , y ) ) {\displaystyle F(x,y)=(x,f(x,y))} . By the inverse function theorem, F: ... | Constant rank theorem | 0.798579 |
86,446 | He is considered a father of microbiology as he used simple single-lensed microscopes of his own design. While Van Leeuwenhoek is often cited as the first to observe microbes, Robert Hooke made his first recorded microscopic observation, of the fruiting bodies of moulds, in 1665. | Microbiology | 0.798579 |
86,447 | In atomic and nuclear physics, the Greek symbol μ represents the magnitude of the magnetic moment, often measured in Bohr magnetons or nuclear magnetons, associated with the intrinsic spin of the particle and/or with the orbital motion of the particle in a system. Values of the intrinsic magnetic moments of some partic... | Magnetic moment | 0.798578 |
86,448 | Written Report. A written report that reflects a professional health physics effort. Examination. | Certified health physicist | 0.798578 |
86,449 | Puromycin is used in cell biology as a selective agent in cell culture systems. It is toxic to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Resistance to puromycin is conferred by the pac gene encoding a puromycin N-acetyl-transferase (PAC) that was found in a Streptomyces producer strain. Puromycin is soluble in water (50 mg/ml)... | Puromycin | 0.798577 |
86,450 | Recent studies have found that CB1 activation specifically facilitates potassium ion flux through GIRKs, a family of potassium channels. Immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrated that CB1 is co-localized with GIRK and Kv1.4 potassium channels, suggesting that these two may interact in physiological contexts.In the ... | Endocannabinoid system | 0.798577 |
86,451 | The goal of the acquisition, which cost Lexalytics less than US$10 million, was to expand the customer base both within the United States and abroad with multilingual support.The engine that powers Semantria, Salience, is grounded in its deep learning ability. An example of this is its concept matrix, which allows Sali... | Lexalytics | 0.798577 |
86,452 | All of the Vss pins were shorted to the Vcc pins with a resistance determined by the I-V slope at approximately 1.74 ohms, the low resistance indicating something other than an ESD defect. Similarly electrical overstress was considered an unlikely cause of failure as the part had not been under power since the time it ... | Scanning SQUID microscope | 0.798577 |
86,453 | These amendments have broadened the scope of patents within the biotechnology industry. The Japanese Patent Act requires that patented inventions be “industrially applicable”, i.e. they must have market or commercial potential. The JPO explicitly lists “medical activities” among inventions that fall outside the scope o... | Biological patent | 0.798576 |
86,454 | However, despite the toxic chemistry of bottom paint and its accumulation in water ways across the globe, a similar ban was rescinded in the Netherlands after the European Union's Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks concluded The Hague had insufficiently justified the law. In an expert opinion, the c... | Anti-fouling paint | 0.798576 |
86,455 | Batteries are also commonly used for peak shaving for periods of up to a few hours.Battery storage systems may be active on spot markets while providing systems services such as frequency stabilization. Arbitrage is an attractive way to benefit from the operating characteristics of battery storages. Storage plants can ... | Battery storage | 0.798576 |
86,456 | The azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition is a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an azide and a terminal or internal alkyne to give a 1,2,3-triazole. Rolf Huisgen was the first to understand the scope of this organic reaction. American chemist Karl Barry Sharpless has referred to this cycloaddition as "the cream of the cr... | Huisgen cycloaddition | 0.798576 |
86,457 | N-version programming (NVP), also known as multiversion programming or multiple-version dissimilar software, is a method or process in software engineering where multiple functionally equivalent programs are independently generated from the same initial specifications. The concept of N-version programming was introduce... | N-version programming | 0.798576 |
86,458 | In physics, a Bragg plane is a plane in reciprocal space which bisects a reciprocal lattice vector, K {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {K} } , at right angles. The Bragg plane is defined as part of the Von Laue condition for diffraction peaks in x-ray diffraction crystallography. Considering the adjacent diagram, th... | Bragg plane | 0.798576 |
86,459 | For each finite subset J ⊂ T {\displaystyle J\subset T} , define Ω J := ∏ t ∈ J Ω t {\displaystyle \Omega _{J}:=\prod _{t\in J}\Omega _{t}} .For subsets I ⊂ J ⊂ T {\displaystyle I\subset J\subset T} , let π I J: Ω J → Ω I {\displaystyle \pi _{I}^{J}:\Omega _{J}\to \Omega _{I}} denote the canonical projection map ω ↦ ω ... | Kolmogorov extension theorem | 0.798576 |
86,460 | Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) is an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine the fine scale elemental composition of Martian surface materials designed for the Perseverance rover as part of the Mars 2020 mission.PIXL is manufactured and made by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. | Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry | 0.798576 |
86,461 | This article itemizes the various lists of statistics topics. | Lists of statistics topics | 0.798575 |
86,462 | In number theory, two integers a and b are coprime, relatively prime or mutually prime if the only positive integer that is a divisor of both of them is 1. Consequently, any prime number that divides a does not divide b, and vice versa. This is equivalent to their greatest common divisor (GCD) being 1. | Coprime integers | 0.798575 |
86,463 | Jennifer Gardy is a Canadian scientist, educator and broadcaster, with expertise in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry, and bioinformatics. Since February 2019 she has been the Deputy Director, Surveillance, Data, and Epidemiology on the Global Health: Malaria team at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. She... | Jennifer Gardy | 0.798575 |
86,464 | Yet another experiment involved neutron time-of-flight physics, and a fourth experiment involved geophysical studies based upon the timed seismic source. Only the last objective was considered a complete success. | Project Plowshare | 0.798575 |
86,465 | She later enrolled at Purdue for her doctorate, which she completed in 2012. Her dissertation, Developments in ambient mass spectrometry imaging and its applications in biomedical research and cancer diagnosis, was supervised by R. Graham Cooks.After postdoctoral research at Stanford University with Richard Zare, she j... | Livia S. Eberlin | 0.798575 |
86,466 | X-ray telescopes (XRTs) have varying directionality or imaging ability based on glancing angle reflection rather than refraction or large deviation reflection. This limits them to much narrower fields of view than visible or UV telescopes. The mirrors can be made of ceramic or metal foil.The first X-ray telescope in as... | Extrasolar X-ray source astrometry | 0.798574 |
86,467 | One significant improvement is to make blade chords wider and, more recently, alter the blade geometry to give it a scimitar-like shape. Further refinements include making the blades from a light material such as titanium and to manufacture them with a hollow cross-section. Modern jet engines such as the Rolls-Royce Tr... | Wide chord | 0.798574 |
86,468 | In algebraic topology and graph theory, graph homology describes the homology groups of a graph, where the graph is considered as a topological space. It formalizes the idea of the number of "holes" in the graph. It is a special case of a simplicial homology, as a graph is a special case of a simplicial complex. Since ... | Graph homology | 0.798574 |
86,469 | some valuation. A generalization of complete fields. Hilbertian field A field satisfying Hilbert's irreducibility theorem: formally, one for which the projective line is not thin in the sense of Serre. | Glossary of field theory | 0.798574 |
86,470 | Ben Green disproved this latter conjecture and proved super-polynomial counterexamples to W(2; 3, k) < kr for any r. The best upper bound currently known is due to Timothy Gowers, who establishes W ( r , k ) ≤ 2 2 r 2 2 k + 9 , {\displaystyle W(r,k)\leq 2^{2^{r^{2^{2^{k+9}}}}},} by first establishing a similar result f... | Van der Waerden's theorem | 0.798574 |
86,471 | An interesting question is how well the order statistics perform as estimators of the quantiles of the underlying distribution. | Order statistic | 0.798574 |
86,472 | Bentley received a B.S. in mathematical sciences from Stanford University in 1974, and M.S. and PhD in 1976 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; while a student, he also held internships at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center and Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. After receiving his Ph.D., he joined ... | Programming Pearls | 0.798574 |
86,473 | Star, Susan Leigh. (1979)a. The politics of right and left. In Women look at biology looking at women, ed. R. Hubbard, M. S. Henifin, and B. Fried. | Susan Leigh Star | 0.798573 |
86,474 | A body has constant brightness if and only if the reciprocal Gaussian curvatures at pairs of opposite points of tangency of parallel supporting planes have almost-everywhere-equal sums.According to an analogue of Barbier's theorem, all bodies of constant brightness that have the same projected area A {\displaystyle A} ... | Body of constant brightness | 0.798573 |
86,475 | This chapter has the long title "On infinitely small and infinitely large quantities, and on the continuity of functions. Singular values of functions in various particular cases." On page 21, Cauchy writes: "We say that a variable quantity becomes infinitely small when its numerical value decreases indefinitely in suc... | Cours d'Analyse | 0.798573 |
86,476 | Collins, Harry M. (May 1975). "The seven sexes: a study in the sociology of a phenomenon, or the replication of experiments in physics". Sociology. | Harry Collins | 0.798573 |
86,477 | In 2016, Graphcore announced the world's first graph tool chain designed for machine intelligence called Poplar Software Stack.In July 2017, Graphcore announced their first chip, called the Colossus GC2, a "16 nm massively parallel, mixed-precision floating point processor", first available in 2018. Packaged with two c... | Graphcore | 0.798573 |
86,478 | The second version they cite Hecht (1995) as coining "hard" agroecology which they identify as more reactive to environmental politics but rooted in measurable units and technology. They themselves name "soft" agroecology which they define as trying to measure agroecology in terms of "soft capital" such as culture or e... | Agroecology | 0.798573 |
86,479 | In his 1990 doctoral thesis, Todd Drumm found examples which are solid handlebodies using polyhedra which have since been called "crooked planes." Goldman found examples (non-Euclidean nilmanifolds and solvmanifolds) of closed 3-manifolds which fail to admit flat conformal structures. Generalizing Scott Wolpert's work ... | William Goldman (mathematician) | 0.798572 |
86,480 | Shannon ABC was established through core funding from Enterprise Ireland as an Applied Research Enhancement Centre and continues to enjoy support from this organisation as well as: Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland) Higher Education Authority Irish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology Technol... | Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre | 0.798572 |
86,481 | In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, nest algebras are a class of operator algebras that generalise the upper-triangular matrix algebras to a Hilbert space context. They were introduced by Ringrose (1965) and have many interesting properties. They are non-selfadjoint algebras, are closed in the weak operato... | Nest algebra | 0.798572 |
86,482 | Due to safety concerns surrounding the use of cyanide-based plating chemistry, alkaline copper plating baths that do not contain cyanide have been developed. However, they generally see only limited use compared with the more common cyanide-based alkaline chemistry. | Copper electroplating | 0.798572 |
86,483 | In chemistry, periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the Periodic table that illustrate different aspects of certain elements when grouped by period and/or group. They were discovered by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in the year 1863. Major periodic trends include atomic radius, ionization ene... | Periodic trend | 0.798572 |
86,484 | Introduced in 1962, Petri nets were an early attempt to codify the rules of concurrent execution. Dataflow theory later built upon these, and Dataflow architectures were created to physically implement the ideas of dataflow theory. Beginning in the late 1970s, process calculi such as Calculus of Communicating Systems (... | Concurrent algorithm | 0.798571 |
86,485 | Consider a parent can produce at most two offspring. The extinction probability in each generation is: d m = p 0 + p 1 d m − 1 + p 2 ( d m − 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d_{m}=p_{0}+p_{1}d_{m-1}+p_{2}(d_{m-1})^{2}.\,} with d0 = 0. For the ultimate extinction probability, we need to find d which satisfies d = p0 + p1d + p2d2.... | Branching process | 0.798571 |
86,486 | Roopnarine instead calculated the position of humans in two marine ecosystems, a Caribbean coral reef and the Benguela system near South Africa. In these systems, humans mainly eat predatory fish and have a fractional trophic level of 4.65 and 4.5, respectively, which in Roopnarine's view makes those humans apex predat... | Apex predator | 0.798571 |
86,487 | In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-½ particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used where... | Pauli equation | 0.798571 |
86,488 | In an OPE that involves a degenerate field, the vanishing of the null vector (plus conformal symmetry) constrains which primary fields can appear. The resulting constraints are called fusion rules. Using the momentum α {\displaystyle \alpha } such that Δ = α ( b + b − 1 − α ) {\displaystyle \Delta =\alpha \left(b+b^{-1... | BPZ equations | 0.798571 |
86,489 | In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 89 is a family of glycoside hydrolases. Glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside h... | Glycoside hydrolase family 89 | 0.798571 |
86,490 | The group 4 elements are not known to be involved in the biological chemistry of any living systems. They are hard refractory metals with low aqueous solubility and low availability to the biosphere. Titanium is one of the only two first row d-block transition metals with no known or suspected biological role (the othe... | Group 4 elements | 0.798571 |
86,491 | As Stanford neuroscientist David Eagleman writes: "Free will may exist (it may simply be beyond our current science), but one thing seems clear: if free will does exist, it has little room in which to operate. It can at best be a small factor riding on top of vast neural networks shaped by genes and environment. In fac... | Neurocriminology | 0.798571 |
86,492 | In algebraic topology, Johnson–Wilson theory E(n) is a generalized cohomology theory introduced by David Copeland Johnson and W. Stephen Wilson (1975). Real Johnson–Wilson theory ER(n) was introduced by Po Hu and Igor Kříž (2001). | Johnson–Wilson theory | 0.798571 |
86,493 | In the third epoch, Emmy Noether focused on non-commutative algebras, and unified much earlier work on the representation theory of groups. | Emmy Noether bibliography | 0.798571 |
86,494 | For example, the IPEM (Integrated Planning, Execution and Monitoring system) had a sophisticated non-linear planner embedded. Further, Wood's AUTODRIVE simulated a behavior of deliberative agents in a traffic and Cohen's PHOENIX system was construed to simulate a forest fire management.In 1976, Simon and Newell formula... | Deliberative agent | 0.79857 |
86,495 | Transition metal and main group compounds often react differently. The important role of d-orbitals in bonding strongly influences the pathways and rates of ligand substitution and dissociation. These themes are covered in articles on coordination chemistry and ligand. Both associative and dissociative pathways are obs... | Inorganic chemist | 0.79857 |
86,496 | The input–process–output (IPO) model, or input-process-output pattern, is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic stru... | IPO Model | 0.79857 |
86,497 | Although modern analytical chemistry is dominated by sophisticated instrumentation, the roots of analytical chemistry and some of the principles used in modern instruments are from traditional techniques, many of which are still used today. These techniques also tend to form the backbone of most undergraduate analytica... | Qualitative chemical analysis | 0.79857 |
86,498 | Technol. 53, 899–901 (1975). "Some thoughts on the nature of academic research in chemical engineering." | Rutherford Aris bibliography | 0.79857 |
86,499 | In condensed matter physics, magnetic anisotropy describes how an object's magnetic properties can be different depending on direction. In the simplest case, there is no preferential direction for an object's magnetic moment. It will respond to an applied magnetic field in the same way, regardless of which direction th... | Easy axis | 0.79857 |
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