id int32 0 100k | text stringlengths 20 3.54k | source stringlengths 1 104 | similarity float32 0.8 0.91 |
|---|---|---|---|
98,200 | In experimental particle physics, a calorimeter is a type of detector that measures the energy of particles. Particles enter the calorimeter and initiate a particle shower in which their energy is deposited in the calorimeter, collected, and measured. The energy may be measured in its entirety, requiring total containm... | Electromagnetic calorimeter | 0.796179 |
98,201 | The surface roughness amplifies the wetting behavior caused by the surface chemistry. In order to measure the contact angle hysteresis, the sessile droplet can be increased gradually in volume. The maximum possible contact angle is referred to as the advancing contact angle. | Sessile drop technique | 0.796179 |
98,202 | In the field of statistics, the Neyman–Pearson lemma states that the most powerful way to distinguish between the two distributions P {\displaystyle P} and Q {\displaystyle Q} based on an observation Y {\displaystyle Y} (drawn from one of them) is through the log of the ratio of their likelihoods: log P ( Y ) − log ... | Kullback–Leibler divergence | 0.796178 |
98,203 | 1897 After a visit by Bernstein, Dedekind independently proves the theorem a second time. 1898 Bernstein's proof (not relying on the axiom of choice) is published by Émile Borel in his book on functions. (Communicated by Cantor at the 1897 International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich.) | Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem | 0.796178 |
98,204 | In early 2015 NASA outlined a conceptual plan for a three stage Mars habitat design and construction award program. The first stage called for a design. The next stage requested plans for construction technology that used discarded spacecraft components. The third stage involved building a habitat using 3D printing tec... | Mars habitat | 0.796178 |
98,205 | In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle y=f(x)} with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential d y {\displaystyle dy} is defined by where f ′ ( x ) {\displaystyle f'(x)} is the derivative of f with respect to x {\displayst... | Differentials of a function | 0.796178 |
98,206 | If there is a remainder in a place value decimal rod calculus division, both the remainder and the divisor must be left in place with one on top of another. In Liu Hui's notes to Jiuzhang suanshu (2nd century BCE), the number on top is called "shi" (实), while the one at bottom is called "fa" (法). In Sunzi Suanjing, the... | Rod calculus | 0.796177 |
98,207 | The simplest static black holes have mass but neither electric charge nor angular momentum. These black holes are often referred to as Schwarzschild black holes after Karl Schwarzschild who discovered this solution in 1916. According to Birkhoff's theorem, it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric. T... | Black Hole | 0.796177 |
98,208 | Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robots, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. Other investigations, such as MIT's cyberflora project, are almost wholly academic. A first particular new innova... | Robotic manipulation | 0.796177 |
98,209 | Smith of Douglas Aircraft in 1967. This method discretized the surface of the geometry with panels, giving rise to this class of programs being called Panel Methods. Their method itself was simplified, in that it did not include lifting flows and hence was mainly applied to ship hulls and aircraft fuselages. | Computer simulations of fluids | 0.796176 |
98,210 | Various studies have used MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) to measure brain activity when individuals detect (or fail to detect) a change in the environment. When individuals detect a change, the neural networks of the parietal and right dorsolateral prefrontal lobe regions are strongly activated. If individuals were ... | Change blindness | 0.796176 |
98,211 | Pierre Curie ( KURE-ee, French: ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska–Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services t... | Pierre Curie | 0.796176 |
98,212 | In geometry, the gyroelongated pentagonal cupola is one of the Johnson solids (J24). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by gyroelongating a pentagonal cupola (J5) by attaching a decagonal antiprism to its base. It can also be seen as a gyroelongated pentagonal bicupola (J46) with one pentagonal cupola removed.... | Gyroelongated pentagonal cupola | 0.796176 |
98,213 | The Air Force Early Warning Academy, accredited under both the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Central Military Commission (CMC), recruits male high school (高中) graduates across the People's Republic of China (PRC) and provides graduates a bachelor's degree in either military science or engineering and the requis... | Air Force Early Warning Academy | 0.796175 |
98,214 | Anything having to do with biology and sex is complicated and messy, and cladistics is no exception. Many species reproduce sexually, and are capable of interbreeding for millions of years. Worse, during such a period, many branches may have radiated, and it may take hundreds of millions of years for them to have whitt... | Cladistics | 0.796175 |
98,215 | Modern vials are often made out of glass or plastic. There are often used as storage for small quantities of liquid used in medical or molecular biology applications. There are several different types of commonly used closure systems. For glass vials, options include screw vials (closed with a screw cap or dropper/pipe... | Glass vial | 0.796175 |
98,216 | In 2009, a Radiogenomics Consortium (RGC) was established to facilitate and promote multi-centre collaboration of researchers linking genetic variants with response to radiation therapy. The Radiogenomics Consortium (http://epi.grants.cancer.gov/radiogenomics/) is a Cancer Epidemiology Consortium supported by the Epide... | Radiogenomics | 0.796175 |
98,217 | The shrinking of device sizes and the attention towards low power consumption applications has led to an ever-growing attention towards the physics of surfaces and interfaces, which play a fundamental role in the functioning of many applications. The breaking of the bulk symmetry which occurs at a surface leads to diff... | Spinterface | 0.796175 |
98,218 | Some universities offer graduate degrees in reliability engineering. Other reliability professionals typically have a physics degree from a university or college program. Many engineering programs offer reliability courses, and some universities have entire reliability engineering programs. A reliability engineer must ... | Reliability theory | 0.796175 |
98,219 | Using the standard 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge, the cartridge's characteristics are: Bullet mass = 9.5 grams ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } 147 grains Muzzle velocity = 833 meters per second ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } 2733 feet per second Bullet diameter = 7.82 millimetres ⇒ {\displaystyle \Rightarrow } .308 inchesThe... | Taylor KO factor | 0.796175 |
98,220 | A phenomenon known as universality is seen in a large variety of physical systems. It expresses the idea that different microscopic physics can give rise to the same scaling behaviour at a phase transition. A canonical example of universality involves the following two systems: The Ising model phase transition, describ... | Scale-invariant theory | 0.796175 |
98,221 | Speckle imaging in biology refers to the underlabeling of periodic cellular components (such as filaments and fibers) so that instead of appearing as a continuous and uniform structure, it appears as a discrete set of speckles. This is due to statistical distribution of the labeled component within unlabeled components... | Speckle masking | 0.796174 |
98,222 | Christopher David Godsil is a professor and the former Chair at the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization in the faculty of mathematics at the University of Waterloo. He wrote the popular textbook on algebraic graph theory, entitled Algebraic Graph Theory, with Gordon Royle, His earlier textbook on algebraic com... | Chris Godsil | 0.796174 |
98,223 | Energy quality is a measure of the ease with which a form of energy can be converted to useful work or to another form of energy: i.e. its content of thermodynamic free energy. A high quality form of energy has a high content of thermodynamic free energy, and therefore a high proportion of it can be converted to work; ... | Energy quality | 0.796174 |
98,224 | These studies are presently limited to several months by the longevity of the implants. The array now forms the sensor component of the Braingate. Much research is also being done on the surface chemistry of neural implants in effort to design products which minimize all negative effects that an active implant can have... | Brain implants | 0.796174 |
98,225 | Poisson algebras occur in various settings. | Poisson algebra | 0.796174 |
98,226 | He is a full professor, and holds the Robert and Marjorie Mann Chair of Chemistry, to which he was named in 2002. He has published more than 230 papers.Among those who have influenced him, he includes Michael T. Bowers, Jesse L. Beauchamp, R. Graham Cooks, Scott A. McLuckey, Fred McLafferty, Evan R. Williams, Joseph A.... | David E. Clemmer | 0.796174 |
98,227 | The Faculty of Electrical Engineering was founded in 1910, as the first school of its kind in Romania. The first dean and founder of the faculty was the famous professor Dragomir Hurmuzescu. A statue (bust) sits in the front of the faculty building today. | Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Iași | 0.796174 |
98,228 | Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.Some genetic variants may only cause asthma when they are combined wit... | Asthma attack | 0.796173 |
98,229 | (See Ince's Theorem above.) These classifications are summarized in the table below. The modified Mathieu function counterparts are defined similarly. | Mathieu function | 0.796173 |
98,230 | V-manifold An old term for an orbifold. van Kampen The van Kampen theorem says: if a space X is path-connected and if x0 is a point in X, then π 1 ( X , x 0 ) = lim → π 1 ( U , x 0 ) {\displaystyle \pi _{1}(X,x_{0})=\varinjlim \pi _{1}(U,x_{0})} where the colimit runs over some open cover of X consisting of path-conn... | Glossary of algebraic topology | 0.796173 |
98,231 | The volume led to far greater use of AIC, and it now has more than 48,000 citations on Google Scholar. Akaike called his approach an "entropy maximization principle", because the approach is founded on the concept of entropy in information theory. Indeed, minimizing AIC in a statistical model is effectively equivalent ... | Akaike information criterion | 0.796173 |
98,232 | He studied reported stories of parents' giving birth to different coloured albinos, so he concluded that Adam and Eve were originally white and that Caucasians could give birth to different coloured races. Boyle also extended the theories of Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton about colour and light via optical projection (i... | Robert Boyle | 0.796172 |
98,233 | Conservation biology was originally conceptualized as a crisis-oriented discipline, with the goal of providing principles and tools for preserving biodiversity. This is a branch of biology that is concerned with preserving genetic variation in plants and animals. This scientific field evolved to study the complex probl... | Conservation psychology | 0.796172 |
98,234 | Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) is a research institute in Nainital, Kumaon, India which specializes in astronomy, solar physics, astrophysics and atmospheric science. It is an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. The institute is situated ... | Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences | 0.796172 |
98,235 | The neuroscience of creativity looks at the operation of the brain during creative behavior. It has been addressed in the article "Creative Innovation: Possible Brain Mechanisms". The authors write that "creative innovation might require coactivation and communication between regions of the brain that ordinarily are no... | Creative thinking | 0.796172 |
98,236 | The Kuramoto model (or Kuramoto–Daido model), first proposed by Yoshiki Kuramoto (蔵本 由紀, Kuramoto Yoshiki), is a mathematical model used in describing synchronization. More specifically, it is a model for the behavior of a large set of coupled oscillators. Its formulation was motivated by the behavior of systems of che... | Kuramoto model | 0.796172 |
98,237 | In molecular biology the L-like lectin domain is a protein domain found in lectins which are similar to the leguminous plant lectins. Lectins are structurally diverse proteins that bind to specific carbohydrates. This family includes the VIP36 and ERGIC-53 lectins. Although proteins containing this domain were original... | L-type lectin domain | 0.796172 |
98,238 | A parameter (from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) 'beside, subsidiary', and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical... | Parameter | 0.796172 |
98,239 | Bauer's research portfolio includes the theory of resistance in social processes, Social representations of and public attitudes to science and technology, in particular genomics and modern biotechnology. The key question with which he is concerned is: how does public opinion influence the techno-scientific development... | Martin Bauer | 0.796171 |
98,240 | Blood is composed of three components suspended in plasma: erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).When a blood vessel is damaged, the blood starts moving outside the circulatory system, following the laws of physics. If this leaking blood ever reaches the surface of... | Bloodstain pattern analysis | 0.796171 |
98,241 | Significant desktop 3D printer purchases by both K-12 and universities helped sustain a desktop 3D printer market that had problems in 2015–2016. As higher education is the home to research, 3D printing is being used to fabricate equipment to further research and hold down costs. For example, chemists can 3D print flow... | Direct metal deposition | 0.796171 |
98,242 | Professor Nils Gunnar Hansson von Heijne, born 10 June 1951 in Gothenburg, is a Swedish scientist working on signal peptides, membrane proteins and bioinformatics at the Stockholm Center for Biomembrane Research at Stockholm University. | Gunnar von Heijne | 0.796171 |
98,243 | The polynomials of degree ≤ 2 form a finite-dimensional Lie algebra with center the constant polynomials. The homogeneous polynomials of degree 2 form a Lie subalgebra isomorphic to the symplectic Lie algebra. The symplectic group acts naturally on this subalgebra by reparametrization and this yields the adjoint repres... | Invariant convex cone | 0.79617 |
98,244 | Eventually there was a change to the notation as m/e giving way to the current standard of m/z.Early in mass spectrometry research the resolution of mass spectrometers did not allow for accurate mass determination. Francis William Aston won the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1922. "For his discovery, by means of his mass ... | Mass spectrum | 0.79617 |
98,245 | In elevation view, the suspension is a 4-bar link, and it is easy to work out the camber gain (see camber angle) and other parameters for a given set of bushing or ball-joint locations. The various bushings or ball joints do not have to be on horizontal axes, parallel to the vehicle centre line. If they are set at an a... | Double wishbone suspension | 0.79617 |
98,246 | Its aim is to "promote the study of computer science and related topics, especially at the school level, and to put the fun back into learning computing." Project co-founder Eben Upton is a former academic, currently employed by Broadcom as a system-on-chip architect and associate technical director. Components, albeit... | Raspberry Pi Foundation | 0.79617 |
98,247 | Using the Weaire–Phelan geometry, the Water Cube's exterior cladding is made of 4,000 ETFE bubbles, some as large as 9.14 meters (30 ft) across, with seven different sizes for the roof and 15 for the walls.The structure had a capacity of 17,000 during the games. It also has a total land surface of 65,000 square meters ... | Water Cube | 0.796169 |
98,248 | One of his grandfathers was a rancher and ran a summer geology camp for university students, which Hood attended as a high school student. Hood excelled in math and science, being one of forty students nationally to win a Westinghouse Science Talent Search. In addition, Hood played several high school sports and debate... | Leroy Hood | 0.796169 |
98,249 | (See Arakelov geometry) | Chern number | 0.796169 |
98,250 | In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a reflection principle says that it is possible to find sets that, with respect to any given property, resemble the class of all sets. There are several different forms of the reflection principle depending on exactly what is meant by "resemble". Weak forms of the reflection prin... | Reflection principle | 0.796169 |
98,251 | Science fiction writer and polymath Isaac Asimov wrote: Miniaturization doesn't actually make sense unless you miniaturize the very atoms which build up matter. Otherwise a tiny brain in a human the size of an insect, composed of normal atoms, is composed of too few atoms for the miniaturized human to be any more intel... | Shrink ray | 0.796169 |
98,252 | The SPA aims to show that astronomy can be fun and to promote an interest in observing the sky among its members. The SPA has a number of observing sections whose work members can participate in. These cover observations of aurorae, comets, deep sky, the Moon, meteors, occultations, the planets, the Sun and variable st... | Society for Popular Astronomy | 0.796169 |
98,253 | There are two common ways to define algebraic spaces: they can be defined as either quotients of schemes by etale equivalence relations, or as sheaves on a big etale site that are locally isomorphic to schemes. These two definitions are essentially equivalent. | Étale equivalence relation | 0.796168 |
98,254 | In algebraic number theory, the conductor of a finite abelian extension of local or global fields provides a quantitative measure of the ramification in the extension. The definition of the conductor is related to the Artin map. | Conductor (class field theory) | 0.796168 |
98,255 | Kurzweil characterizes evolution throughout all time as progressing through six epochs, each one building on the one before. He says the four epochs which have occurred so far are Physics and Chemistry, Biology and DNA, Brains, and Technology. Kurzweil predicts the singularity will coincide with the next epoch, The Mer... | The Singularity Is Near | 0.796168 |
98,256 | Sumner's research has established that parts of ancient Mars could have hosted life as we know it on Earth, and contributed to the discovery of organic molecules on Mars. As a geologist, Sumner applies many of the same principles that would be used on earth, such as stratigraphy and geochemistry, to the Martian environ... | Dawn Sumner | 0.796168 |
98,257 | The promoter based genetic algorithm (PBGA) is a genetic algorithm for neuroevolution developed by F. Bellas and R.J. Duro in the Integrated Group for Engineering Research (GII) at the University of Coruña, in Spain. It evolves variable size feedforward artificial neural networks (ANN) that are encoded into sequences o... | Promoter based genetic algorithm | 0.796167 |
98,258 | Organic synthesis is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds. Organic molecules are often more complex than inorganic compounds, and their synthesis has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. There are several main a... | Organic synthesis | 0.796167 |
98,259 | Cosmological observations of phenomena such as the cosmic microwave background and the cosmic abundance of elements, together with the predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, place constraints on the physical conditions in the early universe. The success of the Standard Model at explaining these observat... | Particle cosmology | 0.796167 |
98,260 | The STRENDA Guidelines propose those minimum information that is needed to comprehensively report kinetic and equilibrium data from investigations of enzyme activities including corresponding experimental conditions. This minimum information is suggested to be addressed in a scientific publication when enzymology resea... | Standards for Reporting Enzymology Data | 0.796167 |
98,261 | In the field of multiple testing, he introduced new procedures to control the family-wise error rate that are more powerful than previous methods, by taking into account the dependence between test statistics. He also worked on procedures to control generalized error rates, such as the generalized family-wise error rat... | Michael Wolf (statistician) | 0.796167 |
98,262 | Freely programmable geometry shaders that modify the geometry can also be executed. In the actual rendering step, the world matrix * camera matrix * projection matrix is calculated and then finally applied to every single point. Thus, the points of all objects are transferred directly to the screen coordinate system (a... | Pixel pipeline | 0.796167 |
98,263 | He secured a research fellowship of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Bonn, Germany) in 1959. He worked there first at the Institute of Theoretical Physics and later shifted to Eberhard Karl University at Tübingen (Germany), where he completed his D.Sc. | S. M. Razaullah Ansari | 0.796166 |
98,264 | Often chemistries become damaged by oxidation. Also, development chemicals need to be thoroughly agitated constantly to ensure consistent results. The effectiveness (activity) of the chemistry is determined through pre-exposed film control strips. | Photographic processing | 0.796166 |
98,265 | Using the divergence theorem, Poynting's theorem can also be written in integral form: where S is the energy flow, given by the Poynting Vector. u {\displaystyle u} is the energy density in the volume. ∂ V {\displaystyle \partial V\!} is the boundary of the volume. The shape of the volume is arbitrary but fixed for the... | Poynting's theorem | 0.796166 |
98,266 | The above power series expansion can be readily evaluated if there is a systematic approach to calculate the derivates to any order. Using the chain rule, the derivatives can be broken down to the single derivative on either the energy or the state. The Hellmann–Feynman theorems are used to calculate these single deriv... | Time-independent perturbation theory | 0.796166 |
98,267 | I couldn't believe it." Fifteen of the 17 individuals identify as Wolf clan, suggesting the man may also have belonged to the Wolf clan. In their matrilineal kinship system, children are considered born into their mother's clan. The individuals were split roughly in half between those who lived in coastal areas and tho... | Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi | 0.796166 |
98,268 | Many nominations were compiled and qualified by the VinFuture Prize Secretariat, well-known scientists in natural science, health science, agriculture, Earth science, environmental science, computer science, and engineering – technology, along with experts in artificial intelligence, renewable energy, biotechnology, ne... | VinFuture Prize | 0.796166 |
98,269 | Indeed, any member of the general linear group can be reduced to the identity map by Gauss-Jordan elimination, this shows that the projective linear group is path-connected as well, providing a homotopy to the identity map. The Lefschetz–Hopf theorem states that the sum of the indices (in this context, multiplicity) of... | Möbius transformation | 0.796166 |
98,270 | The preferred application of linearizers is in high power amplifiers using electron tubes (traveling wave tubes, Klystron tubes, magnetron tubes) or solid state amplifiers (GaN, GaAs, Si). These systems are used in broadband voice and data transfer applications including Satellite Communication, Broadband Internet, or ... | Linearizer | 0.796166 |
98,271 | Cognitive science is better understood as predominantly concerned with a much broader scope, with links to philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, neuroscience, and particularly with artificial intelligence. It could be said that cognitive science provides the corpus of information feeding the theories used by cognitive... | Cognitive psychologist | 0.796165 |
98,272 | The Sun is said to be at the nadir at a location when it is at the zenith at the location's antipode and is 90° below the horizon. Nadir also refers to the downward-facing viewing geometry of an orbiting satellite, such as is employed during remote sensing of the atmosphere, as well as when an astronaut faces the Earth... | Nadir | 0.796165 |
98,273 | The listed subdisciplines are loosely based on the PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of America. | Acoustical Engineering | 0.796165 |
98,274 | Tarenflurbil, Flurizan or R-flurbiprofen, is the single enantiomer of the racemate NSAID flurbiprofen. For several years, research and trials for the drug were conducted by Myriad Genetics, to investigate its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease; that investigation concluded in June 2008 when the company an... | Tarenflurbil | 0.796165 |
98,275 | For k {\displaystyle k} and n {\displaystyle n} such that 0 ≤ k ≤ n {\displaystyle 0\leq k\leq n} , we have that k {\displaystyle ^{k}} is a discrete subspace of ≤ n {\displaystyle ^{\leq n}} , and hence that ≤ n {\displaystyle ^{\leq n}} is a union of n + 1 {\displaystyle n+1} discrete subspaces.Theorem (Upper boun... | Polyadic space | 0.796165 |
98,276 | In order to state the paradox it is necessary to understand that the cardinal numbers are totally ordered, so that one can speak about one being greater or less than another. Then Cantor's paradox is: This fact is a direct consequence of Cantor's theorem on the cardinality of the power set of a set. Another consequence... | Cantor's paradox | 0.796164 |
98,277 | In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero... | Relativistic energy-momentum equation | 0.796164 |
98,278 | A wide variety of coals are amenable to the UCG process and coal grades from lignite through to bituminous may be successfully gasified. A great many factors are taken into account in selecting appropriate locations for UCG, including surface conditions, hydrogeology, lithology, coal quantity, and quality. According to... | Underground coal gasification | 0.796164 |
98,279 | multi-swarm optimization A variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on the use of multiple sub-swarms instead of one (standard) swarm. The general approach in multi-swarm optimization is that each sub-swarm focuses on a specific region while a specific diversification method decides where and when to launch t... | Glossary of artificial intelligence | 0.796164 |
98,280 | In mathematics, the Poincaré duality theorem, named after Henri Poincaré, is a basic result on the structure of the homology and cohomology groups of manifolds. It states that if M is an n-dimensional oriented closed manifold (compact and without boundary), then the kth cohomology group of M is isomorphic to the ( n − ... | Poincaré duality theorem | 0.796164 |
98,281 | After this, he began to work at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Göttingen. However, he soon found it extremely difficult to work in a team due to his disabilities.In 1955, Heim contracted with the Glenn L. Martin Company to assist them with a gravity control propulsion project. The news about Heim's contra... | Burkhard Heim | 0.796164 |
98,282 | This galaxy has been observed for the first time thanks to the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) telescope, which is the biggest radio telescope worldwide, in Chile, which scans the sky looking for distant variations in radiation. Astronomers observed an extreme instance of the "death" of a galaxy, by losing its ga... | ID2299 | 0.796164 |
98,283 | Solutions of hydrogen iodide are easily oxidized by air: 4 HI + O2 → 2 H2O + 2 I2 HI + I2 ⇌ HI3HI3 is dark brown in color, which makes aged solutions of HI often appear dark brown. Like HBr and HCl, HI adds to alkenes: HI + H2C=CH2 → H3CCH2IHI is also used in organic chemistry to convert primary alcohols into alkyl iod... | Hydrogen iodide | 0.796163 |
98,284 | In the mid-1990s, a PhD from Caltech invented a method of analyzing and immobilizing genetic material on the surface of a modified semiconductor wafer. The CombiMatrix microarray ("CombiMatrix" refers to combinatorial chemistry on a matrix array) was born and received US patents in the late '90s. Located in Mukilteo, W... | Invitae | 0.796163 |
98,285 | In the relapsing forms of MS, between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely, although some permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances.While the cause is unclear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producin... | Primary progressive multiple sclerosis | 0.796163 |
98,286 | Here is a demonstration of how large quantum numbers can give rise to classical (continuous) behavior. Consider the one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. Quantum mechanics tells us that the total (kinetic and potential) energy of the oscillator, E, has a set of discrete values, E = ( n + 1 / 2 ) ℏ ω , n = 0 , 1 ... | Correspondence principle | 0.796163 |
98,287 | A study by William Newmark, published in the journal Nature and reported in The New York Times, showed a strong correlation between the size of a protected U.S. National Park and the number of species of mammals. This led to the debate known as single large or several small (SLOSS), described by writer David Quammen in... | Insular biogeography | 0.796163 |
98,288 | The trans,trans isomer can be prepared in high yield and purity by condensation of benzaldehyde and acetone with sodium hydroxide in a water/ethanol medium followed by recrystallization. This reaction, which proceeds via the intermediacy of benzylideneacetone, is often performed in organic chemistry classes, and is cal... | Dibenzylidene acetone | 0.796162 |
98,289 | Salen complexes with d8 metal ions, such as Ni(salen), typically have a low-spin square planar molecular geometry in the coordination sphere. Other metal–salen complexes may have additional ligands above the salen nitrogen–oxygen plane. Complexes with one extra ligand, such as VO(salen), may have a square pyramidal mol... | Salen-type ligand | 0.796162 |
98,290 | PPLT has many benefits in creating BIM or (CAD) models. Entering data directly into a CAD- or BIM-enabled work station allows a user or 'surveyor' to capture and confirm a building's geometry on site. This effectively builds a digital model of a building while it is being measured enabling not only speed but accuracy. ... | Point-to-point laser technology | 0.796162 |
98,291 | Sarcocystis neurona is primarily a neural parasite of horses and its management is of concern in veterinarian medicine. The protozoan Sarcocystis neurona is a protozoan of single celled character and belongs to the family, Sarcocystidae, a group called coccidia. The protozoan, S. neurona, is a member of the genus Sarco... | Sarcocystis neurona | 0.796161 |
98,292 | A partial linear space S = ( P , L , I ) {\displaystyle S=(P,L,I)} of order s , t {\displaystyle s,t} is called a semipartial geometry if there are integers α ≥ 1 , μ {\displaystyle \alpha \geq 1,\mu } such that: If a point p {\displaystyle p} and a line ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } are not incident, there are either 0 {\di... | Partial geometry | 0.796161 |
98,293 | The '08 family was created with the primary intent to improve the M06-2X functional form, retaining the performances for main group thermochemistry, kinetics and non-covalent interactions. This family is composed by two functionals with a high percentage of HF exchange, with performances similar to those of M06-2X: M08... | Minnesota functionals | 0.796161 |
98,294 | Her supervisor was Gabrielle Donnay. During her PhD work, she attended a talk by U.S. mathematician Herbert Hauptman, who would later win the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and who studied directed methods for determining crystal structures. After being awarded her PhD in 1976, Fortier worked on biophysics for six years... | Suzanne Fortier | 0.796161 |
98,295 | Tellurium is a semiconductor with an electrical conductivity of around 1.0 S•cm−1 and a band gap of 0.32 to 0.38 eV. Liquid tellurium is a semiconductor, with an electrical conductivity, on melting, of around 1.9 × 103 S•cm−1. Superheated liquid tellurium is a metallic conductor.Most of the chemistry of tellurium is ch... | Metalloid staircase | 0.79616 |
98,296 | Stephen Webb is a physicist and author of numerous popular science and math books, as well as academic publications. Webb was educated at Bristol University (BSc (Hons) Physics – First Class) and, as a graduate student, attended Manchester University (PhD – Theoretical Particle Physics). Webb is currently on the academ... | Stephen Webb (scientist) | 0.79616 |
98,297 | Partly for its discovery, Albert Szent-Györgyi and Walter Norman Haworth were awarded the 1937 Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine and Chemistry, respectively. Foods containing vitamin C include citrus fruits, kiwifruit, guava, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bell peppers, potatoes, and strawberries. Prolonged storage ... | L-ascorbic acid | 0.79616 |
98,298 | Bean assumed a constant critical current meaning that H << Hc2. Kim et al. extended the model assuming 1/J(H) proportional to H, yielding excellent agreement of theory and measurements on Nb3Sn tubes. Different geometries have to be considered as the irreversible magnetization depends on the sample geometry. == Referen... | Bean's critical state model | 0.79616 |
98,299 | Wilson received half the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his work on the cloud chamber (the same year as Arthur Compton received half the prize for the Compton Effect). This kind of chamber is also called a pulsed chamber because the conditions for operation are not continuously maintained. Further developments were... | Cloud chamber | 0.79616 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.