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95,500 | The NTSB determined the accident's probable cause to be pilot error due to communication errors, inadequate crew resource management (CRM), and disorientation exacerbated by deficient airfield geometry. : 79 Additionally, the NTSB recommended stricter airport certification requirements under 14 CFR Part 139 in the area... | Runway incursion | 0.796725 |
95,501 | Sokolov's research areas were quantum field theory and elementary particle physics. Together with Dmitri Ivanenko he worked on the development of synchrotron radiation theory. His collaboration with Dmitry Ivanenko continued for almost 50 years. Together with Igor Ternov he discovered new quantum effects in microscopic... | Arseny Sokolov | 0.796725 |
95,502 | Gasoline engines are used in most hybrid electric designs and will likely remain dominant for the foreseeable future. While petroleum-derived gasoline is the primary fuel, it is possible to mix in varying levels of ethanol created from renewable energy sources. Like most modern ICE powered vehicles, HEVs can typically ... | Hybrid electric vehicles | 0.796725 |
95,503 | In the presence of disorder, which is the source of the plateaus seen in the experiments, this diagram is very different and the fractal structure is mostly washed away. Also, the experiments control the filling factor and not the Fermi energy. If this diagram is plotted as function of filling factor, all the features ... | Quantum Hall | 0.796725 |
95,504 | Suppose that there are two copies of an unknown quantum state. A pertinent question in this context is to ask if it is possible, given two identical copies, to delete one of them using quantum mechanical operations? It turns out that one cannot. The no-deleting theorem is a consequence of linearity of quantum mechanics... | No-deleting theorem | 0.796725 |
95,505 | Hrycyna is the first female department head of the Purdue chemistry department, a position she has held since 2017. She has been awarded the Purdue University Department of Chemistry Arthur E. Kelley Undergraduate Award for Excellence in Teaching three times. She has been involved with the curriculum review for the Dep... | Christine A. Hrycyna | 0.796725 |
95,506 | It culminates with the Principia, an important work which includes a thorough examination and attempted solution of the antinomies which had been an obstacle to earlier progress. The metamathematical period from 1910 to the 1930s, which saw the development of metalogic, in the finitist system of Hilbert, and the non-fi... | History of logic | 0.796725 |
95,507 | The most important basic example of a datatype that can be defined by mutual recursion is a tree, which can be defined mutually recursively in terms of a forest (a list of trees). Symbolically: f: , ..., t] t: v f A forest f consists of a list of trees, while a tree t consists of a pair of a value v and a forest f (its... | Mutual recursion | 0.796724 |
95,508 | For purposes of immunohistochemistry or targeted staining in general, reactive forms of Pacific Blue are used to label targeting antibodies. Derivatives of Pacific Blue have been used to study small molecule-protein interactions using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Pacific Blue has also been used to stu... | Pacific Blue (dye) | 0.796724 |
95,509 | In the Copenhagen interpretation, the modulus squared of the inner product (a complex number) gives a real number which, assuming both wave functions are normalized, is interpreted as the probability of the wave function Ψ2 "collapsing" to the new wave function Ψ1 upon measurement of an observable, whose eigenvalues ar... | Normalizable wave function | 0.796724 |
95,510 | Isbell duality is a form of duality arising when a mathematical object can be interpreted as a member of two different categories; a standard example is the Stone duality between sober spaces and complete Heyting algebras with sufficiently many points. Isbell was the first to study the category of metric spaces defined... | M. G. Stanley | 0.796724 |
95,511 | A bond graph in solid-state chemistry is a chemical formula of an extended structure, in which direct bonding connectivities are shown. An example is the AuORb3 perovskite, the unit cell of which is drawn on the left and the bond graph (with added numerical values) on the right: We see that the oxygen atom bonds to the... | Oxidation State | 0.796724 |
95,512 | Second order PDEs Partial differential equations (PDEs) of second order are classified at each point as elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic, accordingly as their second order terms correspond to an elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic quadratic form. The behavior and theory of these different types of PDEs are strikingly ... | Directrix of a conic section | 0.796723 |
95,513 | Thus the Chow group of an elliptic curve X {\displaystyle X} is closely related to the group X ( k ) {\displaystyle X(k)} of k {\displaystyle k} -rational points of X {\displaystyle X} . When k {\displaystyle k} is a number field, X ( k ) {\displaystyle X(k)} is called the Mordell–Weil group of X {\displaystyle X} , an... | Cycle class map | 0.796723 |
95,514 | Deinococcus radiodurans has been shown to have a great potential to be used in different fields of investigation. Not only has D. radiodurans been genetically modified for bioremediation applications, but also it has been discovered that it could perform a major role in biomedical research and in nanotechnology. Biorem... | Deinococcus radiodurans | 0.796723 |
95,515 | In mathematics, the tautological one-form is a special 1-form defined on the cotangent bundle T ∗ Q {\displaystyle T^{*}Q} of a manifold Q . {\displaystyle Q.} In physics, it is used to create a correspondence between the velocity of a point in a mechanical system and its momentum, thus providing a bridge between Lagra... | Canonical symplectic form | 0.796723 |
95,516 | Bruce F. Webster of BYTE praised Turbo Prolog in September 1986, stating that it was the first Borland product to excite him as much as Turbo Pascal did. He liked the user interface and low price, and reported that two BYU professors stated that it was superior to the Prolog they used at the university. While questioni... | Visual Prolog | 0.796723 |
95,517 | At 18, he went to Imperial College London, being awarded a first class BSc degree in physics in 1968. He commenced postgraduate research there into superconductivity, but then went into student representation and politics for some years. In 1979, he returned to postgraduate study at Queen Mary College, University of Lo... | Weather Action | 0.796722 |
95,518 | He was the first to use the type of finite state machine (FSM) that is commonly used today, the Moore FSM. With Claude Shannon he did seminal work on computability theory and built reliable circuits using less reliable relays. He also spent a great deal of his later years on a fruitless effort to solve the Four Color T... | Edward F. Moore | 0.796722 |
95,519 | BloombergNEF has expanded its research areas to cover renewable energy, advanced transport, digital industry, innovative materials, sustainability and commodities. BNEF provides research, long-term forecasts, analytical tools and global in-depth analysis covering a wide range of energy and related industries. Analysts ... | Bloomberg Innovation Index | 0.796721 |
95,520 | Leveraging this success, additional physics-of-failure based algorithms have been derived for the three other major degradation mechanisms (time dependent dielectric breakdown , hot carrier injection , and negative bias temperature instability ) in modern integrated circuits (equations shown below). More recent work ha... | Physics of Failure | 0.796721 |
95,521 | The idea of dark matter was still "extremely speculative" at this point, but Frenk concluded that the galaxy was surrounded with "embedded" dark matter. He was awarded his PhD in astronomy in 1981.At Cambridge, Frenk decided to shift his research focus to cosmology because he felt there was still plenty of "exciting pr... | Carlos Frenk | 0.796721 |
95,522 | Tensor arm manipulator, invented in 1968 by V.C. Anderson, commonly called the Scripps Tensor Arm, is a spine-like elephant trunk arm. Control is via a large number nylon microfilaments. ANAT (Articulated Nimble Adaptable Trunk) AMI-100, invented in 1997 by Charles Khairallah, is a modular hyper-redundant snake-like in... | Snake-arm robot | 0.796721 |
95,523 | Virus phases is the life cycle of the computer virus, described by using an analogy to biology. This life cycle can be divided into four phases: Dormant phase The virus program is idle during this stage. The virus program has managed to access the target user's computer or software, but during this stage, the virus doe... | Computer Virus | 0.796721 |
95,524 | A hard bed cannot deform in this way; therefore the only way for hard-based glaciers to move is by basal sliding, where meltwater forms between the ice and the bed itself.Bed softness may vary in space or time, and changes dramatically from glacier to glacier. An important factor is the underlying geology; glacial spee... | Ice flow | 0.796721 |
95,525 | An algebraic variety over a field k can be defined as a scheme over k with certain properties. There are different conventions about exactly which schemes should be called varieties. | Scheme theory | 0.796721 |
95,526 | A theorem in the Flajolet–Sedgewick theory of symbolic combinatorics treats the enumeration problem of labelled and unlabelled combinatorial classes by means of the creation of symbolic operators that make it possible to translate equations involving combinatorial structures directly (and automatically) into equations ... | Asymptotic combinatorics | 0.79672 |
95,527 | Odd-dimensional manifolds, by contrast, do not have these invariants, though in algebraic surgery theory one may define more complicated invariants. This 4-fold and 8-fold periodicity in the structure of manifolds is related to the 4-fold periodicity of L-theory and the 8-fold periodicity of real topological K-theory, ... | Singly even number | 0.79672 |
95,528 | {\displaystyle R^{\delta }(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {x} ')=\exp \left\{-\sum _{k=1}^{d}\omega _{k}^{\delta }(x_{k}-x_{k}')^{2}\right\}.} Together with the prior distribution of unknown parameters, and data from both computer models and experiments, one can derive the maximum likelihood estimates for { β δ , σ δ , ω k δ , k... | Epistemic probability | 0.79672 |
95,529 | Depression storage capacity, in soil science, is the ability of a particular area of land to retain water in its pits and depressions, thus preventing it from flowing. Depression storage capacity, along with infiltration capacity, is one of the main factors involved in Horton overland flow, whereby water volume surpass... | Soil Sciences | 0.79672 |
95,530 | What fails is that scalar multiplication isn't continuous on ( X , τ ) . {\displaystyle (X,\tau ).} This example shows that a translation-invariant (pseudo)metric is not enough to guarantee a vector topology, which leads us to define paranorms and F-seminorms. | Metrizable topological vector space | 0.79672 |
95,531 | A fairly simple proof,: 458–462 reminiscent of one of the simplest proofs of Fermat's little theorem, can be obtained by evaluating the product Z = a ⋅ 2 a ⋅ 3 a ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ p − 1 2 a {\displaystyle Z=a\cdot 2a\cdot 3a\cdot \cdots \cdot {\frac {p-1}{2}}a} modulo p in two different ways. On one hand it is equal to Z = a ( p −... | Gauss's lemma (number theory) | 0.796719 |
95,532 | In cases where a metastasis from colorectal cancer is suspected, immunohistochemistry is used to ascertain correct diagnosis. Some proteins are more specifically expressed in colorectal cancer and can be used as diagnostic markers such as CK20 and MUC2. Immunohistochemistry can also be used to screen for Lynch syndrome... | Histopathology of colorectal adenocarcinoma | 0.796719 |
95,533 | The visual boundary is instead endowed with the cone topology. Fix a point o in X. Any boundary point can be represented by a unique geodesic ray issuing from o. Given a ray γ {\displaystyle \gamma } issuing from o, and positive numbers t > 0 and r > 0, a neighborhood basis at the boundary point {\displaystyle } is gi... | Gromov boundary | 0.796719 |
95,534 | In real analysis and approximation theory, the Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem (or superposition theorem) states that every multivariate continuous function f: n → R {\displaystyle f\colon ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} } can be represented as a superposition of the two-argument addition of continuous functions of one v... | Kolmogorov–Arnold representation theorem | 0.796719 |
95,535 | He decided to join the M.I.T. faculty as an assistant professor at a salary that was half of what he made at Merck. Within his first few years at M.I.T., John Sheehan was already recognized for his ingenuity in synthetic organic chemistry, especially for his new methods of synthesis of peptides, three new syntheses of ... | John C. Sheehan | 0.796719 |
95,536 | The Scientific Computing and Imaging (SCI) Institute is a permanent research institute at the University of Utah that focuses on the development of new scientific computing and visualization techniques, tools, and systems with primary applications to biomedical engineering. The SCI Institute is noted worldwide in the v... | Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute | 0.796719 |
95,537 | In graph theory, an area of mathematics, common graphs belong to a branch of extremal graph theory concerning inequalities in homomorphism densities. Roughly speaking, F {\displaystyle F} is a common graph if it "commonly" appears as a subgraph, in a sense that the total number of copies of F {\displaystyle F} in any g... | Common graph | 0.796718 |
95,538 | In theoretical physics, null infinity is a region at the boundary of asymptotically flat spacetimes. In general relativity, straight paths in spacetime, called geodesics, may be space-like, time-like, or light-like (also called null). The distinction between these paths stems from whether the spacetime interval of the ... | Null Infinity | 0.796718 |
95,539 | Zhang Feng, inventor of optogenetics and CRISPR gene editing, and youngest core member at the Broad Institute.Dr. Sania Nishtar, founder of Pakistan NGO and think-tank, Heartfile, and also Pakistan's first female cardiologist.Dr. | Asian Scientist | 0.796718 |
95,540 | Indeed, a pseudometric inducing the same topology is then given by (where the 1 / 2 n {\displaystyle 1/2^{n}} can be replaced by any positive summable sequence a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} ). This pseudometric is translation-invariant, but not homogeneous, meaning d ( k x , k y ) ≠ | k | d ( x , y ) , {\displaystyle d(kx,... | Locally convex | 0.796718 |
95,541 | ML (Meta Language) is a functional programming language. It is known for its use of the polymorphic Hindley–Milner type system, which automatically assigns the types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations (type inference), and ensures type safety – there is a formal proof that a well-typed ML p... | ML programming language | 0.796718 |
95,542 | When his father recovered some months later, the harvest and autumn planting had been completed successfully, and Nilson had installed the first engine threshing machine to be used in Gotland. Nilson's own health had greatly benefited from his work on the farm: the young man who had arrived home in poor health had beco... | Lars Fredrik Nilson | 0.796718 |
95,543 | While initially research had been concerned mostly with the electrical characteristics of neurons, a particularly important part of the investigation in recent years has been the exploration of the role of neuromodulators such as dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin on behaviour and learning.Biophysical models, such ... | Neural networks | 0.796718 |
95,544 | Richard M. Murray is a synthetic biologist and Thomas E. and Doris Everhart Professor of Control & Dynamical Systems and Bioengineering at Caltech, California. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2013 for "contributions in control theory and networked control systems with applications to aerospace ... | Richard M. Murray | 0.796718 |
95,545 | A key tool in computational geometry is the idea of projective duality, which maps points to hyperplanes and vice versa, while preserving incidence and above-below relationships. There are numerous analytical forms of the projective dual: one common form maps the point p = ( p 1 , … p d ) {\displaystyle p=(p_{1},\ldots... | Bregman distance | 0.796718 |
95,546 | The term "elastic scattering" implies that the internal states of the scattering particles do not change, and hence they emerge unchanged from the scattering process. In inelastic scattering, by contrast, the particles' internal state is changed, which may amount to exciting some of the electrons of a scattering atom, ... | Scattering theory | 0.796717 |
95,547 | Since 1856, Dedekind had developed theories involving infinitely many infinite sets—for example: ideals, which he used in algebraic number theory, and Dedekind cuts, which he used to construct the real numbers. This work enabled him to understand and contribute to Cantor's work.Dedekind's first contribution concerns th... | Cantor's first set theory article | 0.796717 |
95,548 | The performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters: Display geometry: Viewable image size - is usually measured diagonally, but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smal... | Visual display unit | 0.796717 |
95,549 | In organic chemistry, a methiodide is a chemical derivative produced by the reaction of a compound with methyl iodide. Methiodides are often formed through the methylation of tertiary amines: R3N + CH3I → (CH3)R3N+I−Whereas the parent amines are hydrophobic and often oily, methiodides, being salts, are somewhat hydroph... | Methiodide | 0.796717 |
95,550 | A neural radiance field (NeRF) is a method based on deep learning for reconstructing a three-dimensional representation of a scene from two-dimensional images. It is a graphics primitive which can be optimized from a set of 2D images to produce a 3D scene. The NeRF model can learn the scene geometry, camera poses, and ... | Neural radiance field | 0.796716 |
95,551 | Limits describe the behavior of a function at a certain input in terms of its values at nearby inputs. They capture small-scale behavior using the intrinsic structure of the real number system (as a metric space with the least-upper-bound property). In this treatment, calculus is a collection of techniques for manipula... | Differential and integral calculus | 0.796716 |
95,552 | The centre is a multi-disciplinary unit that brings together researchers, professors and students from many different faculties within PUCRS, including medicine, engineering, aeronautical sciences, pharmacy, biosciences, physics, informatics, sports science, odontology, physiotherapy, nursing and nutrition. The centre ... | Microgravity Centre | 0.796716 |
95,553 | More precisely, by 1995 a kind of revival of dialogical logic was generated that opened new and unexpected possibilities for logical and philosophical research. The philosophical development of dialogical logic continued especially in the fields of argumentation theory, legal reasoning, computer science, applied lingui... | Dialogical logic | 0.796716 |
95,554 | Results obtained from in vitro experiments cannot usually be transposed, as is, to predict the reaction of an entire organism in vivo. Building a consistent and reliable extrapolation procedure from in vitro results to in vivo is therefore extremely important. Solutions include: Increasing the complexity of in vitro sy... | Metabolic test | 0.796715 |
95,555 | An example of an early "industrial weight" spreadsheet was APLDOT, developed in 1976 at the United States Railway Association on an IBM 360/91, running at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD. The application was used successfully for many years in developing such applications as financ... | Spreadsheet formulas | 0.796715 |
95,556 | The well geometry therefore is less aggressive and the wellbore (wall of the well) is smoother than those drilled with a motor. This last benefit concerns geoscientists, because better measurements of the properties of the formation can be obtained, and the drillers, because the well casing or production string can be ... | Rotary steerable system | 0.796715 |
95,557 | In 1905, German chemist Fritz Haber published Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen (The Thermodynamics of Technical Gas Reactions), a book more concerned about the industrial application of chemistry than to its theoretical study. In it, Haber inserted the results of his study of the equilibrium equation of ammonia:... | History of the Haber process | 0.796715 |
95,558 | He took particular interest in mixing paints for his art classes, as well as his chemistry classes in Balwyn High School. His father, being the Superintendent of Melbourne's electrical power station, borrowed an organic chemistry text from the chemists in the quality control laboratory. This ultimately led to an intens... | Neil J. Gunther | 0.796715 |
95,559 | This section will describe the relationships between prefilters and nets in great detail because of how important these details are applying filters to topology − particularly in switching from utilizing nets to utilizing filters and vice verse − and because it to make it easier to understand later why subnets (with th... | Filter subbase | 0.796715 |
95,560 | The pressure gradient between these two surfaces contributes to the lift force generated for a given airfoil.The geometry of the airfoil is described with a variety of terms: The leading edge is the point at the front of the airfoil that has maximum curvature (minimum radius). The trailing edge is defined similarly as ... | Aerofoil section | 0.796715 |
95,561 | The DrugBank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets created and maintained by the University of Alberta and The Metabolomics Innovation Centre located in Alberta, Canada. As both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, DrugBank combines ... | DrugBank | 0.796714 |
95,562 | While the FFF system is not used in practice it has been used as an example in discussions of the relative merits of different systems of units. Some of the FFF units, notably the microfortnight, have been used jokingly in computer science. Besides having the meaning "any obscure unit", the derived unit furlongs per fo... | Furlongs per fortnight | 0.796714 |
95,563 | In organic chemistry a hydroxy ketone (often referred to simply as a ketol) is a functional group consisting of a ketone flanked by a hydroxyl group. Chemicals in this group can be classified by the position of the hydroxyl relative to the ketone. The two main classes have the hydroxyl on the alpha or beta carbon, that... | Hydroxy ketone | 0.796714 |
95,564 | The demand for metal nanoparticles, and therefore production methods, has increased as interest in nanotechnology continues to rise. Despite its overwhelming simplicity and efficiency, it is difficult to modify the experimental apparatus to be used on an industrial scale. As such, EWM has not seen widespread utilizatio... | Exploding wire method | 0.796714 |
95,565 | Diet, toxins, and hormones impact the epigenetic state. Studies in dietary manipulation have demonstrated that methyl-deficient diets are associated with hypomethylation of the epigenome. Such studies establish epigenetics as an important interface between the environment and the genome. | Protein-coding genes | 0.796713 |
95,566 | In mathematics, the Reeb foliation is a particular foliation of the 3-sphere, introduced by the French mathematician Georges Reeb (1920–1993). It is based on dividing the sphere into two solid tori, along a 2-torus: see Clifford torus. Each of the solid tori is then foliated internally, in codimension 1, and the dividi... | Reeb foliation | 0.796713 |
95,567 | Plato's student Aristotle disagreed with his tutor. Aristotle transformed Plato's forms into "formal causes", the blueprints or essences of individual things. Whereas Plato idealized geometry, Aristotle emphasized nature and related disciplines and therefore much of his thinking concerns living beings and their propert... | Aristotelian realism | 0.796713 |
95,568 | The differential geometry of the 2-sphere can be approached from three different points of view: analytic geometry, since the 2-sphere is a submanifold of E3; group theory, since the compact matrix group SO(3) acts transitively on the 2-sphere as a continuous group of symmetries; classical mechanics, since a rigid 2-sp... | Riemannian connection on a surface | 0.796713 |
95,569 | In coordination chemistry, denticity (from Latin dentis 'tooth') refers to the number of donor groups in a given ligand that bind to the central metal atom in a coordination complex. In many cases, only one atom in the ligand binds to the metal, so the denticity equals one, and the ligand is said to be monodentate (som... | Bidentate | 0.796713 |
95,570 | For example, graph-based methods are often used to 'cluster' cells together into cell-types in single-cell transcriptome analysis. Another use is to model genes or proteins in a pathway and study the relationships between them, such as metabolic pathways and gene regulatory networks. Evolutionary trees, ecological netw... | Graph Theory | 0.796712 |
95,571 | A spur or track in radiation chemistry is a region of high concentration of chemical products after ionizing radiation passes through. The spur model, proposed by Samuel and Magee in 1953, describes the kinetic behavior of reaction spurs involving one type of radicals in a diffusion-driven environment. The spurs from g... | Spur (chemistry) | 0.796712 |
95,572 | He was a strong promoter of post-graduate research degrees before they were officially sanctioned by the Victoria Post Secondary Education Commission. Under his leadership the Applied Physics Department enrolled some of RMIT’s first Masters students and its second PhD candidate and established collaborative research pr... | Heinrich Karsten Wagenfeld | 0.796712 |
95,573 | Horne studied at the University of Mississippi and earned his doctorate in physics at Boston University with Abner Shimony. He taught at Stonehill College, a catholic school in Easton in the south of Boston. Together with John Clauser, Abner Shimony and Richard A. Holt he developed the CHSH inequality for experimentall... | Michael Horne (physicist) | 0.796712 |
95,574 | Note that there was no control group or pre-screening of the survey takers. Those who checked "Other" were asked to specify that operating system.Because survey takers were permitted to select more than one answer, the percentages shown in the graph, which are out of the number survey of participants, add up to greater... | Comparison of BSD operating systems | 0.796712 |
95,575 | (This use of lower- and upper-case letters for a function and its indefinite integral is common in calculus.) The definite integral inputs a function and outputs a number, which gives the algebraic sum of areas between the graph of the input and the x-axis. The technical definition of the definite integral involves the... | Infinitesimal Calculus | 0.796712 |
95,576 | ECoG has gained attention recently for decoding imagined speech or music, which could lead to "literal" BCIs in which users simply imagine words, sentences, or music that the BCI can directly interpret.In addition to clinical applications to localize functional regions to support neurosurgery, real-time functional brai... | Electrocorticography | 0.796712 |
95,577 | The current state of quantum computing is referred to as the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1000 qubits which are not advanced enough yet for fault-tolerance or large enough to achieve quantum supremacy. These processors, which are sensitive to their en... | Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era | 0.796712 |
95,578 | The algebraic connectivity of undirected graphs with nonnegative weights, a ( G ) ≥ 0 {\displaystyle a(G)\geq 0} with the inequality being strict if and only if G is connected. However, the algebraic connectivity can be negative for general directed graphs, even if G is a connected graph. Furthermore, the value of the ... | Algebraic connectivity | 0.796711 |
95,579 | Al-Biruni, Avicenna and others described the preparation of hundreds of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds. Islamic physicists such as Ibn Al-Haytham, Al-Bīrūnī and others studied optics and mechanics as well as astronomy, and criticised Aristotle's view of motion. During the Middle Ages, Islamic s... | Islamic technology | 0.796711 |
95,580 | Thus, probabilistic design is a tool that is mostly used in areas that are concerned with quality and reliability. For example, product design, quality control, systems engineering, machine design, civil engineering (particularly useful in limit state design) and manufacturing. It differs from the classical approach to... | Probabilistic design | 0.796711 |
95,581 | Let X1, X2, ... be an infinite sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. The initial rank of the nth term of this sequence is the value r such that Xi ≥ Xn for exactly r values of i less than or equal to n. Let Yk = (Yk,1, Yk,2, Yk,3, ...) denote the stochastic process consisting of the term... | Ignatov's theorem | 0.796711 |
95,582 | In biodiversity science, geodesic grids are a global extension of local discrete grids that are staked out in field studies to ensure appropriate statistical sampling and larger multi-use grids deployed at regional and national levels to develop an aggregated understanding of biodiversity. These grids translate environ... | Icosahedral-hexagonal grid | 0.796711 |
95,583 | Other pioneers were George Boole, who invented Boolean algebra as a mathematical system of logic, and Charles Peirce, who developed the logic of relatives. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, in turn, condensed many of these insights in their work Principia Mathematica. | Formal logic | 0.796711 |
95,584 | Lisp originally had very few control structures, but many more were added during the language's evolution. (Lisp's original conditional operator, cond, is the precursor to later if-then-else structures.) Programmers in the Scheme dialect often express loops using tail recursion. Scheme's commonality in academic compute... | Lisp programming language | 0.796711 |
95,585 | Squire attended Fettes College, Edinburgh, and obtained a B.Sc. (physics, 1966), AKC and PhD (biophysics, 1969) from King's College, University of London, UK, the latter under the supervision of Arthur Elliott. | John M. Squire | 0.79671 |
95,586 | For an arbitrary heat engine, the efficiency is: where Wn is the net work done by the engine per cycle, qH > 0 is the heat added to the engine from a hot reservoir, and qC = - |qC| < 0 is waste heat given off to a cold reservoir from the engine. Thus the efficiency depends only on the ratio |qC| / |qH|. Carnot's theore... | Kelvin–Planck statement | 0.79671 |
95,587 | Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture. Miguel A. Altieri, (a pioneer of agroecology and peasant-advocate), writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution agriculture has been unfair, because Green Revolution agricultur... | Green Revolution | 0.79671 |
95,588 | 2020 Kenneth T. Gillen - Sandia National Labs researcher noted for contributions to service life prediction methods for elastomers 2021 Howard Colvin - Organic chemist and consultant to the tire and rubber industries noted for developments to rubber chemicals and polymers 2022 Anil K. Bhowmick - University of Houston p... | Melvin Mooney Distinguished Technology Award | 0.79671 |
95,589 | The Galileo National Telescope, (Italian: Telescopio Nazionale Galileo; TNG; code: Z19) is a 3.58-meter Italian telescope, located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain. The TNG is operated by the "Fundación Galileo Galilei, Fundación Canaria", a non-profit ins... | Galileo National Telescope | 0.79671 |
95,590 | The largest source and the greatest store of renewable energy is provided by hydroelectric dams. A large reservoir behind a dam can store enough water to average the annual flow of a river between dry and wet seasons. A very large reservoir can store enough water to average the flow of a river between dry and wet years... | Rail energy storage | 0.79671 |
95,591 | To undertake the crucial observations, experiments and modelling aimed at solving fundamental scientific problems To conduct the basic surveys necessary to site both regional and local studies To develop new marine instrumentation for use in experiments To acquire access to the survey vehicles and instruments necessary... | British Mid-Ocean Ridge Initiative | 0.796709 |
95,592 | Any family of graphs has bounded pathwidth if and only if its line graphs have bounded linear clique-width, where linear clique-width replaces the disjoint union operation from clique-width with the operation of adjoining a single new vertex. If a connected graph with three or more vertices has maximum degree three, th... | Pathwidth | 0.796709 |
95,593 | The analogy with topology suggested that a new homological theory be set up applying within algebraic geometry. This took two decades (it was a central aim of the work and school of Alexander Grothendieck) building up on initial suggestions from Serre. The rationality part of the conjectures was proved first by Bernard... | Weil conjectures | 0.796709 |
95,594 | Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex problems. | Hybrid computer | 0.796709 |
95,595 | Konrad Zuse designed and built electromechanical logic gates for his computer Z1 (from 1935 to 1938). The first recorded idea of using digital electronics for computing was the 1931 paper "The Use of Thyratrons for High Speed Automatic Counting of Physical Phenomena" by C. E. Wynn-Williams. From 1934 to 1936, NEC engin... | History of computing | 0.796709 |
95,596 | He retired from RPI on June 30, 2012 and then spent six months as a Senior Fellow at the University of Ghent in Belgium. He is now living in Ridgewood, NY and taught in the Department of Technology, Culture, and Society at New York University Tandon School of Engineering in Brooklyn NY from 2015-2017. He attended and g... | Sal Restivo | 0.796709 |
95,597 | The medical application to industrial microbiology is the production of new drugs synthesized in a specific organism for medical purposes. Production of antibiotics is necessary for the treatment of many bacterial infections. Some natural occurring antibiotics and precursors, are produced through a process called ferme... | Industrial microbiology | 0.796709 |
95,598 | The number of such equations is the same as the number of parameters to be estimated. Those equations are then solved for the parameters of interest. The solutions are estimates of those parameters. The method of moments was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1887 in the proof of the central limit theorem. The idea of ... | Method of moments (statistics) | 0.796709 |
95,599 | Once solved, use of the inverse Laplace transform reverts to the original domain. Given the functions f(t) and g(t), and their respective Laplace transforms F(s) and G(s), the following table is a list of properties of unilateral Laplace transform: Initial value theorem f ( 0 + ) = lim s → ∞ s F ( s ) . {\displaystyle ... | Laplace Transform | 0.796709 |
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