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98,800 | Soon after Boltzmann published his H theorem, Johann Josef Loschmidt objected that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from time-symmetric dynamics and a time-symmetric formalism. If the H decreases over time in one state, then there must be a matching reversed state where H increases over time ... | H-theorem | 0.796068 |
98,801 | Dirac is regarded as the founder of quantum electrodynamics, being the first to use that term. He also introduced the idea of vacuum polarisation in the early 1930s. This work was key to the development of quantum mechanics by the next generation of theorists, in particular Schwinger, Feynman, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Dy... | Paul Dirac | 0.796068 |
98,802 | The chemistry of each mismatch varies, and so does the behaviour of the replicative polymerase with respect to its mismatch sensing activity. The replication of bacteriophage T4 DNA upon infection of E. coli is a well-studied DNA replication system. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37°C, the rate of elo... | Replisome | 0.796068 |
98,803 | The award is meant to shine a spotlight on exceptional female scientists, since, as Greengard observed, " are not yet receiving awards and honors at a level commensurate with their achievements. "The award includes a $100,000 honorarium (previously $50,000).Two recipients of the Prize, Carol Greider and Elizabeth Black... | Pearl Meister Greengard Prize | 0.796067 |
98,804 | Copies of the original 1980 notes were circulated by Princeton University. Later the Geometry Center at the University of Minnesota sold a loosely bound copy of the notes. In 2002, Sheila Newbery typed the notes in TeX and made a PDF file of the notes available, which can be downloaded from MSRI using the links below. ... | The geometry and topology of three-manifolds | 0.796067 |
98,805 | He also developed a method for background-free live cell imaging with tamed fluorescent probe.He is an editorial board member of MedChemComm and RSC Advances, Royal Society of Chemistry, and American Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. He has published more than 300 scientific papers and 3 books resultin... | Young-Tae Chang | 0.796067 |
98,806 | Dark diversity allows meaningful comparisons of biodiversity. The community completeness index can be used: log ( observed diversity dark diversity ) {\displaystyle \log \left({\frac {\text{observed diversity}}{\text{dark diversity}}}\right)} .This expresses the local diversity at the relative scale, filtering out th... | Dark diversity | 0.796067 |
98,807 | There are three basic types of Legendre pseudospectral methods: One based on Gauss-Lobatto points First proposed by Elnagar et al and subsequently extended by Fahroo and Ross to incorporate the covector mapping theorem. Forms the basis for solving general nonlinear finite-horizon optimal control problems. Incorporated ... | Legendre pseudospectral method | 0.796067 |
98,808 | In particular, the ZX-calculus has sprung forth from categorical quantum mechanics as a diagrammatic counterpart to conventional linear algebraic reasoning about quantum gates. The ZX-calculus consists of a set of generators representing the common Pauli quantum gates and the Hadamard gate equipped with a set of graphi... | Categorical quantum mechanics | 0.796066 |
98,809 | In geometry, a monogon, also known as a henagon, is a polygon with one edge and one vertex. It has Schläfli symbol {1}. | Monogonal hosohedron | 0.796066 |
98,810 | Then I: L ( X ; Y ) → L ( C ; Y ) {\displaystyle I:L(X;Y)\to L(C;Y)} is a (surjective) vector space isomorphism. Moreover, I: L ( X ; Y ) → L ( C ; Y ) {\displaystyle I:L(X;Y)\to L(C;Y)} maps families of equicontinuous subsets onto each other. Suppose that L ( X ; Y ) {\displaystyle L(X;Y)} is endowed with a G {\displa... | Complete topological vector space | 0.796066 |
98,811 | In mathematical optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. An optimization problem seeks to minimize a ... | Zero-one loss function | 0.796066 |
98,812 | Another scale invariant, dimensionless measure for characteristics of a distribution is the coefficient of variation, σ μ {\displaystyle {\frac {\sigma }{\mu }}} . However, this is not a standardized moment, firstly because it is a reciprocal, and secondly because μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the first moment about zero (... | Standardized moment | 0.796066 |
98,813 | In geometry, a rectified 120-cell is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the rectification of the regular 120-cell. E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as tC120. There are four rectifications of the 120-cell, including the zeroth, the 120-cell itself. The birectified 120-cell is more easi... | Rectified 120-cell | 0.796066 |
98,814 | Rearrangements, especially those that can participate in cascade reactions, such as the aza-Cope rearrangements, are of high practical as well as conceptual importance in organic chemistry, due to their ability to quickly build structural complexity out of simple starting materials. The aza-Cope rearrangements are exam... | Aza-Cope rearrangement | 0.796065 |
98,815 | Perhaps the earliest use of complex numbers in circuit analysis was by Johann Victor Wietlisbach in 1879 in analysing the Maxwell bridge. Wietlisbach avoided using differential equations by expressing AC currents and voltages as exponential functions with imaginary exponents (see § Validity of complex representation). ... | Inductive impedance | 0.796065 |
98,816 | Not long after they arrived, they published a seminal paper on spherulitic crystallisation. They subsequently studied the crystalline structures of isotactic polypropylene, isotactic polystyrene, polyesters, various polypeptides (see Peptide), and other crystallisable polymers. In 1965, Keith and his collaborators expl... | H. Douglas Keith | 0.796065 |
98,817 | Einstein never fully accepted quantum mechanics. While he recognized that it made correct predictions, he believed a more fundamental description of nature must be possible. Over the years he presented multiple arguments to this effect, but the one he preferred most dated to a debate with Bohr in 1930. Einstein suggest... | Albert Einstein | 0.796065 |
98,818 | In condensed matter physics an energy eigenfunction for a mobile charge carrier in a crystal can be expressed as a Bloch wave: ψ n k ( r ) = e i k ⋅ r u n k ( r ) , {\displaystyle \psi _{n\mathbf {k} }(\mathbf {r} )=e^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }u_{n\mathbf {k} }(\mathbf {r} )\ ,} where n is the index for the band... | Instantaneous amplitude | 0.796065 |
98,819 | Many proofs of the irrationality of the square roots of non-square natural numbers implicitly assume the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, which was first proven by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. This asserts that every integer has a unique factorization into primes. For any rational non-inte... | Quadratic irrational numbers | 0.796065 |
98,820 | In biochemistry, the oxygen rebound mechanism is the pathway for hydroxylation of organic compounds by iron-containing oxygenases. Many enzymes effect the hydroxylation of hydrocarbons as a means for biosynthesis, detoxification, gene regulation, and other functions. These enzymes often utilize Fe-O centers that conver... | Oxygen rebound mechanism | 0.796065 |
98,821 | Effects of Weightlessness on Wheat Seedling Morphogenesis and Histochemistry Growth Physiology of the Wheat Seedling in Space Biochemical Changes in the Developing Wheat Seedling in a Weightless State Effect of Sub-gravity on the Dividing Egg of Rana Pipiens Mutational Response of Habrobracon Liminal Angle of a Plagiog... | Biosatellite 2 | 0.796064 |
98,822 | In 1951, he received an outstanding and inspirational teaching award.In 1946, he went back to Stanford University from Los Alamos to conduct physics research on the cyclotron and pursue studies for a Ph.D. in physics. In 1950, he completed his Ph.D. and was offered a faculty position in the physics department at Oregon... | David B. Nicodemus | 0.796064 |
98,823 | Information ribonucleic acids of differentiating animal cells // Biochemistry. - 1964. - T. | Murat Aitkhozhin | 0.796064 |
98,824 | The sawhorse projection is very similar to a skeletal formula, and it can even use wedges instead of lines to indicate the stereochemistry of the molecule. The sawhorse projection is set apart from the skeletal formulas because the sawhorse projection is not a very good indicator of molecule geometry and molecular arra... | Structural Formula | 0.796063 |
98,825 | Weil (1964) noted that the formalism of the Stone–von Neumann theorem and the oscillator representation of the symplectic group extends from the real numbers R to any locally compact abelian group. A particularly simple example is provided by finite abelian groups, where the proofs are either elementary or simplificati... | Weyl calculus | 0.796063 |
98,826 | While it was John Milne and Wang Zhenduo who argued early on that Zhang's "central pillar" was a suspended pendulum, Imamura was the first to propose an inverted model. He argued that transverse shock would have rendered Wang's immobilization mechanism ineffective, as it would not have prevented further motion that cou... | Zhang Heng | 0.796063 |
98,827 | Bulging factor is an engineering term describing the geometry of out-of plane deformations of the surface of a crack on a pressurized fuselage structure. It is used in evaluating the damage tolerance of airframe fuselages.The single curved geometry and pressure differential causes a longitudinal crack to bulge out or p... | Bulging factor | 0.796063 |
98,828 | Chwistek developed his theory of the multiplicity of realities first with regard to the arts. He distinguished four basic types of realities, then matched them with four basic types of painting. The four types of realities were: 1. popular reality (common-sense realism) 2. physical reality (constructed by physics) 3. p... | Leon Chwistek | 0.796063 |
98,829 | There is also an alternative proof of the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem using nested intervals. We start with a bounded sequence ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})}: Because we halve the length of an interval at each step, the limit of the interval's length is zero. Also, by the nested intervals theorem, which states that if... | Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem | 0.796062 |
98,830 | NJIT Steel Bridge Team is a team within the New Jersey Institute of Technology's ASCE chapter). It consists of undergraduate students who are attending at NJIT, majoring in civil engineering, and also members of ASCE. Every year, the team competes against other schools in a steel bridge competition. Every year, the tea... | NJIT Steel Bridge Team | 0.796062 |
98,831 | Darcy's law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand, forming the basis of hydrogeology, a branch of earth sciences. It is analogous to Ohm's law in electrostatics, linearly ... | Darcy's Law | 0.796062 |
98,832 | Daniel Jackson (born 1963) is a professor of Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is the principal designer of the Alloy modelling language, and author of the book Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis. | Daniel Jackson (computer scientist) | 0.796062 |
98,833 | Causal relations countenanced by contemporary physics can take several forms, not all of which are of the push–pull variety. Contemporary neurophilosopher Georg Northoff suggests that mental causation is compatible with classical formal and final causality.Biologist, theoretical neuroscientist and philosopher, Walter J... | Mind-body dichotomy | 0.796062 |
98,834 | This series of calculators was also noted for a large number of highly counter-intuitive mysterious undocumented features, somewhat similar to "synthetic programming" of the American HP-41, which were exploited by applying normal arithmetic operations to error messages, jumping to nonexistent addresses and other method... | Electronic Calculator | 0.796062 |
98,835 | Generic flatness is a consequence of the generic freeness lemma. Generic freeness states that if A is a noetherian integral domain, B is a finite type A-algebra, and M is a finite type B-module, then there exists a non-zero element f of A such that Mf is a free Af-module. Generic freeness can be extended to the graded ... | Generic flatness | 0.796061 |
98,836 | Chapter I. Metric integral geometry of the plane including densities and the isoperimetric inequality. Ch. II. Integral geometry on surfaces including Blaschke's formula and the isoperimetric inequality on surfaces of constant curvature. | Luis Santaló | 0.796061 |
98,837 | An automorphism of a pregeometry ( S , cl ) {\displaystyle (S,{\text{cl}})} is a bijection σ: S → S {\displaystyle \sigma :S\to S} such that σ ( cl ( X ) ) = cl ( σ ( X ) ) {\displaystyle \sigma ({\text{cl}}(X))={\text{cl}}(\sigma (X))} for any X ⊆ S {\displaystyle X\subseteq S} . A pregeometry S {\displaystyle S} is s... | Pregeometry (model theory) | 0.796061 |
98,838 | In mathematics, the Teichmüller cocycle is a certain 3-cocycle associated to a simple algebra A over a field L which is a finite Galois extension of a field K and which has the property that any automorphism of L over K extends to an automorphism of A. The Teichmüller cocycle, or rather its cohomology class, is the obs... | Teichmüller cocycle | 0.796061 |
98,839 | Moise's Theorem (see also Hauptvermutung) Poincaré conjecture Thurston elliptization conjecture Thurston's geometrization conjecture Hyperbolic 3-manifolds Spherical 3-manifolds Euclidean 3-manifolds, Bieberbach Theorem, Flat manifolds, Crystallographic groups Seifert fiber space Heegaard splitting Waldhausen conjectur... | List of geometric topology topics | 0.796061 |
98,840 | Zen is an example of the implementation of a specialized artificial intelligence technology.To analyze the interests and preferences of users, Yandex used information about sites that have been visited, as well as user-specified interests.The system analyzes the user's favorite sites and other behaviors with the aim of... | Zen (recommendation system) | 0.796061 |
98,841 | But I do not know if I will ever be in a position to carry out such a project, which requires more than one hand; and it even seems that mankind is still not mature enough to lay claim to the advantages which this method could provide. In another 1714 letter to Nicholas Remond, he wrote: I have spoken to the Marquis de... | Characteristica universalis | 0.796061 |
98,842 | This is a list of fractal topics, by Wikipedia page, See also list of dynamical systems and differential equations topics. 1/f noise Apollonian gasket Attractor Box-counting dimension Cantor distribution Cantor dust Cantor function Cantor set Cantor space Chaos theory Coastline Constructal theory Dimension Dimension th... | Index of fractal-related articles | 0.79606 |
98,843 | Lie coalgebra: a vector space with a "comultiplication" defined dually to that of Lie algebras. Graded algebra: a graded vector space with an algebra structure compatible with the grading. The idea is that if the grades of two elements a and b are known, then the grade of ab is known, and so the location of the product... | Outline of algebraic structures | 0.79606 |
98,844 | The development uses a monthly stable release cycle. In 2016, Start of development and release of Image Analytics add-on, with server-site deep neural networks for image embedding In 2017, Spectroscopy add-on for the analysis of spectral data was introduced. In 2017, Geo, an add-on for dealing with geo-location data an... | Orange (software) | 0.79606 |
98,845 | The Gammacell 220 was originally made by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (whose radio-chemical division is now known as Nordion). A year later, Delhi Police charged six DU professors from the Chemistry Department for negligent disposal of the radioactive device.June 3, 2010 – Turmero, Aragua, Venezuela – An unshielded ... | List of orphan source incidents | 0.79606 |
98,846 | In 1994, Kauffman and Tom Etter wrote a draft proposal for a non-commutative discrete ordered calculus (DOC), which they presented in revised form in 1996. In the meantime, the theory was presented in a modified form by Kauffman and H. Pierre Noyes together with a presentation of a derivation of free space Maxwell's eq... | Louis Kauffman | 0.796059 |
98,847 | Following a determined searching strategy, the electric contact sensor systems are scanning the weld start or other track points via contacting the work piece with parts/components which have been subjected to voltage (direct voltage of several ten Volt up to 1 KV, depending on material and surface) of the welding equi... | Sensors for arc welding | 0.796059 |
98,848 | In the study of zero sum games, Glicksberg's theorem (also Glicksberg's existence theorem) is a result that shows certain games have a minimax value: . If A and B are compact sets, and K is an upper semicontinuous or lower semicontinuous function on A × B {\displaystyle A\times B} , then sup f inf g ∬ K d f d g = inf g... | Glicksberg's theorem | 0.796059 |
98,849 | Neuroph is an object-oriented artificial neural network framework written in Java. It can be used to create and train neural networks in Java programs. Neuroph provides Java class library as well as GUI tool easyNeurons for creating and training neural networks. It is an open-source project hosted at SourceForge under ... | Neuroph | 0.796059 |
98,850 | Biopolymers and Cell is indexed and/or abstracted in: Scopus, SJR, Index Copernicus, BIOSIS Previews, elibrary.ru, Medical Journal Links, referative journals "Dzherelo" (Ukraine) and VINITI Database RAS, EBSCO, HINARI, Russian index of scientific citations. This journal has been included in the HAC of Ukraine (Higher A... | Biopolymers & Cell | 0.796059 |
98,851 | Already married in 1969, he got a scholarship from CNPq and left for his doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley, at the time the best center for the study of differential geometry. His thesis, defended in 1972 under the guidance of Shiing-Shen Chern, was on minimal immersions, a trendy subject at that time... | João Lucas Marques Barbosa | 0.796058 |
98,852 | In graph theory, reachability refers to the ability to get from one vertex to another within a graph. A vertex s {\displaystyle s} can reach a vertex t {\displaystyle t} (and t {\displaystyle t} is reachable from s {\displaystyle s} ) if there exists a sequence of adjacent vertices (i.e. a walk) which starts with s {\d... | Reachability matrix | 0.796058 |
98,853 | The Register: Final robot grunts picked for $1million DARPA race The Register: DARPA's Grand Challenge proves to be too grand CNN.com: Robots fail to complete Grand Challenge SFGate.com: Robot race suffers quick, ignoble end 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge Image Gallery 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge in Spanish Journal of Field... | DARPA Grand Challenge (2004) | 0.796058 |
98,854 | The method of characteristics can be used in some very special cases to solve nonlinear partial differential equations.In some cases, a PDE can be solved via perturbation analysis in which the solution is considered to be a correction to an equation with a known solution. Alternatives are numerical analysis techniques ... | Partial Differential Equation | 0.796057 |
98,855 | Lerner paradox Lerner symmetry theorem Lewis–Mogridge position liability Financial responsibility for something. liberal paradox limit price loan local multiplier effect Also called the local premium The additional economic benefit accrued to a geographic area from money being spent in the local economy. local tax Any ... | Glossary of economics | 0.796057 |
98,856 | Dynamical properties of reaction networks were studied in chemistry and physics after the invention of the law of mass action. The essential steps in this study were introduction of detailed balance for the complex chemical reactions by Rudolf Wegscheider (1901), development of the quantitative theory of chemical chain... | Chemical reaction network | 0.796057 |
98,857 | This preserves the desired commutation relations in either real space or wave vector space From the general result it is easy to show, through elementary trigonometry, that the potential energy term is where The Hamiltonian may be written in wave vector space as Note that the couplings between the position variables ha... | Harmonic potential | 0.796057 |
98,858 | Ingram Olkin (July 23, 1924 – April 28, 2016) was a professor emeritus and chair of statistics and education at Stanford University and the Stanford Graduate School of Education. He is known for developing statistical analysis for evaluating policies, particularly in education, and for his contributions to meta-analysi... | Ingram Olkin | 0.796056 |
98,859 | Jpn. 40, 1–14 (1988). Oort, J.H., "Questions Concerning the Large-scale Structure of the Universe," in Problems in Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics: Collection of Articles in Celebration of the 70th Birthday of V. L. Ginzburg (Izdatel'stvo Nauka, Moscow, 1989), pp. | Jan Oort | 0.796056 |
98,860 | Most commonly, a service chain optimization system is made up of the following units: a forecasting module used for: uploading the historic demand for service tasks; calculating the estimated future demand for service tasks based on the given historic demand levels (per different business units, geographies and for dif... | Service chain optimization | 0.796056 |
98,861 | The basic concept of length originates from Euclidean distance. In Euclidean geometry, a straight line represents the shortest distance between two points. This line has only one length. On the surface of a sphere, this is replaced by the geodesic length (also called the great circle length), which is measured along th... | Coastline paradox | 0.796055 |
98,862 | In molecular biology, the kinase binding protein CGI-121 family of proteins includes the kinase binding protein CGI-121 and its homologues. CGI-121 has been shown to bind to the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK). CGI-121 is part of a conserved protein complex, KEOPS. | Kinase binding protein CGI-121 | 0.796055 |
98,863 | In 2019, Materials Data, also known as MDI, merged with ICDD. Materials Data creates JADE software used to collect, analyze, and simulate XRD data and solve issues in an array of materials science projects. In 2020, the ICDD and the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) announced a data partnership. The CCDC cu... | Powder Diffraction File | 0.796054 |
98,864 | Addressing the apparent difficulty of scientists opposing The Skeptical Environmentalist in criticizing the book strictly on the basis of statistics and challenging the conclusions about areas of environmental sciences that were drawn from them, Lynas contends "one of the biggest problems facing the environmental commu... | The Skeptical Environmentalist | 0.796054 |
98,865 | John Wallis algebrised this method: he wrote in his Arithmetica Infinitorum (1656) series that we now call the definite integral, and he calculated their values. Isaac Barrow and James Gregory made further progress: quadratures for some algebraic curves and spirals. | Numerical integration | 0.796054 |
98,866 | Upon his graduation Shokurov entered the Ph.D. program in Moscow State University under the supervision of Yuri Manin. At this time Shokurov studied the geometry of Kuga varieties. The results obtained in this area became the body of his thesis and he was awarded his Ph.D. ("candidate degree") in 1976. | Vyacheslav Shokurov | 0.796054 |
98,867 | Barium acetate (Ba(C2H3O2)2) is the salt of barium(II) and acetic acid. Barium acetate is toxic to humans, but has use in chemistry and manufacturing. | Barium acetate | 0.796054 |
98,868 | In 6-dimensional geometry, the 221 polytope is a uniform 6-polytope, constructed within the symmetry of the E6 group. It was discovered by Thorold Gosset, published in his 1900 paper. He called it an 6-ic semi-regular figure. It is also called the Schläfli polytope. | 2 21 polytope | 0.796054 |
98,869 | In atomic and surface physics ECR ion sources deliver intense beams of highly charged ions for collision experiments or for the investigation of surfaces. For the highest charge states, however, Electron beam ion sources (EBIS) are needed. They can generate even bare ions of mid-heavy elements. | Plasma-desorption mass spectrometry | 0.796053 |
98,870 | Chi graduated from Tsinghua University with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering in 2007. She went to Princeton University for graduate study in electrical engineering, earning a master's degree in 2009 and completing her Ph.D. in 2012. Her dissertation, Exploitation of Geometry in Signal Processing and Sensin... | Yuejie Chi | 0.796053 |
98,871 | In number theory, a branch of mathematics, a highly cototient number is a positive integer k {\displaystyle k} which is above 1 and has more solutions to the equation x − ϕ ( x ) = k {\displaystyle x-\phi (x)=k} than any other integer below k {\displaystyle k} and above 1. Here, ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is Euler's totie... | Highly cototient number | 0.796053 |
98,872 | In principle, all sigmatropic shifts can occur with either a retention or inversion of the geometry of the migrating group, depending upon whether the original bonding lobe of the migrating atom or its other lobe is used to form the new bond. In cases of stereochemical retention, the migrating group translates without ... | Sigmatropic reaction | 0.796053 |
98,873 | Rechargeable batteries were introduced in the C18 standard in 1984, and lithium types were standardized in 1991. In 1999 the ANSI standards were extensively revised and separate safety standards provided. The current edition of the ANSI standards designates sizes with an arbitrary number, with a prefix letter to design... | Battery nomenclature | 0.796052 |
98,874 | The interference of these effects with Delbrück is by no means "minor" (again "at classical nuclear physics energies"). Even at very forward scattering angles, where Delbrück is very strong, there is a substantial interference with the Rayleigh scattering, the amplitudes of both effects being of the same order of magni... | Delbrück scattering | 0.796052 |
98,875 | The designation patient zero (for Gaëtan Dugas) was subsequently propagated by the San Francisco Chronicle journalist Randy Shilts in his book And the Band Played On in 1987. William Darrow, behavioral scientist of CDC responsible to figure out why gay men in Los Angeles were dying of a strange illness, said: "That's c... | Index case | 0.796052 |
98,876 | Emergent Scientist is a scientific and educational open access academic journal, which positions itself as a journal that helps students get their first publication experience. It was established in 2016 on the initiative of the Société. The main authors are the participants of the International Physicists' Tournament,... | Emergent Scientist | 0.796052 |
98,877 | Modern lab equipment is accessible for chemical, mineralogical, geotechnical, and mineral processing laboratories.availability of cutting-edge and dependable ICT infrastructure (speed internet, intranet, large storage servers, e-mail, public database web portal, website, fax, etc.). GMIS, or the Geological and Mineral ... | Geological Survey of Tanzania | 0.796052 |
98,878 | The Kac–Bernstein theorem is one of the first characterization theorems of mathematical statistics. It is easy to see that if the random variables ξ {\displaystyle \xi } and η {\displaystyle \eta } are independent and normally distributed with the same variance, then their sum and difference are also independent. The K... | Kac–Bernstein theorem | 0.796052 |
98,879 | The Hodge theorem states that φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is an isomorphism of vector spaces. In other words, each real cohomology class on M has a unique harmonic representative. Concretely, the harmonic representative is the unique closed form of minimum L2 norm that represents a given cohomology class. | Hodge decomposition | 0.796052 |
98,880 | The Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture became a part of the Langlands program.The conjecture attracted considerable interest when Gerhard Frey suggested in 1986 that it implies Fermat's Last Theorem. He did this by attempting to show that any counterexample to Fermat's Last Theorem would imply the existence of at least o... | Taniyama–Weil conjecture | 0.796051 |
98,881 | Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) have, on average, significantly higher fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake (measured by the SUVmax values) compared with uptake in ER+/PR+/HER2- tumors using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). It is speculated that enhanced glycolysis in ... | Triple negative breast cancer | 0.796051 |
98,882 | A left-handed system would fix ε123 = −1 or equivalently ε321 = +1. The scalar triple product can now be written: with the geometric interpretation of volume (of the parallelepiped spanned by a, b, c) and algebraically is a determinant:: 23 This in turn can be used to rewrite the cross product of two vectors as follows... | Cartesian tensor | 0.796051 |
98,883 | Some topological manifolds admit no smooth structures, as was originally shown with a ten-dimensional example by Kervaire (1960). A major application of partial differential equations in differential geometry due to Simon Donaldson, in combination with results of Michael Freedman, shows that many simply-connected compa... | Differentiable manifold | 0.79605 |
98,884 | 1962 – Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger show that more than one type of neutrino exists by detecting interactions of the muon neutrino (already hypothesised with the name "neutretto") 1962 – Jeffrey Goldstone, Yoichiro Nambu, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg develop what is now known as Goldstone'... | Timeline of quantum mechanics | 0.79605 |
98,885 | Arkin, R. C. (1989). "Motor schema-based mobile robot navigation". The International Journal of Robotics Research. | Ronald C. Arkin | 0.796049 |
98,886 | In electronics and control system theory, loop gain is the sum of the gain, expressed as a ratio or in decibels, around a feedback loop. Feedback loops are widely used in electronics in amplifiers and oscillators, and more generally in both electronic and nonelectronic industrial control systems to control industrial p... | Loop gain | 0.796049 |
98,887 | Rosser's trick begins with the assumptions of Gödel's incompleteness theorem. A theory T {\displaystyle T} is selected which is effective, consistent, and includes a sufficient fragment of elementary arithmetic. Gödel's proof shows that for any such theory there is a formula Proof T ( x , y ) {\displaystyle \operator... | Rosser's trick | 0.796049 |
98,888 | In 1967, the PAEC founded the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences which became one of the primary technical universities of the country. Many of the PAEC's scientists and engineers served in its faculty. The PAEC supports its university-level physics program at the Government College University, Lahore where ... | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | 0.796049 |
98,889 | Helium was first liquefied on July 10, 1908, by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. At that time, helium-3 was unknown because the mass spectrometer had not yet been invented. In more recent decades, liquid helium has been used as a cryogenic refrigerant (which is ... | Liquid Helium | 0.796049 |
98,890 | Jones was the 1991 Reith Lecturer on BBC Radio, with a series entitled The Language of the Genes, the basis of his 1993 book of the same name. Audio podcast: BBC Reith Lectures Archive: 1974 – 2010 Transcripts: BBC Reith Lectures 1990 – 1999He presented In the Blood, a six-part TV series on human genetics first broadca... | Steve Jones (biologist) | 0.796049 |
98,891 | with Michel Willem, Critical point theory and hamiltonian systems, Springer 1989 with Robert E. Gaines, Coincidence degree and nonlinear differential equations, Springer 1977 Topological degree methods in nonlinear boundary value problems, American Mathematical Society 1979 Points fixes, points critiques et problèmes a... | Jean Mawhin | 0.796049 |
98,892 | Isomers with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry are able to interconvert through a process known as Berry pseudorotation. Pseudorotation is similar in concept to the movement of a conformational diastereomer, though no full revolutions are completed. In the process of pseudorotation, two equatorial ligands (both of which ... | Trigonal bipyramidal | 0.796049 |
98,893 | In linear algebra, two n-by-n matrices A and B are called consimilar if A = S B S ¯ − 1 {\displaystyle A=SB{\bar {S}}^{-1}\,} for some invertible n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix S {\displaystyle S} , where S ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {S}}} denotes the elementwise complex conjugation. So for real matrices similar by... | Matrix consimilarity | 0.796049 |
98,894 | Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet was the first to give a satisfactory demonstration of it with some restrictive conditions. This work provides the foundation for what is today known as the Fourier transform. One important physical contribution in the book was the concept of dimensional homogeneity in equations; i.e. an e... | Joseph Fourier | 0.796049 |
98,895 | Rewriting Techniques and Applications (RTA) is an annual international academic conference on the topic of rewriting. It covers all aspects of rewriting, including termination, equational reasoning, theorem proving, higher-order rewriting, unification and the lambda calculus. The conference consists of peer-reviewed pa... | Rewriting Techniques and Applications | 0.796048 |
98,896 | Modern geology, its sub-disciplines and other scientific disciplines use the scientific method to analyze the geology of the earth. The key tenets of flood geology are refuted by scientific analysis and do not have any standing in the scientific community. Modern geology relies on a number of established principles, on... | Flood geology | 0.796048 |
98,897 | To a lay reader or even nonspecialist mathematician, abstractions within the Langlands program can be somewhat impenetrable. However, there are some strong and clear implications for proof or disproof of the fundamental Langlands conjectures. As the program posits a powerful connection between analytic number theory an... | Langlands conjecture | 0.796048 |
98,898 | Let T {\displaystyle T} be a regular chain of k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } for some ordering of the variables x = x 1 , … , x n {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}} and a real closed field k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } . Let u = u 1 , … , u d {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =u_{1},\ldots ,u_{d}} and y = y 1 ... | Regular semi-algebraic system | 0.796047 |
98,899 | In probability theory there is a similar principle. If a system has a probabilistic description, this description gives the probability of any configuration, and given any two different configurations, there is a state which is partly this and partly that, with positive real number coefficients, the probabilities, whic... | Quantum superposition | 0.796046 |
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