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99,200 | If π is a representation of A, there is a projection P in the center of Φ(A)− and a *-isomorphism α from the von Neumann algebra Φ(A)−P onto π(A)− such that π(a) = α(Φ(a)P) for each a in A. This can be conveniently captured in the commutative diagram below: Here ψ is the map that sends a to aP, α0 denotes the restricti... | Universal representation (C*-algebra) | 0.795989 |
99,201 | When the equivalent of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism is formulated within the framework of Einstein's theory of general relativity, the electromagnetic field energy (being equivalent to mass as one would expect from Einstein's famous equation E=mc2) contributes to the stress tensor and thus to the curvature ... | Classical unified field theories | 0.795989 |
99,202 | ": 113 Kornberg and Bernard L. Horecker used the Beckman DU spectrophotometer for enzyme assays measuring NADH and NADPH. They determined their extinction coefficients, establishing a basis for quantitative measurements in reactions involving nucleotides. This work became one of the most cited papers in biochemistry. | DU spectrophotometer | 0.795989 |
99,203 | John Wallis algebrised this method; he wrote in his Arithmetica Infinitorum (1656) some series which are equivalent to what is now called the definite integral, and he calculated their values. Isaac Barrow and James Gregory made further progress: quadratures for some algebraic curves and spirals. Christiaan Huygens suc... | Quadrature (mathematics) | 0.795989 |
99,204 | M-theory is based on a quantitative theory of the ventral stream of visual cortex. Understanding how visual cortex works in object recognition is still a challenging task for neuroscience. Humans and primates are able to memorize and recognize objects after seeing just couple of examples unlike any state-of-the art mac... | M-Theory (learning framework) | 0.795988 |
99,205 | Fotis Sotiropoulos is a Greek-born American engineering professor and university administrator known for his research contributions in computational fluid dynamics for river hydrodynamics, renewable energy, biomedical and biological applications. He currently serves as the Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic... | Fotis Sotiropoulos | 0.795988 |
99,206 | In the mathematical field of graph theory, Grötzsch's theorem is the statement that every triangle-free planar graph can be colored with only three colors. According to the four-color theorem, every graph that can be drawn in the plane without edge crossings can have its vertices colored using at most four different co... | Grötzsch's theorem | 0.795988 |
99,207 | The three main characteristics of MS are the formation of lesions in the central nervous system (also called plaques), inflammation, and the destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons. These features interact in a complex and not yet fully understood manner to produce the breakdown of nerve tissue, and in turn, the signs... | Primary progressive multiple sclerosis | 0.795988 |
99,208 | Several studies tried to understand, what were the effects of the Act on patenting by university researchers and on technology transfer from academia to industry. 2022 Stanford study was "unable to conclude that higher inventor’s royalty shares have any effect on the number of invention disclosures or patent applicatio... | Bayh–Dole Act | 0.795987 |
99,209 | In geometry, a tetrahedral prism is a convex uniform 4-polytope. This 4-polytope has 6 polyhedral cells: 2 tetrahedra connected by 4 triangular prisms. It has 14 faces: 8 triangular and 6 square. It has 16 edges and 8 vertices. It is one of 18 uniform polyhedral prisms created by using uniform prisms to connect pairs o... | Tetrahedral prism | 0.795987 |
99,210 | A synchronous buck converter is a modified version of the basic buck converter circuit topology in which the diode, D, is replaced by a second switch, S2. This modification is a tradeoff between increased cost and improved efficiency. In a standard buck converter, the flyback diode turns on, on its own, shortly after t... | Buck converter | 0.795987 |
99,211 | Walking is a difficult and dynamic problem to solve. Several robots have been made which can walk reliably on two legs, however, none have yet been made which are as robust as a human. There has been much study on human-inspired walking, such as AMBER lab which was established in 2008 by the Mechanical Engineering Depa... | Robotic kitchen | 0.795986 |
99,212 | Software diagnosis supports all branches of software engineering, in particular project management, quality management, risk management as well as implementation and test. Its main strength is to support all stakeholders of software projects (in particular during software maintenance and for software re-engineering tas... | Software diagnosis | 0.795986 |
99,213 | According to most contemporary Islamic jurists, while the study of astronomy (ilm al-hay'ah) is lawful, astrology is not. Astronomy is useful in determining the beginning and end of the lunar months, e.g., that of Ramadan, in predicting the beginning of seasons, determining the direction of salat (prayer), and navigati... | Islamic astrology | 0.795986 |
99,214 | FireWire can connect up to 63 peripherals in a tree or daisy-chain topology (as opposed to Parallel SCSI's electrical bus topology). It allows peer-to-peer device communication — such as communication between a scanner and a printer — to take place without using system memory or the CPU. FireWire also supports multiple... | IEEE 1394 | 0.795986 |
99,215 | (f,g)(x,y)} , a pair ( x 0 , y 0 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},y_{0})} in P × Q {\displaystyle P\times Q} such that f ( x 0 , y 0 ) = x 0 {\displaystyle f(x_{0},y_{0})=x_{0}} and g ( x 0 , y 0 ) = y 0 {\displaystyle g(x_{0},y_{0})=y_{0}} . Bekić's theorem (called the "bisection lemma" in his notes) is that the simultaneous l... | Bekić's theorem | 0.795986 |
99,216 | Since about 2016, deep learning has emerged as the dominant method for performing accurate articulated body pose estimation. Rather than building an explicit model for the parts as above, the appearances of the joints and relationships between the joints of the body are learned from large training sets. Models generall... | Articulated body pose estimation | 0.795986 |
99,217 | In each setting there are differences in isotopic and elemental composition of the barite particulate. Barite in the water column, known as marine or pelagic barite, reveals information on seawater chemistry variation over time. Barite in sediments, known as diagenetic or cold seeps barite, gives information about sedi... | Barium poisoning | 0.795985 |
99,218 | Validation is the process of finding out whether a backup attempt succeeded or not, or, whether the data is backed up enough to consider it "protected". This process usually involves the examination of log files, the "smoking gun" often left behind after a backup attempts takes place, as well as media databases, data t... | Backup validation | 0.795985 |
99,219 | Users can select their own type of participation based on the system capability. In projector-based virtual reality, modeling of the real environment plays a vital role in various virtual reality applications, including robot navigation, construction modeling, and airplane simulation. Image-based virtual reality system... | Virtual reality simulator | 0.795985 |
99,220 | In physics the magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) or the surface magneto-optic Kerr effect (SMOKE) is one of the magneto-optic effects. It describes the changes to light reflected from a magnetized surface. It is used in materials science research in devices such as the Kerr microscope, to investigate the magnetization s... | Magneto-optic Kerr effect | 0.795984 |
99,221 | In 1972, he and his wife returned to Tennessee. The couple had two children. In the 1950s, A. B. lobbied to get Physics a building in which it would be the main tenant (at that time, Physics shared Willard Hall with Chemistry). | Alvin B. Cardwell | 0.795984 |
99,222 | The technique of moving single atoms mechanically was proposed by Eric Drexler in his 1986 book The Engines of Creation. In 1989, researchers at IBM's Zürich Research Institute successfully spelled the letters "IBM" in xenon atoms on a cryogenic copper surface, grossly validating the approach. Since then, a number of r... | Mechanosynthesis | 0.795984 |
99,223 | Fisher Chair in Statistical Genetics was established in University College London to recognise Fisher's extraordinary contributions to both statistics and genetics. Anders Hald called Fisher "a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science", while Richard Dawkins named him "th... | Ronald Fisher | 0.795984 |
99,224 | As discussed above, every triangle has a unique inscribed circle (incircle) that is interior to the triangle and tangent to all three sides. Every triangle has a unique Steiner inellipse which is interior to the triangle and tangent at the midpoints of the sides. Marden's theorem shows how to find the foci of this elli... | Euclidean triangle | 0.795984 |
99,225 | Sossinsky. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-13615-0.His other books and papers include: Geometry III: Theory of Surfaces (1992) Potential Theory and Function Theory for Irregular Regions (1969) Isoperimetric inequalities in the theory of surfaces of bounded external curvature (1970) | Yuri Burago | 0.795984 |
99,226 | The presence of endotoxins in the blood is called endotoxemia. High level of endotoxemia can lead to septic shock, while lower concentration of endotoxins in the bloodstream is called metabolic endotoxemia. Endotoxemia is associated with obesity, diet, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, while also host genetics mig... | Lipopolysaccharide | 0.795983 |
99,227 | In chemistry, initiation is a chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions. Initiation creates a reactive centre on a molecule which produces a chain reaction. The reactive centre generated by initiation is usually a radical, but can also be cations or anions. Once the reaction is initiated, the spec... | Initiation (chemistry) | 0.795983 |
99,228 | Silicon, on the other hand, interacts with very few other types of atoms. Moreover, where it does interact with other atoms, silicon creates molecules that have been described as "monotonous compared with the combinatorial universe of organic macromolecules". This is because silicon atoms are much bigger, having a larg... | Hypothetical types of biochemistry | 0.795983 |
99,229 | Its new value can be calculated by applying Miller theorem (for voltages) or the basic circuit laws. Thus Kirchhoff's voltage law provides: V x = I x R i n + β v o u t , {\displaystyle V_{x}=I_{x}R_{\mathrm {in} }+\beta v_{\mathrm {out} }\ ,} where vout = Av vin = Av Ix Rin. Substituting this result in the above equati... | Negative-feedback amplifier | 0.795983 |
99,230 | From 1971 to 1978, he was the director of the Magnetic Laboratory (later known as the TRINITY State Scientific Center), a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1956, and subdivision of Kurchatov Institute since 1961, at Troitsk, Moscow Oblast. In 1972, he founded an energy and space plasma research d... | Evgeny Velikhov | 0.795982 |
99,231 | Sir Alfred Bray Kempe FRS (6 July 1849 – 21 April 1922) was a mathematician best known for his work on linkages and the four colour theorem. | Alfred Kempe | 0.795982 |
99,232 | The earliest known description of a fold-and-cut problem appears in Wakoku Chiyekurabe (Mathematical Contests), a book that was published in 1721 by Kan Chu Sen in Japan.An 1873 article in Harper's New Monthly Magazine describes how Betsy Ross may have proposed that stars on the American flag have five points, because ... | Fold-and-cut problem | 0.795982 |
99,233 | Fengqi You (Chinese: 尤峰崎; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Iû Hong-khi) is a professor and holds the Roxanne E. and Michael J. Zak Chair at Cornell University in the United States. His research focuses on systems engineering and data science. According to Google Scholar, his h-index is 78. | Fengqi You | 0.795982 |
99,234 | Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model organisms used in an array of biological disciplines (i.e. neurobiology, population genetics, ecology, animal behavior, systematics, genomics, and development). Many studies done with Drosophila species have been foundational in their respective fields, and they remain im... | Transgenic fly | 0.795982 |
99,235 | Theorem. Let ( d n , k ) n , k ≥ 0 {\displaystyle (d_{n,k})_{n,k\geq 0}} be an infinite lower triangular array whose diagonal sequence ( d n , n ) n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle (d_{n,n})_{n\geq 0}} does not contain zeros. | Riordan arrays | 0.795982 |
99,236 | Linear predictive coding (LPC) Adaptive predictive coding (APC) Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) Algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP) Relaxed code-excited linear prediction (RCELP) Low-delay CELP (LD-CELP) Adaptive Multi-Rate (used in GSM and 3GPP) Codec2 (noted for its lack of patent restrictions) Spe... | Audio compression format | 0.795981 |
99,237 | The Auction Envelope Theorem defines certain probabilities expected to arise in an auction.The benchmark model The benchmark model for auctions, as defined by McAfee and McMillan (1987) is as follows. All of the bidders are risk-neutral. Each bidder has a private valuation for the item (almost always) independently dra... | Auction Theory | 0.795981 |
99,238 | Considerable research has been conducted to do disambiguation. Typical approaches for author name disambiguation rely on information about the authors such as their affiliations, email addresses, year of publication, co-authors, topic information to distinguish between authors. This information can be used to train a m... | Author name disambiguation | 0.795981 |
99,239 | This is because quantum well devices require structures that are of high purity with few defects. Therefore, having great control over the growth of these heterostructures allows for the development of semiconductor devices that can have very fine-tuned properties.Quantum wells and semiconductor physics has been a hot ... | Multiple quantum well | 0.79598 |
99,240 | The Brouwer fixed-point theorem forms the starting point of a number of more general fixed-point theorems. The straightforward generalization to infinite dimensions, i.e. using the unit ball of an arbitrary Hilbert space instead of Euclidean space, is not true. The main problem here is that the unit balls of infinite-d... | Brouwer's fixed point theorem | 0.79598 |
99,241 | Antoine Lavoisier then listed carbon as an element in his 1789 textbook.A new allotrope of carbon, fullerene, that was discovered in 1985 includes nanostructured forms such as buckyballs and nanotubes. Their discoverers – Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, and Richard Smalley – received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. Th... | Carbon | 0.79598 |
99,242 | In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA) or concestor, of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended. The term is also used in reference to the ancestry of groups of genes (haplotype... | Most recent common ancestor | 0.79598 |
99,243 | It has a high ionisation energy (1086.5 kJ/mol), moderate electron affinity (122 kJ/mol), and high electronegativity (2.55). Carbon is a poor oxidising agent (C + 4e− → CH4 = 0.13 V at pH 0). Its chemistry is largely covalent in nature, noting it can form salt-like carbides with highly electropositive metals. | Properties of nonmetals (and metalloids) by group | 0.79598 |
99,244 | The Euler equations first appeared in published form in Euler's article "Principes généraux du mouvement des fluides", published in Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Berlin in 1757 (although Euler had previously presented his work to the Berlin Academy in 1752). The Euler equations were among the first partial dif... | Euler Equations (fluid dynamics) | 0.79598 |
99,245 | Although the CBM design has been augmented several different ways in this regard, the issue was engineered at the integrated spacecraft level; quantitative requirements are not allocated in either CBM specification. The balance between gravitational and centrifugal accelerations (often referred to as “zero gravity”), w... | Common Berthing Mechanism | 0.79598 |
99,246 | In graph theory and graph algorithms, a feedback arc set or feedback edge set in a directed graph is a subset of the edges of the graph that contains at least one edge out of every cycle in the graph. Removing these edges from the graph breaks all of the cycles, producing a directed acyclic graph, an acyclic subgraph o... | Minimum feedback arc set | 0.79598 |
99,247 | A zome is a building using geometries different from the typical house or building, which is normally one or a series of rectangular boxes. The word "zome" was coined in 1968 by Steve Durkee, now known as Nooruddeen Durkee, combining the words dome and zonohedron. One of the earliest models became a large climbing stru... | Zome | 0.79598 |
99,248 | The final case, where one engages in the addictive behavior today while abstaining tomorrow, has the problem that (as in other prisoner's dilemmas) there is an obvious benefit to defecting "today", but tomorrow one will face the same prisoner's dilemma, and the same obvious benefit will be present then, ultimately lead... | Prisoner's Dilemma | 0.79598 |
99,249 | The equation is named after Harden M. McConnell of Stanford University, who first presented it in 1956 in an article in the Journal of Chemical Physics. | McConnell equation | 0.795979 |
99,250 | Insect physiology includes the physiology and biochemistry of insect organ systems.Although diverse, insects are quite similar in overall design, internally and externally. The insect is made up of three main body regions (tagmata), the head, thorax and abdomen. The head comprises six fused segments with compound eyes,... | Insect physiology | 0.795979 |
99,251 | Motion planning, also path planning (also known as the navigation problem or the piano mover's problem) is a computational problem to find a sequence of valid configurations that moves the object from the source to destination. The term is used in computational geometry, computer animation, robotics and computer games.... | Robot motion planning | 0.795979 |
99,252 | At a certain point along the airfoil, a shock is generated, which increases the pressure coefficient to the critical value Cp-crit, where the local flow velocity will be Mach 1. The position of this shockwave is determined by the geometry of the airfoil; a supercritical foil is more efficient because the shockwave is m... | Supercritical wing | 0.795979 |
99,253 | A probe tip is an instrument used in scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) to scan the surface of a sample and make nano-scale images of surfaces and structures. The probe tip is mounted on the end of a cantilever and can be as sharp as a single atom. In microscopy, probe tip geometry (length, width, shape, aspect ratio, a... | Probe tip | 0.795979 |
99,254 | The proof uses the fact that each S q k {\displaystyle Sq^{k}} is decomposable for k which is not a power of 2; that is, such an element is a product of squares of strictly smaller degree. Michael A. Mandell gave a proof of the following theorem by studying the Steenrod algebra (with coefficients in the algebraic closu... | Steenrod algebra | 0.795979 |
99,255 | (1888), with many editorial corrections.A founding text in the field of Fourier analysis, and a breakthrough for the solution of the classic (partial) differential equations of mathematical physics. Contains an annunciation of Fourier's law.Carnot, Sadi (1824). Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les mach... | List of important publications in physics | 0.795979 |
99,256 | Thus, the exergy formulation of the theorem is less limited, as it can be applied on different regions separately. Nevertheless, the work form is used more often. The proof of the theorem, in both forms, uses the first law of thermodynamics, writing out the terms W ˙ l o s t {\displaystyle {\dot {W}}_{lost}} , ψ ˙ d {\... | Gouy-Stodola theorem | 0.795978 |
99,257 | Strategy video games are categorized based on whether they offer the continuous gameplay of real-time strategy, or the discrete phases of turn-based strategy. These differences in time-keeping lead to several other differences. Typically, turn-based strategy games have stronger artificial intelligence than real-time st... | Strategy video game | 0.795978 |
99,258 | Observability is based on exploring properties and patterns not defined in advance. proactively collecting, visualizing, and applying intelligence to all of your metrics, events, logs, and traces—so you can understand the behavior of your complex digital system The term is frequently referred to as its numeronym O11y (... | Software observability | 0.795978 |
99,259 | Feldman's architecture functioned on the simple rule that in a network of interconnected action modules, each module will set its own output to zero if it reads a higher input than its own in any other module. In 1986, Rodney Brooks introduced behavior-based artificial intelligence. Winner-take-all architectures for ac... | Winner-take-all in action selection | 0.795977 |
99,260 | He outlined his programme in his talk at the 1958 International Congress of Mathematicians. His foundational work on algebraic geometry is at a higher level of abstraction than all prior versions. | Alexander Grothendieck | 0.795977 |
99,261 | André Sainte-Laguë (French pronunciation: , 20 April 1882, Saint-Martin-Curton – 18 January 1950) was a French mathematician who was a pioneer in the area of graph theory. His research on seat allocation methods (published in 1910) led to one being named after him, the Sainte-Laguë method. Also named after him is the ... | André Sainte-Laguë | 0.795977 |
99,262 | This results in a general life expectancy of 10 to 15 years. These materials are also available in colors, but are subject to limited manufacturing runs. Tio2 (Titanium Dioxide) Top coating "Titan W": TITAN W is a surface finish whose formulation was prepared by Naizil S.p.A. in collaboration with the Chemical Engineer... | Fabric structure | 0.795977 |
99,263 | He also facilitated the use of differential equations, in particular introducing the Euler–Mascheroni constant: γ = lim n → ∞ ( 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + ⋯ + 1 n − ln ( n ) ) . {\displaystyle \gamma =\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{4}}+\cdots +{\frac {1}{n}}-\ln(n)\right).} | Contributions of Leonhard Euler to mathematics | 0.795977 |
99,264 | Owen McCarty is an American biomedical engineer who studies the dynamics of the vascular system in the context of cancer metastasis, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation. He is the Douglas Strain Professor and Chair of the Biomedical Engineering Department at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) and a fellow o... | Owen McCarty | 0.795977 |
99,265 | Endomyocardial biopsy samples are assessed for histopathology (how the tissue looks like under the microscope): myocardial interstitium may show abundant edema and inflammatory infiltrate, rich in lymphocytes and macrophages. Focal destruction of myocytes explains the myocardial pump failure. In addition samples may be... | Viral myocarditis | 0.795977 |
99,266 | Neurosecurity is a distinct concept from neuroethics; neurosecurity is effectively a way of enforcing a set of neuroethical principles for a neural device. Neurosecurity is also distinct from the application of neuroscience to national security, a topic that is addressed in Mind Wars: Brain Research and National Defens... | Neurosecurity | 0.795977 |
99,267 | Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analysing, modifying, and synthesizing signals such as sound, images, and scientific measurements. For example, with a filter g, an inverse filter h is one such that the sequence of applying g then h to a signal results in the original signal. Soft... | Inverse filter | 0.795977 |
99,268 | In the 1948 reprint/edit of his 1930 novel Skylark Three, E. E. Smith postulated a series of 'subelectrons of the first and second type' with the latter being fundamental particles that were associated with the gravitation force. While this may not have been an element of the original novel (the scientific basis of som... | Preon matter | 0.795976 |
99,269 | The calculus of the oral cavity is the result of mineralization of and around dead microorganisms; this calculus can then be colonized by living bacteria. Dental calculus can be present on supragingival and subgingival surfaces. | Dental bacteria | 0.795976 |
99,270 | Gerhard Hessenberg (German: ; 16 August 1874 – 16 November 1925) was a German mathematician who worked in projective geometry, differential geometry, and set theory. | Gerhard Hessenberg | 0.795976 |
99,271 | The k shortest path routing is a good alternative for: Geographic path planning Network routing, especially in optical mesh network where there are additional constraints that cannot be solved by using ordinary shortest path algorithms. Hypothesis generation in computational linguistics Sequence alignment and metabolic... | K shortest path routing | 0.795976 |
99,272 | In the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry, Toponogov's theorem (named after Victor Andreevich Toponogov) is a triangle comparison theorem. It is one of a family of comparison theorems that quantify the assertion that a pair of geodesics emanating from a point p spread apart more slowly in a region of high curvat... | Toponogov theorem | 0.795976 |
99,273 | A process is also considered out of control if there are seven consecutive points, still inside the control limits but on one single side of the mean. For normally distributed statistics, the area bracketed by the control limits will on average contain 99.73% of all the plot points on the chart, as long as the process ... | Process Window Index | 0.795976 |
99,274 | They are valid in any Jordan algebra. This was conjectured by Jacobson and proved in Macdonald (1960): Macdonald showed that if a polynomial identity in three variables, linear in the third, is valid in any special Jordan algebra, then it holds in all Jordan algebras.In fact for c in A and F(a) a function on A with val... | Structure group (Jordan algebra) | 0.795976 |
99,275 | In geometry, a focaloid is a shell bounded by two concentric, confocal ellipses (in 2D) or ellipsoids (in 3D). When the thickness of the shell becomes negligible, it is called a thin focaloid. | Focaloid | 0.795975 |
99,276 | He also joined the Ryerson Astronomical Society. In 1954, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts with general and special honors in what he quipped was "nothing". In 1955, he earned a Bachelor of Science in physics. | Carl Sagan | 0.795975 |
99,277 | More generally, if an algebraic object represents a geometric object, but is expressed in terms of a particular basis, then it is necessary to, when the basis is changed, also change the representation. Physicists will often call this representation of a geometric object a tensor if it transforms under a sequence of li... | Relative tensor | 0.795975 |
99,278 | In Peru, a medical intern is a seventh year medical student who must complete the specialties of internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, and pediatrics. Some universities include mental health in the seventh year curriculum. Some hospitals pay interns. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia has an internsh... | Internship (medicine) | 0.795975 |
99,279 | In mathematics, a split-biquaternion is a hypercomplex number of the form q = w + x i + y j + z k {\displaystyle q=w+xi+yj+zk} where w, x, y, and z are split-complex numbers and i, j, and k multiply as in the quaternion group. Since each coefficient w, x, y, z spans two real dimensions, the split-biquaternion is an ele... | Split-biquaternion | 0.795975 |
99,280 | Another perspective to look at how climate change creates conditions that facilitate invasions is to consider the changes in the environment that have an impact on species survival. These changes in environmental conditions include temperature (terrestrial and marine), precipitation, chemistry (terrestrial and marine),... | Climate change and invasive species | 0.795974 |
99,281 | According to Brian Blank: For mathematicians with a general interest in physics, Penrose’s book will be self-recommending. Other mathematicians may find it useful to scan The Road to Reality, if only to glimpse the extent to which mathematical constructs infuse theoretical physics. There are a great many competing book... | The Road to Reality | 0.795974 |
99,282 | Private funding for research comes from philanthropists, crowd-funding, private companies, non-profit foundations, and professional organizations. Philanthropists and foundations have been pouring millions of dollars into a wide variety of scientific investigations, including basic research discovery, disease cures, pa... | Funding of science | 0.795974 |
99,283 | WG2: Physics xTCA Software Architectures and Protocols Working GroupWG2 will define a common set of software architectures and supporting infrastructure to facilitate inter-operability and portability of both hardware and software modules among the various applications developed for the Physics xTCA platform and that w... | Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture | 0.795974 |
99,284 | Given a countable first-order language L and an L-structure M, any definable subset D of M that is strongly minimal gives rise to a pregeometry on the set D. The closure operator here is given by the algebraic closure in the model-theoretic sense. A model of a strongly minimal theory is determined up to isomorphism by ... | Pregeometry (model theory) | 0.795974 |
99,285 | The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). The two operations are invers... | Newton–Leibniz axiom | 0.795973 |
99,286 | "Although the formulation of Turing we have presented is closer in spirit to that originally given by Emil Post, it was Turing's analysis of the computation that has made this formulation seem so appropriate. This language has played a fundamental role in theoretical computer science." (Davis et al. (1994) p. | Post-Turing Model | 0.795973 |
99,287 | Cooperation between agents – in this case, algorithms and humans – depends on trust. If humans are to accept algorithmic prescriptions, they need to trust them. Incompleteness in formal trust criteria is a barrier to optimization. | Interpretability (machine learning) | 0.795973 |
99,288 | Since then, chess enthusiasts and computer engineers have built, with increasing degrees of seriousness and success, chess-playing machines and computer programs. One of the few chess grandmasters to devote himself seriously to computer chess was former World Chess Champion Mikhail Botvinnik, who wrote several works on... | Chess-playing program | 0.795973 |
99,289 | One cause was the discovery in 1982 by Celso Costa of a surface that disproved the conjecture that the plane, the catenoid, and the helicoid are the only complete embedded minimal surfaces in R3 of finite topological type. This not only stimulated new work on using the old parametric methods, but also demonstrated the ... | Minimal surface equation | 0.795972 |
99,290 | In microbiology, it is used in the MacConkey agar to differentiate bacteria for lactose fermentation. Neutral red can be used as a vital stain. The Neutral Red Cytotoxicity Assay was first developed by Ellen Borenfreund in 1984. | Neutral red | 0.795972 |
99,291 | and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University in 1986 and 1989 respectively. He was a Research Staff Member at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, and then at the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. He then became a faculty membe... | Ragunathan Rajkumar | 0.795972 |
99,292 | MEDs, defined in the main BGP standard, were originally intended to show to another neighbor AS the advertising AS's preference as to which of several links are preferred for inbound traffic. Another application of MEDs is to advertise the value, typically based on delay, of multiple ASs that have a presence at an IXP,... | BGP communities | 0.795972 |
99,293 | Instead, it is a whole interlocking group of hypotheses, background assumptions, and theories that is tested. This thesis has come to be known as confirmation holism. This inevitable holism, according to Duhem, renders crucial experiments impossible. More generally, Duhem was critical of Newton's description of the met... | Pierre Duhem | 0.795972 |
99,294 | Even though they performed an important role, the Harvard Computers were paid less than factory workers.By the 1890s, women computers were college graduates looking for jobs where they could use their training in a useful way. Florence Tebb Weldon, was part of this group and provided computations relating to biology an... | Women in computing | 0.795971 |
99,295 | There are several associations managed by school's students: - l'Amicale (BDE) (or Student Union ): It manages the associative and festive life of the school, organizes students foyer's functioning, publishes students' directory and organizes events like, for example, new students integration's weekend. About ten clubs... | École européenne de chimie, polymères et matériaux | 0.795971 |
99,296 | Depending on the volume requirements, three different types of equipment are used for process research, development and optimization, namely bench-scale laboratories for gram to 100 gram, kilo-labs for kg to 10 kg and pilot plants for 100 kg to ton quantities. Particularities of laboratory processes that have to be eli... | Fine chemicals | 0.795971 |
99,297 | Various different variants of skeleton can also be found, including straight skeletons, morphological skeletons, etc. In the technical literature, the concepts of skeleton and medial axis are used interchangeably by some authors, while some other authors regard them as related, but not the same. Similarly, the concepts... | Topological skeletons | 0.795971 |
99,298 | His research has contributed to the fields of: Analog circuits and analog computation Molecular, systems, and synthetic biology Ultra-low-power and ultra-energy-efficient systems Energy-harvesting design Glucose-powered medical implants Bioelectronics Bio-inspired and biomimetic systems Cytomorphic (cell-inspired) syst... | Rahul Sarpeshkar | 0.79597 |
99,299 | Roderich Moessner is a theoretical physicist at the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany. His research interests are in condensed matter and materials physics, especially concerning new and topological forms of order, as well as the study of classical and quantum many-body dynamic... | Roderich Moessner | 0.79597 |
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