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99,100 | The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers is a reference book for recreational mathematics and elementary number theory written by David Wells. The first edition was published in paperback by Penguin Books in 1986 in the UK, and a revised edition appeared in 1997 (ISBN 0-14-026149-4). | The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers | 0.796011 |
99,101 | The following paragraph highlights some of the microvia reliability research. Ogunjimi et al. looked at the effect of manufacturing and design process variables on the fatigue life of microvias, including trace (conductor) thickness, layer or layers of the dielectric around the trace and in the microvia, via geometry, ... | Microvia | 0.796011 |
99,102 | The original work in Arabic is not extant, but its contents are known from later translations.The treatise, which is about geometry, was similar to two books by Archimedes, On the measurement of the circle and On the sphere and the cylinder. It was used extensively in the Middle Ages, and was quoted by authors such as ... | Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures | 0.796011 |
99,103 | In geometry, the truncated great icosahedron (or great truncated icosahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U55. It has 32 faces (12 pentagrams and 20 hexagons), 90 edges, and 60 vertices. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{3,5⁄2} or t0,1{3,5⁄2} as a truncated great icosahedron. | Truncated great icosahedron | 0.796011 |
99,104 | In computer science, a family of hash functions is said to be k-independent, k-wise independent or k-universal if selecting a function at random from the family guarantees that the hash codes of any designated k keys are independent random variables (see precise mathematical definitions below). Such families allow good... | K-independent hashing | 0.796011 |
99,105 | Bank underwriting of corporate securities is carried out through separate holding-company affiliates, called securities affiliates or Section 20 affiliates.Of late, the discourse on underwriting has been dominated by the advent of machine learning in this space. These profound technological innovations are altering the... | Underwriting | 0.79601 |
99,106 | This definition is from Yang and Zhang, which is of much algorithmic flavor. Quasi-component and saturated ideal of a regular chainThe quasi-component W(T) described by the regular chain T is W ( T ) = V ( T ) ∖ V ( h ) {\displaystyle W(T)=V(T)\setminus V(h)} , that is,the set difference of the varieties V(T) and V(h).... | Regular chain | 0.79601 |
99,107 | Pascal's theorem is in turn a special case of the Cayley–Bacharach theorem. The Pappus configuration is the configuration of 9 lines and 9 points that occurs in Pappus's theorem, with each line meeting 3 of the points and each point meeting 3 lines. In general, the Pappus line does not pass through the point of interse... | Pappian plane | 0.79601 |
99,108 | The Communications Module (CM) forms the central time switch of the exchange. 5ESS uses a time-space-time (TST) topology in which the Time-Slot-Interchangers (TSI) in the Switching Modules assign each phone call to a time slot for routing through the CM. CMs perform time-divided switching and are provided in pairs; eac... | 5ESS switch | 0.79601 |
99,109 | The example below shows the reaction of triolein with ozone and ethylene glycol. Air oxidation, (autoxidation), the chemistry involved in the "drying" of drying oils, gives increased molecular weight and introduces hydroxyl groups. The radical reactions involved in autoxidation can produce a complex mixture of crosslin... | Natural oil polyols | 0.79601 |
99,110 | The university is also highly regarded for its top quality undergraduate programs. Nankai's mathematics, chemistry, history, business and economics programs are among the best in China.Chern, Shiing-Shen established the world's largest mathematics institute (in terms of office area) in Nankai University. | Nankai University | 0.79601 |
99,111 | Xenon atoms, on the other hand, are far less corrosive, and became the propellant of choice for virtually all ion thruster types. NASA has demonstrated continuous operation of NSTAR thruster for over 16,000 hours (1.8 years) and NEXT thruster for over 48,000 hours (5.5 years).In the extraction grid systems, minor diffe... | Gridded ion thruster | 0.79601 |
99,112 | In experimental fluid mechanics, Lagrangian Particle Tracking refers to the process of determining trajectories of small neutrally buoyant particles (flow tracers) that are freely suspended within a turbulent flow field. These are usually obtained by 3-D Particle Tracking Velocimetry. A collection of such particle traj... | Lagrangian particle tracking | 0.796009 |
99,113 | In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, the Mermin–Wagner theorem (also known as Mermin–Wagner–Hohenberg theorem, Mermin–Wagner–Berezinskii theorem, or Coleman theorem) states that continuous symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken at finite temperature in systems with sufficiently short-range interactions... | Mermin–Wagner theorem | 0.796009 |
99,114 | More generally, and more conceptually, the theorem yields a simple description of what "basic functions", or, in abstract Hilbert spaces, what basic vectors suffice to generate a Hilbert space H , {\displaystyle H,} in the sense that the closure of their span (that is, finite linear combinations and limits of those) is... | Real vector | 0.796009 |
99,115 | Transport of sand by wind. In: Thewlis, J. (ed), Encyclopaedic dictionary of physics, Volume 7, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. | Ralph Bagnold | 0.796009 |
99,116 | Rugheimer's father was a physics teacher and she credits him for her love of teaching. She has stated that she did not have a strong interest in astronomy, until she heard about astrobiology at the American Astronomical Society (AAS) conference in her final undergraduate year. "I had never heard anything more exciting.... | Sarah Rugheimer | 0.796009 |
99,117 | In statistics, ordinary least squares (OLS) is a type of linear least squares method for choosing the unknown parameters in a linear regression model (with fixed level-one effects of a linear function of a set of explanatory variables) by the principle of least squares: minimizing the sum of the squares of the differen... | Least-squares normal matrix | 0.796009 |
99,118 | Evolution of the population then takes place after the repeated application of the above operators. evolutionary computation A family of algorithms for global optimization inspired by biological evolution, and the subfield of artificial intelligence and soft computing studying these algorithms. In technical terms, they... | Glossary of artificial intelligence | 0.796008 |
99,119 | MOPS is frequently used as a buffering agent in biology and biochemistry. It has been tested and recommended for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Usage above 20 mM in mammalian cell culture work is not recommended. MOPS buffer solutions become discolored (yellow) over time, but reportedly slight discoloration does n... | 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid | 0.796008 |
99,120 | The firm raised $500,000 from BioAdvance, the Biotechnology Greenhouse of Southeastern Pennsylvania, as seed funding. Once they found a candidate dye, they attached the positron-emitting fluorine-18, a radioactive isotope with a half-life of nearly two hours that is used annually in two million PET scans and that can l... | Avid Radiopharmaceuticals | 0.796007 |
99,121 | Engineering & Nano Center, Columbia University (2004-2005) Visiting Scientist/Professor, Dept. of physics, MIT (1994-1995) Visiting Assistant Professor, Researcher Assistant Professor, Rutgers University (1985-1987) Postdoctoral Researcher Fellow, IBM (1982-1985) Instructor, Assistant professor, Dept. of Physics Chungn... | Kwang Soo Kim | 0.796007 |
99,122 | Federated learning is a machine learning technique that trains models across multiple distributed nodes. Each node houses a local, private dataset. Adversarial stylometry methods may allow authors writing anonymously or pseudonymously to resist having their texts linked to their other identities due to linguistic clues... | Privacy-enhancing technologies | 0.796006 |
99,123 | Plant Systematics and Evolution is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering systematic botany and evolutionary biology. The editors-in-chief are Marcus A. Koch (Heidelberg University), Martin A. Lysak, (Masaryk University), and Karol Marhold (Slovak Academy of Sciences). | Plant Systematics and Evolution | 0.796006 |
99,124 | Chen discovered the Chen equations, a system of coupled differential equations that produce the Chen's attractor, a type of Lorenz attractor. The equations that govern the Chen system are: d x d t = a ( y − x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {dx}{dt}}=a(y-x)} d y d t = ( c − a ) x − x z + c y {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dt}}=(c-... | Chen Guanrong | 0.796006 |
99,125 | Knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (si... | Geometric topology | 0.796005 |
99,126 | The concept of norm in composition algebras does not share the usual properties of a norm. A composition algebra ( A , ∗ , N ) {\displaystyle (A,*,N)} consists of an algebra over a field A , {\displaystyle A,} an involution ∗ , {\displaystyle \,*,} and a quadratic form N , {\displaystyle N,} which is called the "norm".... | Seminormable space | 0.796005 |
99,127 | The National Institute for Astrophysics (Italian: Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, or INAF) is an Italian research institute in astronomy and astrophysics, founded in 1999. INAF funds and operates twenty separate research facilities, which in turn employ scientists, engineers and technical staff. The research they pe... | National Institute for Astrophysics | 0.796005 |
99,128 | This meant that quantizing a field appeared to be similar to quantizing a theory that was already quantized, leading to the fanciful term second quantization in the early literature, which is still used to describe field quantization, even though the modern interpretation detailed is different. One drawback to canonica... | Canonical quantization | 0.796005 |
99,129 | Pattern theory, formulated by Ulf Grenander, is a mathematical formalism to describe knowledge of the world as patterns. It differs from other approaches to artificial intelligence in that it does not begin by prescribing algorithms and machinery to recognize and classify patterns; rather, it prescribes a vocabulary to... | Pattern Theory | 0.796005 |
99,130 | A 2015 study by Weblock analyzed more than 180,000 links from references in the full-text corpora of three major open access publishers and found a half-life of about 14 years, generally confirming a 2005 study that found that half of the URLs cited in D-Lib Magazine articles were active 10 years after publication. Oth... | Link rot | 0.796005 |
99,131 | X i X j d X k f j k l f i l m e m − ⋯ {\displaystyle e^{-X}de^{X}=dX^{i}e_{i}-{\frac {1}{2! }}X^{i}dX^{j}{f_{ij}}^{k}e_{k}+{\frac {1}{3! }}X^{i}X^{j}dX^{k}{f_{jk}}^{l}{f_{il}}^{m}e_{m}-\cdots } for = f i j k e k {\displaystyle ={f_{ij}}^{k}e_{k}} the structure constants of the Lie algebra. | Tetrad formalism | 0.796005 |
99,132 | Let P be the power set construction on the category of sets, considered as a covariant functor. The P-coalgebras are in bijective correspondence with sets with a binary relation. Now fix another set, A. Then coalgebras for the endofunctor P(A×(-)) are in bijective correspondence with labelled transition systems, and ho... | F-coalgebra | 0.796005 |
99,133 | The concept of ancestral reconstruction is often credited to Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling. Motivated by the development of techniques for determining the primary (amino acid) sequence of proteins by Frederick Sanger in 1955, Zuckerkandl and Pauling postulated that such sequences could be used to infer not only t... | Ancestral reconstruction | 0.796005 |
99,134 | Proponents of emotional choice theory criticize the rational choice paradigm by drawing on new findings from emotion research in psychology and neuroscience. They point out that rational choice theory is generally based on the assumption that decision-making is a conscious and reflective process based on thoughts and b... | Individual Rationality | 0.796004 |
99,135 | MPhil in Technology Policy at University of Cambridge, Judge Business School and Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (born out of the Cambridge–MIT Institute) MSc in Technology and Policy and Engineering and Systems Division at MIT Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon Universi... | Technology policy | 0.796004 |
99,136 | A set of integers is said to be small if the sum of its reciprocals converges to a finite value. For instance, by the prime number theorem, the prime numbers are not small. Paul Erdős (1962) proved that every sum-free sequence is small, and asked how large the sum of reciprocals could be. For instance, the sum of the r... | Sum-free sequence | 0.796004 |
99,137 | Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to Ancient Greece, epistemic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields, including philosophy, theoretical computer science... | Epistemic logic | 0.796003 |
99,138 | In the 21st century, exponential increases in computing power and data storage capabilities (in line with Moore's law) have led to a proliferation of big data, machine learning and other data analysis techniques. Businesses increasingly adapt these techniques and technologies to pursue data-driven strategies to create ... | Data valuation | 0.796003 |
99,139 | His investigations of kinetic processes include reactions with peptides, organic radicals as well as studied on the influence of pressure and solvation. In his theoretical work Hartmann emphasis on exact solvable models (model quantum chemistry) rather than numerical ab initio calculations . His main book „Quantum mech... | Hermann Hartmann | 0.796003 |
99,140 | Scientific credibility has been defined as the extent to which science in general is recognized as a source of reliable information about the world. The term has also been applied more narrowly, as an assessment of the credibility of the work of an individual scientist or a field of research. Here, the phrase refers to... | Scientific credibility | 0.796002 |
99,141 | He lamented the fact that in Great Britain mathematics was cultivated with less interest than on the continent, and clearly desired to be considered as highly as the great names in continental mathematics—there is no doubt that he was reading their work at a level never reached by any other eighteenth-century British m... | Edward Waring | 0.796002 |
99,142 | Most commercial systems use look-up tables with international crystal databases to index. This crystal orientation relates the orientation of each sampled point to a reference crystal orientation.While this 'geometric' description related to the kinematic solution (using the Bragg condition) is very powerful and useful... | Scattered electron imaging | 0.796002 |
99,143 | Ping Zhang is a mathematician specializing in graph theory. She is a professor of mathematics at Western Michigan University and the author of multiple textbooks on graph theory and mathematical proof.Zhang earned a master's degree in 1989 from the University of Jordan, working there on ring theory with Hasan Al-Ezeh. ... | Ping Zhang (graph theorist) | 0.796002 |
99,144 | In molecular biology, snoRNA snR57 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)... | Small nucleolar RNA snR57 | 0.796002 |
99,145 | A conceptualization cites that the applied epistemologist operates within a background of naturalist metaepistemology and reliabilist first-order epistemology.The following table demonstrates the place of applied epistemology in relation to epistemology and to the parallels between ethics and epistemology covering a sp... | Applied epistemology | 0.796002 |
99,146 | {\displaystyle 7^{\frac {1}{2}}.} It is an irrational algebraic number. The first sixty significant digits of its decimal expansion are: 2.64575131106459059050161575363926042571025918308245018036833....which can be rounded up to 2.646 to within about 99.99% accuracy (about 1 part in 10000); that is, it differs from the... | Square root of 7 | 0.796002 |
99,147 | Alternatively, modern approaches derive these sorts of models using coordinate transforms, like in the method of normal forms, as described next. A solution y ≈ r cos θ {\displaystyle y\approx r\cos \theta } is sought in new coordinates ( r , θ ) {\displaystyle (r,\theta )} where the amplitude r ( t ) {\displaystyle ... | Method of multiple scales | 0.796002 |
99,148 | As a graduate student in the Princeton University Department of Mathematics, Nash introduced a number of concepts (including Nash equilibrium and the Nash bargaining solution) which are now considered central to game theory and its applications in various sciences. In the 1950s, Nash discovered and proved the Nash embe... | John Forbes Nash Jr. | 0.796001 |
99,149 | Unfortunately, their equations, while complicated, were nonsensical. In 1930, Peierls travelled to the Netherlands to meet Hans Kramers, and to Copenhagen to meet Niels Bohr.In August 1930 Pauli and Peierls attended a physics congress in Odessa and met a young physics graduate, Eugenia (Genia) Nikolaievna Kannegiesser,... | Rudolf Peierls | 0.796001 |
99,150 | The Join-calculus programming language (published in 1996) implemented local and distributed concurrent computations. It incorporated asynchronous channels as well as a kind of synchronous channel that is used for procedure calls. Agha's Aπ Actor calculus (Agha and Thati 2004) is based on a typed version of the asynchr... | Actor model and process calculi | 0.796001 |
99,151 | Although at first the choice of the solution to this regularized problem may look artificial, and indeed the matrix Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } seems rather arbitrary, the process can be justified from a Bayesian point of view. Note that for an ill-posed problem one must necessarily introduce some additional assumptions ... | Ridge regression | 0.796001 |
99,152 | But b x − a {\displaystyle bx-a} is primitive (in the UFD sense) and thus c b {\displaystyle cb} divides the coefficients of c g {\displaystyle cg} by Gauss's lemma, and so f = ( b x − a ) h {\displaystyle f=(bx-a)h} with h {\displaystyle h} in R {\displaystyle R} . Since f {\displaystyle f} is monic, this is possible... | Gauss's lemma (polynomial) | 0.796001 |
99,153 | The program meanwhile includes well over 2000 print and digital publications, including specialist titles on metal technology, automotive and electrical engineering (like "Tabellenbuch Metall" (English: Metal Book of Tables)), on business administration, as well as works for the gastronomic profession (e.g. "Der junge ... | Europa-Lehrmittel | 0.796 |
99,154 | In higher-dimensional algebra (HDA), a double groupoid is a generalisation of a one-dimensional groupoid to two dimensions, and the latter groupoid can be considered as a special case of a category with all invertible arrows, or morphisms. Double groupoids are often used to capture information about geometrical objects... | Categorical Algebra | 0.796 |
99,155 | Since R 2 m {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2m}} is simply connected, one can assume this path bounds a disc, and provided 2m > 4 one can further assume (by the weak Whitney embedding theorem) that the disc is embedded in R 2 m {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2m}} such that it intersects the image of M only in its boundary. ... | Whitney's embedding theorem | 0.795999 |
99,156 | P {\displaystyle open\;m.P} instructs the surrounding ambient to dissolve the boundary of an ambient m {\displaystyle m} located at the same level c o p y m . {\displaystyle copy\;m.} makes any number of copies of something m {\displaystyle m} The ambient calculus provides a reduction semantics that formally defines wh... | Ambient calculus | 0.795999 |
99,157 | Cryptovirology refers to the use of cryptography to devise particularly powerful malware, such as ransomware and asymmetric backdoors. Traditionally, cryptography and its applications are defensive in nature, and provide privacy, authentication, and security to users. Cryptovirology employs a twist on cryptography, sho... | Cryptovirology | 0.795999 |
99,158 | With 10 arcminute precision and a better handle on systematic uncertainties due to ionospheric refraction, Bolton could now reasonably suggest optical counterparts. While the optical candidate of Cygnus A remained elusive, Bolton showed that Taurus A was associated with the peculiar Crab Nebula, Virgo A with a galaxy t... | John Gatenby Bolton | 0.795999 |
99,159 | In mathematics, an antimatroid is a formal system that describes processes in which a set is built up by including elements one at a time, and in which an element, once available for inclusion, remains available until it is included. Antimatroids are commonly axiomatized in two equivalent ways, either as a set system m... | Antimatroid | 0.795999 |
99,160 | Two observers in Minkowski spacetime accelerate with constant magnitude k {\displaystyle k} acceleration for proper time σ {\displaystyle \sigma } (acceleration and elapsed time measured by the observers themselves, not some inertial observer). They are comoving and inertial before and after this phase. In Minkowski ge... | Spacetime | 0.795999 |
99,161 | In geometry, a Johnson solid is a strictly convex polyhedron each face of which is a regular polygon. There is no requirement that each face must be the same polygon, or that the same polygons join around each vertex. An example of a Johnson solid is the square-based pyramid with equilateral sides (J1); it has 1 square... | Elongation (geometry) | 0.795998 |
99,162 | The applications of the NUDFT include: Digital signal processing Magnetic resonance imaging Numerical partial differential equations Semi-Lagrangian schemes Spectral methods Spectral analysis Digital filter design Antenna array design Detection and decoding of dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signals | Non-uniform discrete Fourier transform | 0.795997 |
99,163 | Fluid transfer monolithic bullets (FTM) are monolithic bullets which contain a geometry designed to move fluid dense tissue in order to cause wounding to a soft target. Unlike jacketed hollow point bullets (JHP), FTMs do not rely on expansion to function as designed. The geometry of the bullet channels the fluid within... | Monolithic bullet | 0.795997 |
99,164 | Threads of cybernetics began in the late 1800s that led toward the publishing of seminal works (such as Wiener's Cybernetics in 1948 and Bertalanffy's General System Theory in 1968). Cybernetics arose more from engineering fields and GST from biology. | System theory | 0.795997 |
99,165 | Homâyun Serâji (Persian: همایون سراجی 1947 – 16 April 2007) was an Iranian scientist, engineer, a JPL senior researcher and former professor of Sharif University of Technology who published extensively in the field of multivariable control systems, focusing on optimal control, pole placement, multivariable PID controll... | Homayoun Seraji | 0.795997 |
99,166 | In atomic physics, two-photon absorption (TPA or 2PA), also called two-photon excitation or non-linear absorption, is the simultaneous absorption of two photons of identical or different frequencies in order to excite a molecule from one state (usually the ground state) to a higher energy, most commonly an excited elec... | Two photon absorption | 0.795997 |
99,167 | {\displaystyle \scriptstyle -\left(2+{\frac {3}{4}}\right).} Any such sum of a whole plus a part can be converted to an improper fraction by applying the rules of adding unlike quantities. This tradition is, formally, in conflict with the notation in algebra where adjacent symbols, without an explicit infix operator, d... | Mixed numeral | 0.795996 |
99,168 | In polymer physics, the coil–globule transition is the collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state through an ideal coil state to a collapsed globule state, or vice versa. The coil–globule transition is of importance in biology due to the presence of coil-globule transitions in biological macromolecules suc... | Coil–globule transition | 0.795996 |
99,169 | The Leontief paradox, presented by Wassily Leontief in 1953, found that the U.S. (the most capital-abundant country in the world by any criterion) exported labor-intensive commodities and imported capital-intensive commodities, contrary to the Heckscher–Ohlin theory.However, if labor is separated into two distinct fact... | Heckscher–Ohlin model | 0.795996 |
99,170 | A conceptual graph (CG) is a notation for logic based on the existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce and the semantic networks of artificial intelligence. In the first published paper on conceptual graphs, John F. Sowa used them to represent the conceptual schemas used in database systems. His first book applied t... | Diagrammatic Reasoning | 0.795996 |
99,171 | Besides providing a uniform description of circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas, conic sections can also be understood as a natural model of the geometry of perspective in the case where the scene being viewed consists of circles, or more generally an ellipse. The viewer is typically a camera or the human eye a... | Hyperbolic arc | 0.795996 |
99,172 | Employing additive layer technology offered by 3D printing, Terahertz devices which act as waveguides, couplers and bends have been created. The complex shape of these devices could not be achieved using conventional fabrication techniques. Commercially available professional grade printer EDEN 260V was used to create ... | Applications of 3D printing | 0.795996 |
99,173 | He earned a doctorate in physical-mathematical sciences in 1951, also at MSU, and briefly taught at Kyiv University until returning as a professor at MSU in 1954. There, he supervised over 40 graduate students, including Mikhail Agranovich, Valentina Borok, Gregory Eskin, and Arkadi Nemirovski. Shilov often collaborate... | Georgiy Shilov | 0.795996 |
99,174 | The most visible work was in the area of applying fractals to market analysis, particularly arbitrage (see Complexity economics). Another infant branch of economics was neuroeconomics. The latter combines neuroscience, economics, and psychology to study how we make choices. | Economic schools of thought | 0.795996 |
99,175 | The theory of Leavitt path algebras uses terminology for graphs similar to that of C*-algebraists, which differs slightly from that used by graph theorists. The term graph is typically taken to mean a directed graph E = ( E 0 , E 1 , r , s ) {\displaystyle E=(E^{0},E^{1},r,s)} consisting of a countable set of vertices ... | Leavitt path algebra | 0.795996 |
99,176 | To accurately model the central nervous system, creation and death of neurons should be modeled as well. To accomplish this, constructive artificial neural networks that are able to grow or shrink to adapt to inputs are often used. Evolving connectionist systems are a subtype of constructive artificial neural networks ... | Computational neurogenetic modeling | 0.795995 |
99,177 | The Ross–Fahroo methods are founded on the Ross–Fahroo lemma; they can be applied to optimal control problems governed by differential equations, differential-algebraic equations, differential inclusions, and differentially-flat systems. They can also be applied to infinite-horizon optimal control problems by a simple ... | Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral method | 0.795995 |
99,178 | Karrer and Norman Haworth confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of ascorbic acid and made significant contributions to the chemistry of flavins, which led to the identification of lactoflavin. For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2, they both received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in... | Fat soluble vitamins | 0.795995 |
99,179 | The RG Chromaticity space is used in computer vision applications. It shows the color of light (red, yellow, green etc.), but not its intensity (dark, bright). The TSL color space (Tint, Saturation and Luminance) is used in face detection. | Color spaces | 0.795995 |
99,180 | Let C be the positive cone in a simple Euclidean Jordan algebra E. Aut C is the closed subgroup of GL(E) taking C (or its closure) onto itself. Let G = Aut0 C be the identity component of Aut C and let K be the closed subgroup of G fixing 1. From the group theoretic properties of cones, K is a connected compact subgrou... | Structure group (Jordan algebra) | 0.795995 |
99,181 | In an isothermal titration calorimeter, the heat of reaction is used to follow a titration experiment. This permits determination of the midpoint (stoichiometry) (N) of a reaction as well as its enthalpy (delta H), entropy (delta S) and of primary concern the binding affinity (Ka) The technique is gaining in importance... | Constant-volume calorimeter | 0.795994 |
99,182 | In astronomy, background noise or cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the sky with no discernible source. In information architecture, irrelevant, duplicate or incorrect information may be called background noise. In physics and telecommunication, background signal noise can be detrimental or ... | Ambient noise | 0.795994 |
99,183 | When it was first developed, quantum physics dealt only with the quantization of the motion of particles, leaving the electromagnetic field classical, hence the name quantum mechanics.Later the electromagnetic field was also quantized, and even the particles themselves became represented through quantized fields, resul... | Groenewold's theorem | 0.795994 |
99,184 | Literature on algorithmic bias has focused on the remedy of fairness, but definitions of fairness are often incompatible with each other and the realities of machine learning optimization. For example, defining fairness as an "equality of outcomes" may simply refer to a system producing the same result for all people, ... | Algorithmic bias | 0.795993 |
99,185 | Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 38(10), 2225–2240 (2005), doi: 10.1088/0305-4470/38/10/012 V.V. Borisov, Nonsteady-State Electromagnetic Waves. Leningrad: Leningrad State University Press: Leningrad (1987, in Russian) | Smirnov method of incomplete separation of variables | 0.795993 |
99,186 | Let Ω: Ψ(Rn+1)n+1 → R be a volume form defined on Rn+1. We can induce a volume form on M given by ω: Ψ(M)n → R given by ω(X1,...,Xn) := Ω(X1,...,Xn,ξ). This is a natural definition: in Euclidean differential geometry where ξ is the Euclidean unit normal then the standard Euclidean volume spanned by X1,...,Xn is always ... | Affine differential geometry | 0.795993 |
99,187 | Yifeng Liu (born July 19, 1985 in Shanghai, China) is a Chinese professor of mathematics at Zhejiang University specializing in number theory, automorphic forms and arithmetic geometry. | Yifeng Liu | 0.795993 |
99,188 | Artificial Intelligence System (AIS) was a volunteer computing project undertaken by Intelligence Realm, Inc. with the long-term goal of simulating the human brain in real time, complete with artificial consciousness and artificial general intelligence. They claimed to have found, in research, the "mechanisms of knowle... | Artificial Intelligence System | 0.795992 |
99,189 | The core tools in the field of BPS are multi-domain, dynamic, whole-building simulation tools, which provide users with key indicators such as heating and cooling load, energy demand, temperature trends, humidity, thermal and visual comfort indicators, air pollutants, ecological impact and costs.A typical building simu... | Building performance simulation | 0.795992 |
99,190 | In machine learning applications where logistic regression is used for binary classification, the MLE minimises the cross-entropy loss function. Logistic regression is an important machine learning algorithm. The goal is to model the probability of a random variable Y {\displaystyle Y} being 0 or 1 given experimental d... | Logit regression | 0.795992 |
99,191 | He was a mentor for the Richmond High robotics team Biomechs #841 for the FIRST Robotics Competition, lending his expert guidance on how to create the right robot for the right job. Imahara was profiled in the magazine IEEE Spectrum, in an issue focusing on engineering dream jobs. One of Imahara's independent projects,... | Grant Imahara | 0.795992 |
99,192 | "Gas nucleation in the vicinity of solid hydrophobic spheres". Journal of Applied Physics. 46 (10): 4484–4486. | Varying Permeability Model | 0.795992 |
99,193 | In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. In modern mathematical notation, the role is sometimes swapped.A simple illustrative case is that of a vect... | Contravariant vector | 0.795992 |
99,194 | In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the con... | Valence band | 0.795992 |
99,195 | The company tests its technology on highways in the United States and Europe. aiSim is a virtual simulation environment for testing autonomous vehicles. In spring 2020 aiMotive announced that the simulator had received ISO 26262 tool certification to TCL3.The hardware architecture by aiMotive is a dedicated embedded ar... | AiMotive | 0.795992 |
99,196 | Internet: usenet hierarchy Vacuum tubes Document Object Model's logical structure, Yahoo! subject index, Curlie Operating system: directory structure Information management: Dewey Decimal System, PSH, this hierarchical bulleted list Management: hierarchical organizational structures Computer Science: binary search tree... | Tree structure | 0.795991 |
99,197 | CO-OPN https://smv.unige.ch//research-projects/co-opn (based on algebraic high level nets) RENEW http://www.renew.de (free development Model checking of reference nets with JAVA-Integration) == References == | Nets within Nets | 0.795991 |
99,198 | However, there are classes of functions for which finding an approximate root is equivalent to finding an approximate fixed point. One example is the class of functions g such that g ( x ) + x {\displaystyle g(x)+x} maps Ed to itself (that is: g ( x ) + x {\displaystyle g(x)+x} is in Ed for all x in Ed). This is becaus... | Fixed-point computation | 0.79599 |
99,199 | Astroparticle physics: Bellini et al. (Borexino collaboration), Measurement of the seasonal modulation of the solar neutrino fluxes with Borexino experiment, Phys. Rev. D 89, 112007 2014 | Intrinsic mode function | 0.79599 |
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