id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 20 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 104 | similarity float32 0.8 0.91 |
|---|---|---|---|
90,800 | Roundness is dominated by the shape's gross features rather than the definition of its edges and corners, or the surface roughness of a manufactured object. A smooth ellipse can have low roundness, if its eccentricity is large. Regular polygons increase their roundness with increasing numbers of sides, even though they... | Roundness | 0.797677 |
90,801 | Shor's algorithm requires a universal quantum computer. During the Qubits 2021 conference held by D-Wave, it was announced that the company is hard at work developing their first universal quantum computers, capable of running Shor's algorithm in addition to other gate-model algorithms such as QAOA and VQE. "A cross-di... | Quantum annealing | 0.797677 |
90,802 | In 1972, the earliest report of the insertion of a foreign sequence into a viral genome was published, when Paul Berg used the EcoRI restriction enzyme and DNA ligases to create the first ever recombinant DNA molecules. This was achieved by joining DNA from the monkey SV40 virus with that of the lambda virus. However, ... | Genetically modified virus | 0.797677 |
90,803 | For an NFA with ε-moves (also called an ε-NFA), the construction must be modified to deal with these by computing the ε-closure of states: the set of all states reachable from some given state using only ε-moves. Van Noord recognizes three possible ways of incorporating this closure computation in the powerset construc... | Powerset construction | 0.797677 |
90,804 | This theorem gives rise to several definitions: We call k {\displaystyle k} the multiplicity of f {\displaystyle f} at a {\displaystyle a} . Some authors denote this ν ( f , a ) {\displaystyle \nu (f,a)} . | Branching theorem | 0.797677 |
90,805 | Advanced topics treated in the first edition include magnetohydrodynamics, plasma physics, the vector form of Kirchhoff's diffraction theory, special relativity, and radiation emitted by moving and colliding charges. Jackson's choice of these topics is aimed at students interested in theoretical physics in general and ... | Classical Electrodynamics (book) | 0.797677 |
90,806 | The unknown parameters in each vector βk are typically jointly estimated by maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation, which is an extension of maximum likelihood using regularization of the weights to prevent pathological solutions (usually a squared regularizing function, which is equivalent to placing a zero-mean Gaussi... | Multinomial regression | 0.797676 |
90,807 | Kandel was one of the recipients of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He is currently a professor of biochemistry, molecular biophysics, physiology, cellular biophysics, and psychiatry at Columbia University. He is a senior investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and a recipient of the Nationa... | Principles of Neural Science | 0.797676 |
90,808 | Steiner trees have been extensively studied in the context of weighted graphs. The prototype is, arguably, the Steiner tree problem in graphs. Let G = (V, E) be an undirected graph with non-negative edge weights c and let S ⊆ V be a subset of vertices, called terminals. A Steiner tree is a tree in G that spans S. There... | Steiner tree problem | 0.797676 |
90,809 | The report outlined three strategies that helped math educators emphasize the everyday usage of algebra. First, teachers focused on the meanings behind concepts. Before, teachers were expected to use either the Drill or the Meaning Theory. | National Council of Teachers of Mathematics | 0.797676 |
90,810 | Miquel's theorem is a result in geometry, named after Auguste Miquel, concerning the intersection of three circles, each drawn through one vertex of a triangle and two points on its adjacent sides. It is one of several results concerning circles in Euclidean geometry due to Miquel, whose work was published in Liouville... | Miquel's theorem | 0.797676 |
90,811 | Given a Lie group G {\displaystyle G} with Lie algebra g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} , each choice of a basis X 1 , … , X n {\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}} of g {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}} determines a coordinate system near the identity element e for G, as follows. By the inverse function theorem, the expon... | Exponential map (Lie group) | 0.797676 |
90,812 | The ICN2 is led by its director, Prof. Pablo Ordejón, Research is led by 18 group leaders.The ICN2's strategic research programs are reviewed and evaluated by an independent Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) made up of international scientists with experience in nanoscience and nanotechnology from the public and private ... | Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) | 0.797675 |
90,813 | The field was founded by Richard Herrnstein (1961) when he introduced the matching law to quantify the behavior of organisms working on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. The field has integrated models from economics, zoology, philosophy, political science (including voter behavior) and psychology, especially math... | Quantitative analysis of behavior | 0.797675 |
90,814 | Supertribe Tribe Subtribe Infratribe Supergenus Genus Subgenus Section (in botany) Subsection (in botany) Series (in botany) Subseries (in botany) Species complex Species Subspecies, or forma specialis (for fungi), or pathovar (for bacteria)) Variety or varietas (in botany); or form or morph (in zoology) or aberration ... | Rank (botany) | 0.797675 |
90,815 | Renewable energy world, 3, 84 (2000) 16. I. N. D. Provided by Federal, Inc, Requesting proposals for completing TVA's Regenesys plant in Columbus, Mississippi, p. 1, Federal Information & News Dispatch, LLC, Washington (2004) 17. | Polysulfide–bromide battery | 0.797675 |
90,816 | Current high-technology production processes are based on traditional top down strategies, where nanotechnology has already been introduced silently. The critical length scale of integrated circuits is already at the nanoscale (50 nm and below) regarding the gate length of transistors in CPUs or DRAM devices. | Nanoelectronics | 0.797675 |
90,817 | Michel Waldschmidt (born June 17, 1946 at Nancy, France) is a French mathematician, specializing in number theory, especially transcendental numbers. | Michel Waldschmidt | 0.797675 |
90,818 | The prognosis for non-ischemic cases of SBO is good with mortality rates of 3–5%, while prognosis for SBO with ischemia is fair with mortality rates as high as 30%.Cases of SBO related to cancer are more complicated and require additional intervention to address the malignancy, recurrence, and metastasis, and thus are ... | Intestinal obstruction | 0.797675 |
90,819 | The length of unusually long proofs has increased with time. As a rough rule of thumb, 100 pages in 1900, or 200 pages in 1950, or 500 pages in 2000 is unusually long for a proof. 1799 The Abel–Ruffini theorem was nearly proved by Paolo Ruffini, but his proof, spanning 500 pages, was mostly ignored and later, in 1824, ... | List of long mathematical proofs | 0.797675 |
90,820 | In his second monograph on biquadratic reciprocity Gauss displays some examples and makes conjectures that imply the theorems listed above for the biquadratic character of small primes. He makes some general remarks, and admits there is no obvious general rule at work. He goes on to say The theorems on biquadratic resi... | Biquadratic reciprocity | 0.797675 |
90,821 | On average 18% increase in IPC in comparison to 2015 Skylake running at the same frequency and memory configuration L1 instruction/data cache: 32 KB / 48 KiB; L2 cache: 512 KiB Dynamic Tuning 2.0 which allows the CPU to stay at turbo frequencies for longer Six new AVX-512 instruction subsets: VPOPCNTDQ, VBMI2, BITALG, ... | Core 2 Extreme | 0.797674 |
90,822 | During trawling operations, a range of trawl sensors may be used to assist with controlling and monitoring gear. These are often referred to as "trawl monitoring systems" or "net mensuration systems". net sounders (trawl eyes) give information about the concentration of fish around the opening to the trawl, as well as ... | Stern trawler | 0.797674 |
90,823 | This work has excited great interest because it might enable experimental verification of the basic concept of Hawking radiation, which is widely regarded as one of the most revolutionary proposals in twentieth century physics, but which in its gravitational incarnation seems to be impossible to verify in experiments i... | Polarizable vacuum | 0.797674 |
90,824 | A human visual system model (HVS model) is used by image processing, video processing and computer vision experts to deal with biological and psychological processes that are not yet fully understood. Such a model is used to simplify the behaviours of what is a very complex system. As our knowledge of the true visual s... | Human Visual System Model | 0.797673 |
90,825 | The Green–Tao theorem asserts the prime numbers contain arbitrary long arithmetic progressions. It is not implied by Szemerédi's theorem because the primes have density 0 in the natural numbers. As part of their proof, Ben Green and Tao introduced a "relative" Szemerédi theorem which applies to subsets of the integers ... | Szemerédi's theorem | 0.797673 |
90,826 | This division of Goddard Space Flight Center has interests in various projects and missions. In addition to performing research based on NASA solar observatories in space, the division manages many heliophysics missions on behalf of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA headquarters. These include: | Heliophysics Science Division | 0.797673 |
90,827 | , Y i − 1 ) {\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2},...,X_{i};Y_{i}|Y_{1},Y_{2},...,Y_{i-1})} . In contrast to mutual information, directed information is not symmetric. The I ( X n → Y n ) {\displaystyle I(X^{n}\to Y^{n})} measures the information bits that are transmitted causally from X n {\displaystyle X^{n}} to Y n {\display... | Shannon theory | 0.797673 |
90,828 | In survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly in stratified sampling. Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide the practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. ... | Statistical sampling | 0.797673 |
90,829 | Yuri Ivanovich Manin (Russian: Ю́рий Ива́нович Ма́нин; 16 February 1937 – 7 January 2023) was a Russian mathematician, known for work in algebraic geometry and diophantine geometry, and many expository works ranging from mathematical logic to theoretical physics. | Yuri Manin | 0.797673 |
90,830 | The Stevens rearrangement in organic chemistry is an organic reaction converting quaternary ammonium salts and sulfonium salts to the corresponding amines or sulfides in presence of a strong base in a 1,2-rearrangement. The reactants can be obtained by alkylation of the corresponding amines and sulfides. The substituen... | Stevens rearrangement | 0.797673 |
90,831 | Rational choice theory provides a framework to explain why groups of rational individuals can come to collectively irrational decisions. For example, while at the individual level a group of people may have common interests, applying a rational choice framework to their individually rational preferences can explain gro... | Rational Choice Theory | 0.797672 |
90,832 | (Thomas Griswold (1925–2006) was a graduate student at UC Berkeley and received his Ph.D. there in 1953.) Kip's laboratory and research group used microwave resonance techniques to investigate solid-state physics. | Arthur F. Kip | 0.797672 |
90,833 | From this, they inferred that the second particle must have a definite value of both position and of momentum prior to either quantity being measured. But quantum mechanics considers these two observables incompatible and thus does not associate simultaneous values for both to any system. | Albert Einstein | 0.797672 |
90,834 | He is an associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Union College in Schenectady, NY where he specializes in atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Chad maintained a blog at Uncertain Principles and has made web based presentations including a number of TED ED Talks. He was named a Fellow of the... | Chad Orzel | 0.797672 |
90,835 | In 1994, Rovelli and Smolin showed that the quantum operators of the theory associated to area and volume have a discrete spectrum. That is, geometry is quantized. This result defines an explicit basis of states of quantum geometry, which turned out to be labelled by Roger Penrose's spin networks, which are graphs labe... | Loop Quantum Gravity | 0.797671 |
90,836 | Lemma.If A , B: Θ ⇉ X {\displaystyle A,B:\Theta \rightrightarrows X} are correspondences, A {\displaystyle A} is upper hemicontinuous and compact-valued, and B {\displaystyle B} is closed, then A ∩ B: Θ ⇉ X {\displaystyle A\cap B:\Theta \rightrightarrows X} defined by ( A ∩ B ) ( θ ) = A ( θ ) ∩ B ( θ ) {\displaystyle ... | Maximum theorem | 0.797671 |
90,837 | PIRA has continually updated the Demonstration Bibliography since its inception in the 1980s. It is based on a unique numbering system called the Demonstration Classification Scheme (DCS). The scheme originated from the demonstrations catalog used at the University of Minnesota. PIRA has also generated a subset of this... | Physics Instructional Resource Association | 0.797671 |
90,838 | For relativistic particles the classical equation needs to be interpreted in terms of particle momentum p = γ m v {\displaystyle p=\gamma mv}: where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the Lorentz factor. This equation is correct also in the non-relativistic case. For calculations in accelerator and astroparticle physics, the... | Gyroradius | 0.797671 |
90,839 | The development of reproductive technologies blur the lines between nature and technology, allowing for the reconfiguration of life itself. Through the advances of genetic technologies, the controlling of pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood has become increasingly possible through intrusive means. These advances in b... | Feminist technoscience | 0.797671 |
90,840 | TimeLogic is the bioinformatics division of Active Motif, Inc. The company is headquartered in Carlsbad, California. TimeLogic develops FPGA-accelerated tools for biological sequence comparison in the field of high performance bioinformatics and biocomputing. | TimeLogic | 0.797671 |
90,841 | Being thinner than the outer labia, the inner labia can be also more narrow than the former, or wider than labia majora, thus protruding in the pudendal cleft and making the term minora (Latin for smaller) essentially inapplicable in these cases. They can also be smooth or frilled, the latter being more typical of long... | Labia minora | 0.797671 |
90,842 | Georges Gonthier is a Canadian computer scientist and one of the leading practitioners in formal mathematics. He led the formalization of the four color theorem and Feit–Thompson proof of the odd-order theorem. (Both were written using the proof assistant Coq.) | Georges Gonthier | 0.79767 |
90,843 | 1994 Dr. Joan Argetsinger Steitz, a Henry Ford II Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University and an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 1996 Dr. Vera Rubin, Observational Astronomer, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution 1998 Dr. Jacqueline K. Barton, Arthur and Mar... | Weizmann Women & Science Award | 0.79767 |
90,844 | But Simpson does not treat the problem in the essay on geometrical problems of maxima and minima appended to his textbook on Geometry of 1747, although it does appear in the considerably reworked edition of 1760. Comparative attention might, however, usefully be drawn to a paper in English from eighty years earlier as ... | Thomas Simpson | 0.797669 |
90,845 | Mathematical Medicine and Biology is an academic journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications. The Journal publishes articles addressing topics in medicine and biology with mathematical content. | Mathematical Medicine and Biology | 0.797669 |
90,846 | Peter Scholze (German pronunciation: ; born 11 December 1987) is a German mathematician known for his work in arithmetic geometry. He has been a professor at the University of Bonn since 2012 and director at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics since 2018. He has been called one of the leading mathematicians in th... | Peter Scholze | 0.797669 |
90,847 | Maria Goeppert Mayer (German pronunciation: , née Göppert; June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-born American theoretical physicist, and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being Marie Curi... | Maria Goeppert Mayer | 0.797669 |
90,848 | At least three different mechanisms contribute to the better resistance to biogenic corrosion:The first barrier is the larger acid neutralizing capacity of calcium aluminate cements vs. ordinary Portland Cement; one gram of calcium aluminate cement can neutralize around 40% more acid than a gram of ordinary Portland Ce... | Biogenic sulfide corrosion | 0.797668 |
90,849 | In 2005, Emmanuel Schanzer wrote the first version of the Bootstrap curriculum, adapting many of the ideas from the celebrated Program by Design curriculum for use in the context of an 8th grade math class, and inventing a number of teaching techniques (most notably the “Circles of Evaluation”). In 2006, Bootstrap was ... | Bootstrap curriculum | 0.797668 |
90,850 | The main result of the theorem has three equivalent formulations: where: In its above formulation, and in particular the first result, Hattendorff's theorem states that the variance of L h {\displaystyle L_{h}} , the insurer's total loss over the remaining life of the policy at time h, can be calculated by discounting ... | Hattendorff's theorem | 0.797668 |
90,851 | In fact, any quantum strategy that achieves this maximum success probability must be isomorphic (in a precise sense) to the canonical quantum strategy described above; this property is called the rigidity of the CHSH game, first attributed to Summers and Werner. More formally, we have the following result: Informally, ... | CHSH Bell test | 0.797668 |
90,852 | Its Resource Database allows you to search for information based on a variety of criteria. Institute of Education Sciences (IES), Washington, DC, is the statistics, research, and evaluation arm of the U.S. Department of Education. | Reading | 0.797668 |
90,853 | The parallel projection (skew or orthographic) of a circle that is in general an ellipse (the special case of a line segment as image is omitted). A fundamental task in descriptive geometry is to draw such an image of a circle. The diagram shows a military projection of a cube with 3 circles on 3 faces of the cube. | Rytz's construction | 0.797668 |
90,854 | Moritz Pasch first defined a geometry without reference to measurement in 1882. His axioms were improved upon by Peano (1889), Hilbert (1899), and Veblen (1904). : 176 Euclid anticipated Pasch's approach in definition 4 of The Elements: "a straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself". | Betweenness relation | 0.797668 |
90,855 | In mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a manifold) and is a single number determining its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every... | Constant curvature | 0.797667 |
90,856 | The Automath system included many novel notions that were later adopted and/or reinvented in areas such as typed lambda calculus and explicit substitution. Dependent types is one outstanding example. Automath was also the first practical system that exploited the Curry–Howard correspondence. | Automath | 0.797667 |
90,857 | For example, the distributivity law allows rewriting ( x + 1 ) 4 → x 4 + 4 x 3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + 1 {\displaystyle (x+1)^{4}\rightarrow x^{4}+4x^{3}+6x^{2}+4x+1} and ( x − 1 ) ( x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 ) → x 5 − 1. {\displaystyle (x-1)(x^{4}+x^{3}+x^{2}+x+1)\rightarrow x^{5}-1.} As there is no way to make a good general c... | Computational algebra | 0.797667 |
90,858 | Grace Hopper continued to contribute to computer science through the 1950s. She brought the idea of using compilers from her time at Harvard to UNIVAC which she joined in 1949. Other women who were hired to program UNIVAC included Adele Mildred Koss, Frances E. Holberton, Jean Bartik, Frances Morello and Lillian Jay. T... | Women in computing | 0.797667 |
90,859 | Vector notation is used with calculus through the Nabla operator: With a scalar function f, the gradient is written as ∇ f , {\displaystyle \nabla f\,,} with a vector field, F the divergence is written as ∇ ⋅ F , {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot F,} and with a vector field, F the curl is written as ∇ × F . {\displaystyle \n... | Vector notation | 0.797667 |
90,860 | Hiding operations allow control of the connections made between interaction points when composing agents in parallel. Hiding can be denoted in a variety of ways. For example, in the π-calculus the hiding of a name x {\displaystyle {\mathit {x}}} in P {\displaystyle {\mathit {P}}} can be expressed as ( ν x ) P {\display... | Sequential composition | 0.797666 |
90,861 | If nonempty open sets U ⊂ R n {\displaystyle U\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}} and V ⊂ R m {\displaystyle V\subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}} are homeomorphic, then m = n. This follows from the excision theorem, the long exact sequence for the pair ( R n , R n − x ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ^{n},\mathbb {R} ^{n}-x)} , and the fact ... | Excision theorem | 0.797666 |
90,862 | Let X {\displaystyle X} be a set, let A {\displaystyle {\cal {A}}} be a sigma-algebra on X , {\displaystyle X,} and let μ {\displaystyle \mu } be a measure on A . {\displaystyle {\cal {A}}.} We say μ {\displaystyle \mu } is semifinite to mean that for all A ∈ μ pre { + ∞ } , {\displaystyle A\in \mu ^{\text{pre}}\{+\inf... | Countably additive measure | 0.797666 |
90,863 | The first known study of bioelectronics took place in the 18th century when scientist Luigi Galvani applied a voltage to a pair of detached frog legs. The legs moved, sparking the genesis of bioelectronics. Electronics technology has been applied to biology and medicine since the pacemaker was invented and with the med... | Bioelectronics | 0.797665 |
90,864 | Indeed, for many real-word networks, namely, food webs, neuronal and metabolic networks, the mismatch in values of n D r e a l {\displaystyle {n_{\mathrm {D} }}^{real}} and n D r a n d _ d e g r e e {\displaystyle {n_{\mathrm {D} }}^{\mathrm {rand\_degree} }} calculated by Liu et al. is notable. If controllability is d... | Network controllability | 0.797665 |
90,865 | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, Fleischner's theorem gives a sufficient condition for a graph to contain a Hamiltonian cycle. It states that, if G {\displaystyle G} is a 2-vertex-connected graph, then the square of G {\displaystyle G} is Hamiltonian. It is named after Herbert Fleischner, who published its pro... | Fleischner's theorem | 0.797665 |
90,866 | Arthur attended Midwood High School in Brooklyn. He was a capable student and chose to specialize in physics. | Arthur Komar | 0.797665 |
90,867 | Fuzzy control systems are suitable when the process complexity is high including uncertainty and nonlinear behavior, and there are no precise mathematical models available. Successful applications of fuzzy control systems have been reported worldwide mainly in Japan with pioneering solutions since 80s. Some application... | Fuzzy systems | 0.797665 |
90,868 | The biology of trust is the study of physiological mechanisms involved in mediating trust in social attachments. It has been studied in terms of genetics, endocrinology and neurobiology.Trust is the intentional choice to believe the input of strangers because one believes they know the truth and have one's best interes... | Biology of trust | 0.797664 |
90,869 | It is also demonstrated by the fact that not a single state today declares to possess or seek biological weapons, or asserts that their use in war is legitimate. In light of the rapid advances in biotechnology, biodefense expert Daniel Gerstein has described the BWC as "the most important arms control treaty of the twe... | Biological Weapons Convention | 0.797664 |
90,870 | This is the same as Euclid's method of treating point and line as undefined primitive notions and axiomatizing their relationships. Great circles in many ways play the same logical role in spherical geometry as lines in Euclidean geometry, e.g., as the sides of (spherical) triangles. This is more than an analogy; spher... | Spherical geometry | 0.797664 |
90,871 | Reinhold Baer (22 July 1902 – 22 October 1979) was a German mathematician, known for his work in algebra. He introduced injective modules in 1940. He is the eponym of Baer rings and Baer groups. | Reinhold Baer | 0.797663 |
90,872 | The mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information. The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used. The most common unit of information is the bit, or more... | Quantities of information | 0.797663 |
90,873 | Van, Vinh; Stahl, Wolfgang; Nguyen, Minh Tuyen; Nguyen, Ha Vinh Lam (2020-06-01). "The smell of coffee: the carbon atom microwave structure of coffee furanone validated by quantum chemistry" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Physics. 98 (6): 538–542. | Wolfgang Stahl | 0.797663 |
90,874 | The asterisk indicates that the particles at Sagittarius A are ionized. )After 1935, Jansky wanted to investigate the radio waves from the Milky Way in further detail, but Bell Labs reassigned him to another project, so he did no further work in the field of astronomy. His pioneering efforts in the field of radio astro... | Radio astronomy service | 0.797662 |
90,875 | He asked John Griffith to try to calculate attractive interactions between the DNA bases from chemical principles and quantum mechanics. Griffith's best guess was that A:T and G:C were attractive pairs. At that time, Crick was not aware of Chargaff's rules and he made little of Griffith's calculations, although it did ... | Francis Crick | 0.797662 |
90,876 | In September 2015 EDF's chief executive Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR was being worked on, which will be easier to build, to be ready for orders from about 2020.In 2016 EDF's chief executive Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that EDF's 2030 strategy increased the emphasis on renewable energy, wit... | Électricité de France | 0.797662 |
90,877 | : 24 But the devices used to build the experimental apparatus are themselves physical systems, and so quantum mechanics should be applicable to them as well. Beginning in the 1950s, Rosenfeld, von Weizsäcker and others tried to develop consistency conditions that expressed when a quantum-mechanical system could be trea... | Quantum measurement | 0.797661 |
90,878 | Let M be the 2×2 matrix M = ( λ 11 λ 12 λ 21 λ 22 ) , {\displaystyle M={\begin{pmatrix}\lambda _{11}&\lambda _{12}\\\lambda _{21}&\lambda _{22}\end{pmatrix}},} where exp(λij) is algebraic for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2. Suppose the two rows of M are linearly independent over the rational numbers, and the two columns of M are linearl... | Four exponentials conjecture | 0.797661 |
90,879 | There are several choices of signature and representation that are in common use in the physics literature. The Dirac matrices are typically written as γ μ {\displaystyle \gamma ^{\mu }} where μ {\displaystyle \mu } runs from 0 to 3. In this notation, 0 corresponds to time, and 1 through 3 correspond to x, y, and z. Th... | Bispinor | 0.797661 |
90,880 | Introduction to 3+1 Numerical Relativity (International Series of Monographs on Physics, Paperback, 2012, ISBN 978-0199656158) == References == | Miguel Alcubierre | 0.797661 |
90,881 | Papers, University of Queensland, Department of Chemistry. 1 (8). Jones, T.G.H. | Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones | 0.79766 |
90,882 | Source: NAS Meenakshi Wadhwa (2021) – For deepening the world’s understanding of the evolutionary history of the solar system through her significant contributions to the sciences of cosmochemistry, solar system chronology, meteoritics, and trace element geochemistry. Kevin D. McKeegan (2018) – For contributions to und... | J. Lawrence Smith Medal | 0.79766 |
90,883 | Certain quantities in physics are distributed normally, as was first demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell. Examples of such quantities are: Probability density function of a ground state in a quantum harmonic oscillator. The position of a particle that experiences diffusion. If initially the particle is located at a spe... | Normal random variable | 0.79766 |
90,884 | Zykova, A.R. (2021). "РЕАКЦИЯ ПЕНТАФЕНИЛФОСФОРА С ГЕКСАХЛОРОПЛАТИНОВОЙ КИСЛОТОЙ" . Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series "Chemistry" (in Russian). | Pentaphenyl phosphorus | 0.79766 |
90,885 | According to the Erdős–Pósa theorem, the size of a minimum feedback vertex set is within a logarithmic factor of the maximum number of vertex-disjoint cycles in the given graph. | Feedback vertex set | 0.79766 |
90,886 | Eosinophil peroxidase is a predominately α-helical heme-containing enzyme. The core of the catalytic domain surrounding the active site consists of six α-helices, five from the heavy polypeptide chain and one from the light. The fold of the enzyme is known as the heme peroxidase fold, conserved among all members of thi... | Eosinophil peroxidase | 0.797659 |
90,887 | Biological economics is an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction of human biology and economics is studied. The journal Economics and Human Biology covers the field and has an impact factor of 2.722. | Biological economics | 0.797659 |
90,888 | It is a personal manifesto of graph theory, rather than a complete description, as attempted in the book by Kőnig. It would be an interesting project to compare the first two earlier books on graph theory, by André Sainte-Laguë and Kőnig, respectively, with the book by Berge. It is clear that Berge’s book is more leisu... | Claude Berge | 0.797659 |
90,889 | One of Descartes' most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry. Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c". He also "pioneered the standard notation" that uses superscripts t... | René Descartes | 0.797659 |
90,890 | Magnetic beads are made of nanometric-sized iron oxide particles encapsulated or glued together with polymers. These magnetic beads range from 35 nm up to 4.5 μm. The component magnetic nanoparticles range from 5 to 50 nm and exhibit a unique quality referred to as superparamagnetism in the presence of an externally ap... | Magnetic immunoassay | 0.797659 |
90,891 | In this section it is explained how the concepts above using traces of elements can be applied to cryptography. In general, XTR can be used in any cryptosystem that relies on the (subgroup) Discrete Logarithm problem. Two important applications of XTR are the Diffie–Hellman key agreement and the ElGamal encryption. We ... | XTR | 0.797659 |
90,892 | Cone-based Spanners in Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL) | Yao graph | 0.797659 |
90,893 | To see how, consider that a theoretical probability distribution can be used as a generator of hypothetical observations. If an infinite number of observations are generated using a distribution, then the sample variance calculated from that infinite set will match the value calculated using the distribution's equation... | Sample variance | 0.797659 |
90,894 | Raymond David Mindlin (New York City, 17 September 1906 – 22 November 1987) was an American mechanical engineer, Professor of Applied Science at Columbia University, and recipient of the 1946 Presidential Medal for Merit and many other awards and honours. He is known as mechanician, who made seminal contributions to ma... | Raymond D. Mindlin | 0.797659 |
90,895 | Admissibility in propositional logics is closely related to unification in the equational theory of modal or Heyting algebras. The connection was developed by Ghilardi (1999, 2000). In the logical setup, a unifier of a formula A in the language of a logic L (an L-unifier for short) is a substitution σ such that σA is a... | Admissible rule | 0.797659 |
90,896 | The evolution of chemical defenses in plants is linked to the emergence of chemical substances that are not involved in the essential photosynthetic and metabolic activities. These substances, secondary metabolites, are organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction o... | Plant defense against herbivores | 0.797658 |
90,897 | The Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR) is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in all areas of artificial intelligence. | Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research | 0.797658 |
90,898 | UCNP synthesis focuses on controlling several aspects of the nanoparticles – the size, shape, and phase. Control over each of these aspects may be achieved through different synthetic pathways, of which co-precipitation, hydro(solvo)thermal, and thermolysis are the most common. Different synthetic methods have differen... | Upconverting nanoparticles | 0.797658 |
90,899 | The 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Reality is a nonfiction book by writer and professor Richard Panek and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt on January 10, 2011. In October 2011, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt, and Adam Ri... | The 4 Percent Universe | 0.797658 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.