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97,400 | Idealized directions are referred to as points at infinity, while idealized horizons are referred to as lines at infinity. In turn, all these lines lie in the plane at infinity. However, infinity is a metric concept, so a purely projective geometry does not single out any points, lines or planes in this regard—those at... | Axioms of projective geometry | 0.796343 |
97,401 | Kowalski states "I can recall trying to convince Hewitt that Planner was similar to SL-resolution." But Planner was invented for the purposes of the procedural embedding of knowledge and was a rejection of the resolution uniform proof procedure paradigm. Colmerauer and Roussel recalled their reaction to learning about... | Planner programming language | 0.796343 |
97,402 | José Felipe Voloch (born 13 February 1963, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian mathematician who works on number theory and algebraic geometry and is a professor at Canterbury University. | José Felipe Voloch | 0.796343 |
97,403 | Also the probability of each class p ( l a b e l | θ ) {\displaystyle p({\rm {label}}|{\boldsymbol {\theta }})} is estimated from the collected dataset. Note that the usage of 'Bayes rule' in a pattern classifier does not make the classification approach Bayesian. Bayesian statistics has its origin in Greek philosophy ... | Pattern detection | 0.796342 |
97,404 | The many-worlds interpretation implies that there are most likely an infinite number of universes. It is one of a number of multiverse hypotheses in physics and philosophy. MWI views time as a many-branched tree, wherein every possible quantum outcome is realized. This is intended to resolve the measurement problem and... | Many-Worlds Interpretation | 0.796342 |
97,405 | Life simulation games were not a new genre, but prior games such as Little Computer People (1985) had very limited artificial intelligence beyond the simulated humans, limiting the amount of interactions that a player had with the simulation and making such games more curiosities. With The Sims, the simulated humans we... | Sandbox game | 0.796342 |
97,406 | Richard H. Price (born March 1, 1943) is an American physicist specializing in general relativity. Price graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1960, and went on to earn a dual degree in physics and engineering from Cornell University in 1965. He earned his PhD in 1971 from Caltech under the supervision of Kip Thorne... | Richard H. Price | 0.796342 |
97,407 | Carter has made significant contributions to theoretical and computational chemistry and physics. She has developed ab initio quantum chemistry methods and applied them to the study of materials. Early contributions included methods for accurate description of molecules at the quantum level and an algorithm for identif... | Emily A. Carter | 0.796342 |
97,408 | Half of the 2008 Nobel Prize for physics went to Yoichiro Nambu for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics. The fundamental step in this field is the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model (NJL model), developed together with Jona-Lasinio, who was left out of the prize. In recognition of h... | Giovanni Jona-Lasinio | 0.796342 |
97,409 | He criticized Lewontin et al. for giving little attention to "similar abuses that have occurred under political systems that espouse a cultural-determinist ideology." He accused them of falsely attributing a belief in "heredity privilege" to advocates of IQ testing, employing tactics such as guilt through association, ... | Not in Our Genes | 0.796341 |
97,410 | The fictional history of the OA setting spans over 10,000 years, beginning with the real-world present day; dates in OA are marked according to the Tranquility Calendar (which is named after Tranquility Base and started after the Apollo 11 landing). OA claims to adhere to plausible, or "hard" science fiction; that is, ... | Orion's Arm | 0.796341 |
97,411 | Other explanation for some may be that food chemicals or drugs are weakening the defenses. This can be the case with ω5-gliadin allergy with salicylate sensitivity. There is no clear reasoning, either from genetics or from long-term studies of susceptible individuals why these gut peptide restrictions would change. | Gluten immunochemistry | 0.796341 |
97,412 | Reference-based approaches rely on the availability of accurate references to estimate cell proportions. The discrepancy between the biology of the samples underlying the references and the samples for which the cell proportions are being estimated could introduce bias in estimated cell proportions. Studies have shown ... | Cellular deconvolution | 0.796341 |
97,413 | In economics, the Cobb–Douglas production function is a family of production functions parametrized by the elasticities of output with respect to the various factors of production. In algebra, the quadratic equation, for example, is actually a family of equations parametrized by the coefficients of the variable and of ... | Parametric family of functions | 0.796341 |
97,414 | His current research activities are now concentrated on the application and extension of the turbo technology in various domains, including his research on artificial thinking, because turbo decoding has been recognized as a new instance of the very general principle of belief propagation; one application of this princ... | Claude Berrou | 0.796341 |
97,415 | Anthony J. Stone is a British theoretical chemist and emeritus professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. | Anthony Stone | 0.796341 |
97,416 | In computer science, remote evaluation is a general term for any technology that involves the transmission of executable software code from a client computer to a server computer for subsequent execution at the server. After the code has finished executing, the results of its execution are sent back to the client. Remo... | Remote evaluation | 0.796341 |
97,417 | Algorism – Mathematical technique for arithmetic Goodstein's theorem – Theorem about natural numbers History of ancient numeral systems – Symbols representing numbers Long and short scales – Two meanings of "billion" and "trillion" Myriad – Indefinitely large amount Non-standard positional numeral systems – Non-standar... | List of numeral system topics | 0.79634 |
97,418 | Madhu Sudan (born 12 September 1966) is an Indian-American computer scientist. He has been a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences since 2015. | Madhu Sudan | 0.79634 |
97,419 | Application of the foregoing to each pair of consecutive members of this sequence gives the following result. TheoremLet p {\displaystyle p} be a complex polynomial with T p ≠ 0 {\displaystyle Tp\neq 0} and let K {\displaystyle K} be the smallest number such that T K + 1 p = 0 {\displaystyle T^{K+1}p=0} . Moreover let ... | Lehmer–Schur algorithm | 0.79634 |
97,420 | Gnotobiosis (from Greek roots gnostos "known" and bios "life") refers to an engineered state of an organism in which all forms of life (i.e., microorganisms) in or on it, including its microbiota, have been identified. The term gnotobiotic organism, or gnotobiote, can refer to a model organism that is colonized with a ... | Gnotobiotic animal | 0.79634 |
97,421 | Although the connection of geometry with algebra dates as far back at least to Euclid's Elements in the third century B.C. (see Greek geometric algebra), GA in the sense used in this article was not developed until 1844, when it was used in a systematic way to describe the geometrical properties and transformations of ... | Geometric algebra | 0.796339 |
97,422 | This is Dennett's main point in "Skinner Skinned." Dennett argues that there is a crucial difference between explaining and explaining away… If our explanation of apparently rational behavior turns out to be extremely simple, we may want to say that the behavior was not really rational after all. But if the explanation... | Behavioral psychology | 0.796339 |
97,423 | This leads to a lack of knowledge in certain areas, such as astrophysics, as such pursuits are stopped once they ceased to produce meaningful improvements in ordinary life. This also leads to some over-specialization, as driving is considered a specialized contribution and how to do so is known only to public conveyors... | Neanderthal Parallax | 0.796339 |
97,424 | Between 1917 and 1922, it became clear from work by Heber Curtis, Ernst Öpik and others that some objects ("nebulae") seen by astronomers were in fact distant galaxies like the Milky Way. But when radio astronomy began in the 1950s, astronomers detected, among the galaxies, a small number of anomalous objects with prop... | Quasar | 0.796339 |
97,425 | Heisenberg's microscope is a thought experiment proposed by Werner Heisenberg that has served as the nucleus of some commonly held ideas about quantum mechanics. In particular, it provides an argument for the uncertainty principle on the basis of the principles of classical optics. The concept was criticized by Heisenb... | Heisenberg's microscope | 0.796339 |
97,426 | Consider a container filled with ideal gas consisting of point masses. The force inflicted on the point masses is the negative of the forces inflicted on the wall of the container, which is of form d F = − n ^ P d A {\displaystyle d\mathbf {F} =-\mathbf {\hat {n}} PdA} , where n ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {n}} } is... | Virial Theorem | 0.796338 |
97,427 | One direction of the theorem can be proven by showing that any given Muller automaton recognizes an ω-regular language. Suppose A = (Q,Σ,δ,q0,F) is a deterministic Muller automaton. The union of finitely many ω-regular languages produces an ω-regular language; therefore it can be assumed without loss of generality that... | McNaughton's Theorem | 0.796338 |
97,428 | This can be easily seen as follows: K ( x ) ≤ K ( x , S ) + O ( 1 ) ≤ K ( S ) + K ( x | S ) + O ( 1 ) ≤ K ( S ) + log | S | + O ( 1 ) ≤ K ( x ) + O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle K(x)\leq K(x,S)+O(1)\leq K(S)+K(x|S)+O(1)\leq K(S)+\log |S|+O(1)\leq K(x)+O(1)} , using straightforward inequalities and the sufficiency property, we... | Kolmogorov structure function | 0.796338 |
97,429 | Moreover, a complex semisimple Lie algebra has the complete reducibility property. This means that every finite-dimensional representation decomposes as a direct sum of irreducible representations. Conclusion: Classification amounts to studying irreducible complex linear representations of the (complexified) Lie algebr... | Representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras | 0.796338 |
97,430 | We used piecewise linear basis functions in our discussion, but it is common to use piecewise polynomial basis functions.Separate consideration is the smoothness of the basis functions. For second-order elliptic boundary value problems, piecewise polynomial basis function that is merely continuous suffice (i.e., the de... | Finite Element Analysis | 0.796337 |
97,431 | The Penrose criterion in Plasma Physics is a criterion for the kinetic stability of a plasma with a given velocity-space distribution function. This criterion can be used to determine that all so-called "single-humped" distributions (those with a single maximum), are kinetically stable. | Penrose criterion | 0.796337 |
97,432 | Many problems can be framed as a form of the shortest path for some suitably substituted notions of addition along a path and taking the minimum. The general approach to these is to consider the two operations to be those of a semiring. Semiring multiplication is done along the path, and the addition is between paths. ... | Shortest path problems | 0.796337 |
97,433 | Theorem. Assume two stable systems S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} are connected in a feedback loop, then the closed loop system is input-output stable if ‖ S 1 ‖ ⋅ ‖ S 2 ‖ < 1 {\displaystyle \|S_{1}\|\cdot \|S_{2}\|<1} and both S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} and S 2 {\displaystyle S_{2}} are stable ... | Small-gain theorem | 0.796337 |
97,434 | During World War II he worked for a Theoretical Physics Division group in Los Alamos. In 1946 he received his Ph.D. at Princeton University under the supervision of Solomon Lefschetz. | Richard E. Bellman | 0.796337 |
97,435 | Extensions to Buchdahl's theorem generally either relax assumptions on the matter or on the symmetry of the problem. For instance, by introducing anisotropic matter or rotation. In addition one can also consider analogues of Buchdahl's theorem in other theories of gravity == References == | Buchdahl's theorem | 0.796336 |
97,436 | But it was naturally regarded as circular, being compared with a wheel (10.89) and expressly called circular (parimandala) in the Shatapatha Brahmana. "By about the 5th century AD, the siddhanta astronomy texts of South Asia, particularly of Aryabhata, assume a spherical Earth as they develop mathematical methods for q... | Flat Earth theory | 0.796336 |
97,437 | Subrata Roy's research and scientific work encompasses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), plasma physics, heat transfer, magnetohydrodynamics, electric propulsion, and micro/nanoscale flows. In 2003, Roy incorporated Knudsen's theory that handles surface collisions of molecules by diffusive and specular reflections in... | Subrata Roy (scientist) | 0.796336 |
97,438 | Egg hatch assay (EHA), also called an egg hatch test (EHT), is a method used to determine a given parasite's resistance to extant drug therapy.Fresh eggs are incubated from the parasite of interest and serial dilutions of the drug of interest are applied. The percentage of eggs that hatch or die is determined at each c... | Egg hatch assay | 0.796336 |
97,439 | Animal migration – Avalanche – Carbon cycle – Climate change – Climate change and agriculture – Climate model – Climate oscillation – Clock of the Long Now – Ecology – El Niño/La Niña – Endometrium – Environmental geography – Global cooling – Global warming – Historical temperature record – Hydrogen cycle – Ice age – T... | List of cycles | 0.796336 |
97,440 | : 188 Facebook's statistics reinforce this claim. According to Facebook, more than seventy-five percent of its users reside outside of the US. Moreover, more than seventy languages are presented on its website. | Global digital divide | 0.796336 |
97,441 | A recent study has found this to be the case: for Minnesota functionals (which are very popular in computational chemistry for calculating energy-related quantities), the errors in atomic densities and in energetics are indeed decoupled, and the Minnesota functionals perform better for diatomic densities than for the a... | Minnesota functionals | 0.796336 |
97,442 | For an example which is not normal, one can consider the non-integral ring Z / x y {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /xy} , or the ring of a nodal curve. In general, a reduced scheme X {\displaystyle X} can be said to be seminormal if every morphism Y → X {\displaystyle Y\to X} which induces a homeomorphism of topological sp... | Seminormal ring | 0.796336 |
97,443 | Returning to Indiana University for a third time, Herman T. Briscoe received his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in chemistry in 1924 under the guidance of Professor Frank C. Mathers.Briscoe married Orah Elberta Briscoe (née Cole) in 1928. | Herman T. Briscoe | 0.796336 |
97,444 | During the advanced training and the mission specific training, astronauts will learn about the operation of specific systems and skills required associated with their assigned positions in a space mission. The mission specific training typically requires 18 months to complete for Space Shuttle and International Space ... | Space simulator | 0.796335 |
97,445 | In 1970, the Church of Scientology published a notarized letter that had been written by Puthoff while he was conducting research on remote viewing at Stanford. The letter read, in part: "Although critics viewing the system Scientology from the outside may form the impression that Scientology is just another of many qu... | Remote viewing | 0.796335 |
97,446 | Consider now the algebra Λ m ∣ n {\displaystyle \Lambda ^{m\mid n}} of functions of real commuting variables x = x 1 , … , x m {\displaystyle x=x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}} and of anticommuting variables θ 1 , … , θ n {\displaystyle \theta _{1},\ldots ,\theta _{n}} (which is called the free superalgebra of dimension ( m | n ) ... | Grassmann integral | 0.796335 |
97,447 | Reinhardt Kiehl (born 31 May 1935 in Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German mathematician. From 1955, Kiehl studied mathematics, physics and astronomy at the University of Göttingen and the University of Heidelberg. He received in 1965 his Ph.D. (promotion) under Friedrich Karl Schmidt at Heidelberg University with... | Reinhardt Kiehl | 0.796335 |
97,448 | Amr El Abbadi is a Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He obtained B.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from Alexandria and Cornell universities respectively. | Amr El Abbadi | 0.796335 |
97,449 | Patricia McBride is an American particle physicist working with the CMS collaboration at the LHC. On February 9, 2022, she was elected Spokesperson for CMS starting Fall 2022.Patricia studied physics in college at Carnegie Mellon. She received her PhD from Yale University and did a postdoc at Harvard University. | Patricia McBride (physicist) | 0.796333 |
97,450 | In mathematics, especially in the fields of universal algebra and graph theory, a graph algebra is a way of giving a directed graph an algebraic structure. It was introduced by McNulty and Shallon, and has seen many uses in the field of universal algebra since then. | Graph algebra | 0.796333 |
97,451 | The following condition is equivalent to M being algebraically compact: For every index set I, the addition map M(I) → M can be extended to a module homomorphism MI → M (here M(I) denotes the direct sum of copies of M, one for each element of I; MI denotes the product of copies of M, one for each element of I).Every in... | Pure injective module | 0.796333 |
97,452 | He argues that computers today are unable to have intelligence because they are algorithmically deterministic systems. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the mind are completely algorithmic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer. This contrasts with supporters of stron... | Roger Penrose | 0.796333 |
97,453 | Interpreting the three-dimensional vector space of the algebra as the 2-vector (not the 1-vector) subalgebra of the three-dimensional geometric algebra, where i = e 2 e 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {i} =\mathbf {e_{2}} \mathbf {e_{3}} } , j = e 1 e 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {j} =\mathbf {e_{1}} \mathbf {e_{3}} } , and k = e... | Vector cross product | 0.796333 |
97,454 | (p. 395) Minerals from the Reformed College of in the University of Debrecen Co-author: R. W. McIntosh ACTA GGM Debrecina Geology, Geomorphology, Physical Geography. Series, Vol 6-7. | Mihály Nagy | 0.796333 |
97,455 | The set V of all the curves is a vector space over C. We can make this vector space of curves into an algebra by defining multiplication as above. Choosing e ( t ) = 1 , ∀ ∈ {\displaystyle e(t)=1,\forall \in } we have for α,β in C, α ⋅ β = α ( 0 ) β + β ( 1 ) α − α ( 0 ) β ( 1 ) e {\displaystyle {\alpha }\cdot {\beta ... | Functional-theoretic algebra | 0.796333 |
97,456 | In the objectivist stream, the statistical analysis depends on only the model assumed and the data analysed. No subjective decisions need to be involved. In contrast, "subjectivist" statisticians deny the possibility of fully objective analysis for the general case. In the 1980s, there was a dramatic growth in research... | Personal Probability | 0.796333 |
97,457 | The MIT group led by Tom Knight that developed BioBricks and International Genetically Engineered Machines (iGEM) competition are also the pioneers of The Registry of Standard Biological Parts (Registry). Registry being one of the foundations of synthetic biology, provides web-based information and data on over 20,000 ... | BioBrick | 0.796332 |
97,458 | Encouraged by this feasibility study, Lee made a systematic study of possible Time reversal (T), Parity (P), Charge Conjugation (C), and CP violations in weak interactions with collaborators, including C. N. Yang. After the definitive experimental confirmation by Chien-Shiung Wu and her assistants that showed that pari... | Tsung-Dao Lee | 0.796332 |
97,459 | An equivalent (symbol: officially equiv; unofficially but often Eq) is the amount of a substance that reacts with (or is equivalent to) an arbitrary amount (typically one mole) of another substance in a given chemical reaction. It is an archaic unit of measurement that was used in chemistry and the biological sciences ... | Molar equivalent | 0.796332 |
97,460 | It was seen as a much faster alternative to the Darwinian concept of a gradual process of small random variations being acted on by natural selection. It was popular with early geneticists such as Hugo de Vries, who along with Carl Correns helped rediscover Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance in 1900, William Bateson, ... | Saltation (biology) | 0.796332 |
97,461 | In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as ring theory, the Ore condition is a condition introduced by Øystein Ore, in connection with the question of extending beyond commutative rings the construction of a field of fractions, or more generally localization of a ring. The right Ore condition for a mult... | Ore ring | 0.796332 |
97,462 | HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the s... | Herpes infection | 0.796332 |
97,463 | The Schrödinger equation provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time. However, the Schrödinger equation does not directly say what, exactly, the wave function is. The meaning of the Schrödinger equation and how the mathematical entities in it relate to physical reali... | Schrödinger's equation | 0.796332 |
97,464 | With respect to plant biology, the term "chemotype" was first coined by Rolf Santesson and his son Johan in 1968, defined as, "...chemically characterized parts of a population of morphologically indistinguishable individuals. "In microbiology, the term "chemoform" or "chemovar" is preferred in the 1990 edition of the ... | Chemotype | 0.796331 |
97,465 | These q-distributions are normally parameterized for each individual data point in a separate optimization process. However, variational autoencoders use a neural network as an amortized approach to jointly optimize across data points. This neural network takes as input the data points themselves, and outputs parameter... | Variational autoencoder | 0.796331 |
97,466 | Cantor is a graphical user interface that delegates its mathematical operations to one of several backends. Its plugin-based structure allows adding different backends. It can make use of Julia, KAlgebra, Lua, Maxima, Octave, Python, Qalculate!, R, SageMath, and Scilab.Cantor provides a consistent interface to these ba... | Cantor (software) | 0.796331 |
97,467 | We can prove by several means known in propositional calculus that ( A ∧ ( A → B ) ) → B {\displaystyle \left(A\land \left(A\rightarrow B\right)\right)\rightarrow B} holds. Since i − j ∣ m {\displaystyle i-j\mid m} , by the transitivity property of the divisibility relation, p ∣ i − j → p ∣ m {\displaystyle p\mid i-j\r... | Gödel numbering for sequences | 0.79633 |
97,468 | Hutchins BI, Baker KL, Davis MT, Diwersy MA, Haque E, Harriman RM, Hoppe TA, Leicht SA, Meyer P, Santangelo GM (October 2019). "The NIH Open Citation Collection: A public access, broad coverage resource". PLOS Biology. | Bibliometrics | 0.79633 |
97,469 | However, the radiation gauge says that one uses the instantaneous positions of the particles, but doesn't violate causality because there are compensating terms in the force equation. In contrast, the Lorenz gauge imposes manifest covariance (and thus causality) at all stages of a calculation. Predictions of observable... | 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers | 0.796329 |
97,470 | It can be noted that the ring of global sections of this scheme is a field, which implies that the scheme is not affine. Any two open sets intersect non-trivially: ie the scheme is irreducible. When the field k is algebraically closed, P ( V ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (V)} is in fact an abstract variety, that further... | Algebraic geometry of projective spaces | 0.796329 |
97,471 | Harden was motivated to write The Genetic Lottery to try to change people's minds about what she considers the need for social scientists to consider genetics in their research, and to assuage fears about the negative societal consequences of doing so. She told Gideon Lewis-Kraus that the book was "fundamentally defens... | The Genetic Lottery | 0.796329 |
97,472 | The development of metal carbonyl clusters such as Ni(CO)4 and Fe(CO)5 led quickly to the isolation of Fe2(CO)9 and Fe3(CO)12. Rundle and Dahl discovered that Mn2(CO)10 featured an "unsupported" Mn-Mn bond, thereby verifying the ability of metals to bond to one another in molecules. In the 1970s, Paolo Chini demonstrat... | Metal cluster compound | 0.796329 |
97,473 | If matrix M and simultaneously transpose matrix Mt are Manin matrices, then all elements of M commute with each other. No-go facts: Mk is not a Manin matrix in general (except k=-1 discussed below); neither det(M), nor Tr(M) are central in the algebra generated by Mij in general (in that respect Manin matrices differs ... | Manin matrices | 0.796328 |
97,474 | The groundwater flow model ZOOMQ3D is one of the codes in the ZOOM family of numerical groundwater models which also consists of the advective transport particle tracking code ZOOPT and the distributed recharge model ZOODRM. Each of these models has been developed using object-oriented techniques, a programming approac... | ZOOMQ3D | 0.796328 |
97,475 | GraphPad Prism is a commercial scientific 2D graphing and statistics software for Windows and Mac OS desktop computers. Software features include nonlinear regression, with functionalities including the removal of outliers, comparisons of models, comparisons of curves, and interpolation of standard curves. The software... | GraphPad InStat | 0.796328 |
97,476 | In number theory, the partition function p(n) represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer n. For instance, p(4) = 5 because the integer 4 has the five partitions 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 2, 1 + 3, 2 + 2, and 4. No closed-form expression for the partition function is known, but it has both asymp... | Partition function (number theory) | 0.796327 |
97,477 | In mathematical analysis, the Whitney covering lemma, or Whitney decomposition, asserts the existence of a certain type of partition of an open set in a Euclidean space. Originally it was employed in the proof of Hassler Whitney's extension theorem. The lemma was subsequently applied to prove generalizations of the Cal... | Whitney covering lemma | 0.796327 |
97,478 | In mathematical physics, the Dirac delta distribution (δ distribution), also known as the unit impulse, is a generalized function or distribution over the real numbers, whose value is zero everywhere except at zero, and whose integral over the entire real line is equal to one.The current understanding of the unit impul... | Dirac delta functions | 0.796327 |
97,479 | As of 2004, the best known trapdoor function (family) candidates are the RSA and Rabin families of functions. Both are written as exponentiation modulo a composite number, and both are related to the problem of prime factorization. Functions related to the hardness of the discrete logarithm problem (either modulo a pri... | Trapdoor permutation | 0.796327 |
97,480 | Biospeleology, also known as cave biology, is a branch of biology dedicated to the study of organisms that live in caves and are collectively referred to as troglofauna. | Biospeleology | 0.796326 |
97,481 | After obtaining his Ph.D., Stevens accepted a postdoctoral position in 1988 in the lab of Nobel Laureate William N. Lipscomb, Jr. in the chemistry department at Harvard University where he focused on the large allosteric enzyme aspartate carbamoyltransferase. In 1991, he accepted a tenure-track position at the Universi... | Raymond C. Stevens | 0.796326 |
97,482 | Although useful in its own right, the version of Noether's theorem just given is a special case of the general version derived in 1915. To give the flavor of the general theorem, a version of Noether's theorem for continuous fields in four-dimensional space–time is now given. Since field theory problems are more common... | Noether theorem | 0.796326 |
97,483 | Dhar is a graduate of The Lawrence School, Sanawar, which he considers one of the best presents his parents gave him without realizing it. He graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1978 with a B.Tech in chemical engineering. He subsequently attended the University of Pittsburgh where he received an ... | Vasant Dhar | 0.796326 |
97,484 | In number theory, an octahedral number is a figurate number that represents the number of spheres in an octahedron formed from close-packed spheres. The n {\displaystyle n} th octahedral number O n {\displaystyle O_{n}} can be obtained by the formula: O n = n ( 2 n 2 + 1 ) 3 . {\displaystyle O_{n}={n(2n^{2}+1) \over 3}... | Octahedral number | 0.796325 |
97,485 | Because the smallest color differences interfere with search while large-enough color differences do not interfere (see Figure 3), the optimization objective is to maximize the minimum calculated color-difference, among the n(n-1)/2 color differences in an n-color code, in order to derive a large number (n) of distinct... | Color coding in data visualization | 0.796325 |
97,486 | to some valuation. Pseudo algebraically closed field A field in which every variety has a rational point. Henselian field A field satisfying Hensel lemma w.r.t. | Glossary of field theory | 0.796325 |
97,487 | in Information Engineering, both from the Cambridge University, at Christ's College. He joined University of Sheffield in 1993 as lecturer in the Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering. He was subsequently promoted to senior lecturer, then reader, and finally professor in 2007. | Visakan Kadirkamanathan | 0.796325 |
97,488 | Hugh's treatment somewhat elevates the mechanical arts as ordained to the improvement of humanity, a promotion which was to represent a growing trend among late medievals.The classification of the artes mechanicae as applied geometry was introduced to Western Europe by Dominicus Gundissalinus (12th century) under the i... | Mechanical arts | 0.796324 |
97,489 | Eddy et al. (2014) use principles of information ecology to develop a framework for integrating scientific information in decision-making in ecosystem-based management (EBM). Using a metaphor of how a species adapts to environmental changes through information processing, they developed a 3-tiered model that differenti... | Information ecosystem | 0.796324 |
97,490 | When parametrised by g ( t ) = ( t , 0 ) , {\displaystyle g(t)=(t,0),} it is nonsingular. Hence, it is technically more correct to discuss singular points of a smooth mapping here rather than a singular point of a curve. The above definitions can be extended to cover implicit curves which are defined as the zero set f ... | Double points | 0.796324 |
97,491 | Quastler soon became interested in how information theory could be used to understand the origin of life. In 1953 he edited Information Theory in Biology. He edited another collection of essays, Information Theory in Psychology: Problems and Methods, in 1956. | Henry Quastler | 0.796324 |
97,492 | Bohm, as well as other physicists after him, have sought to provide evidence that the Born rule linking R {\displaystyle R} to the probability density function ρ = R 2 {\displaystyle \rho =R^{2}\quad } can be understood, in a pilot wave formulation, as not representing a basic law, but rather a theorem (called quantum ... | Quantum potential | 0.796324 |
97,493 | The Vitali covering theorem is not valid in infinite-dimensional settings. The first result in this direction was given by David Preiss in 1979: there exists a Gaussian measure γ on an (infinite-dimensional) separable Hilbert space H so that the Vitali covering theorem fails for (H, Borel(H), γ). This result was streng... | Vitali covering theorem | 0.796324 |
97,494 | Lance Fortnow began writing a blog on theoretical computer science with an emphasis on complexity theory in 2002. Gasarch was a frequent guest blogger until 2007 when he became an official co-blogger. | William Gasarch | 0.796324 |
97,495 | However, one study has found that there were no significant differences between extroverts and introverts in the way they achieve success in a second language.Other personality factors, such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness influence self-regulation, which helps L2 learners engage, process meaning, and... | Second language acquisition | 0.796324 |
97,496 | The LBT was originally named the "Columbus Project." It is a joint project of these members: the Italian astronomical community represented by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, the University of Arizona, University of Minnesota, University of Notre Dame, University of Virginia, the LBT Beteiligungsgesellschaft in ... | Large Binocular Telescope | 0.796324 |
97,497 | In biology, robustness is used to describe a taxon with a stronger and heavier build (morphology) when compared to a related gracile taxon. The terms are used in contrast to one another. The term is used by physical anthropologists and paleoanthropologists to refer to a big-boned and muscular body.For example, members ... | Robustness (morphology) | 0.796323 |
97,498 | During this same period there was a great debate in physics over the nature of radio propagation. Guglielmo Marconi's successful trans-Atlantic transmissions appeared to be impossible. Studies of radio signals demonstrated they travelled in straight lines, at least over long distances, so the broadcast from Cornwall sh... | Radar altimetry | 0.796323 |
97,499 | Parexel International is an American provider of biopharmaceutical services. It conducts clinical trials on behalf of its pharmaceutical clients to expedite the drug approval process. It is the second largest clinical research organization in the world and has helped develop approximately 95% of the 200 top-selling bio... | Calyx AI | 0.796323 |
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