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4,400 | Egyptian algebra problems appear in both the Rhind mathematical papyrus and the Moscow mathematical papyrus as well as several other sources. Aha problems involve finding unknown quantities (referred to as Aha) if the sum of the quantity and part(s) of it are given. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus also contains four of ... | Numeration by Hieroglyphics | 0.832559 |
4,401 | gcc and clang offer the -mno-red-zone flag to disable red-zone optimizations. If the callee is a variadic function, then the number of floating point arguments passed to the function in vector registers must be provided by the caller in the AL register. : 55 Unlike the Microsoft calling convention, a shadow space is no... | X86 calling conventions | 0.832559 |
4,402 | The following properties of finitely presented groups are Markov and therefore are algorithmically undecidable by the Adian–Rabin theorem: Being the trivial group. Being a finite group. Being an abelian group. Being a free group. | Adian–Rabin theorem | 0.832546 |
4,403 | For NP-complete discrete optimization problems, current research literature includes the following topics: polynomial-time exactly solvable special cases of the problem at hand (e.g. fixed-parameter tractable problems) algorithms that perform well on "random" instances (e.g. for the traveling salesman problem) approxim... | Combinatorial Optimization | 0.832546 |
4,404 | The algebra of sets is the set-theoretic analogue of the algebra of numbers. Just as arithmetic addition and multiplication are associative and commutative, so are set union and intersection; just as the arithmetic relation "less than or equal" is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive, so is the set relation of "subs... | Algebra of sets | 0.832544 |
4,405 | Robert Schapire's affirmative answer in a 1990 paper to the question of Kearns and Valiant has had significant ramifications in machine learning and statistics, most notably leading to the development of boosting.When first introduced, the hypothesis boosting problem simply referred to the process of turning a weak lea... | Boosting (meta-algorithm) | 0.832542 |
4,406 | Every call in CPS is a tail call, and the continuation is explicitly passed. Using CPS without tail call optimization (TCO) will cause not only the constructed continuation to potentially grow during recursion, but also the call stack. This is usually undesirable, but has been used in interesting ways—see the Chicken S... | Direct style | 0.832542 |
4,407 | making deadly viruses harder to engineer global efforts to end research into developing dangerous new diseases measures that don't rely on relevant technological equipment and biotechnology products (as well as data and knowledge) only being available to registered scientists and all of these scientists to act responsi... | Pandemic prevention | 0.83254 |
4,408 | Because CAD programs running on computers "understand" the true geometry comprising complex shapes, many attributes of/for a 3‑D solid, such as its center of gravity, volume, and mass, can be quickly calculated. For instance, the cube with rounded edges shown at the top of this article measures 8.4 mm from flat to flat... | Solid modeling | 0.832539 |
4,409 | The Serine octamer cluster in physical chemistry is an unusually stable cluster consisting of eight serine molecules (Ser) implicated in the origin of homochirality. This cluster was first discovered in mass spectrometry experiments. Electrospray ionization of an aerosol of serine in methanol results in a mass spectrum... | Serine octamer cluster | 0.832538 |
4,410 | Cell biology Metabolism Genetics Microbiology/immunology | GRE Biology Test | 0.832533 |
4,411 | FET considers emotionality traits as systems amplifying three dynamical aspects of behaviour presented in the three columns of the model. Amplification of orientation aspects emerges in the trait of Neuroticism; amplification of speed of integration (i.e. immature integration) emerges as Impulsivity and amplification o... | Functional Ensemble of Temperament | 0.832526 |
4,412 | The latter, in turn, is smaller than or equal to the result from Calculation N. In the case of semiconductors, the lowest-laying unoccupied energies from the three calculations are generally the same, up to 6 to 10 eV or above, depending on the material, if the sizes of the basis sets of the three calculations are not ... | Rayleigh theorem for eigenvalues | 0.832523 |
4,413 | The optimization of the photovoltaic system for a specific environment can be complicated as issues of solar flux, soiling, and snow losses should be taken into effect. In addition, later work has shown that spectral effects can play a role in optimal photovoltaic material selection. For example, the spectrum of the al... | Photovoltaic solar arrays | 0.832522 |
4,414 | There is no official declared syllabus which determines the scope of the problems presented to the students. However, all problems can be solved without the use of calculus. | Australian Mathematics Competition | 0.832519 |
4,415 | A Voronoi diagram is a specific type of map-segmentation problem. Fair cake-cutting, when the cake is two-dimensional, is another specific map-segmentation problem when the cake is two-dimensional, like in the Hill–Beck land division problem. The Stone–Tukey theorem is related to a specific map-segmentation problem. ==... | Map segmentation | 0.832517 |
4,416 | in physics at Cornell University in 1975 under Carl Sagan. His research interests are in cloud physics, atmospheric chemistry, and radiative transfer. | Owen Toon | 0.832515 |
4,417 | In algebra, the kernel of a homomorphism (function that preserves the structure) is generally the inverse image of 0 (except for groups whose operation is denoted multiplicatively, where the kernel is the inverse image of 1). An important special case is the kernel of a linear map. The kernel of a matrix, also called t... | Kernel (algebra) | 0.832513 |
4,418 | Four of the Balmer lines are in the technically "visible" part of the spectrum, with wavelengths longer than 400 nm and shorter than 700 nm. Parts of the Balmer series can be seen in the solar spectrum. H-alpha is an important line used in astronomy to detect the presence of hydrogen. | Spectral series | 0.832508 |
4,419 | ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing) is a technique used in molecular biology to assess genome-wide chromatin accessibility. In 2013, the technique was first described as an alternative advanced method for MNase-seq, FAIRE-Seq and DNase-Seq. ATAC-seq is a faster and more sensitive anal... | ATAC-seq | 0.832506 |
4,420 | The semiring's zero is the empty relation and its unit is the identity relation. These relations correspond to the matrix semiring (indeed, matrix semialgebra) of square matrices indexed by U {\displaystyle U} with entries in the Boolean semiring, and then addition and multiplication are the usual matrix operations, wh... | Semiring | 0.832505 |
4,421 | This was also generalized to odd primes and to compact Lie groups in Mislin & Thévenaz (1991), which also contains several useful results in the finite case. Henke & Semeraro (2015) have also studied an extension of the Z* theorem to pairs of groups (G, H) with H a normal subgroup of G. == Works cited == | Z* theorem | 0.832504 |
4,422 | They do this by restricting the parent candidate set to k nodes and exhaustively searching therein. A particularly fast method for exact BN learning is to cast the problem as an optimization problem, and solve it using integer programming. Acyclicity constraints are added to the integer program (IP) during solving in t... | Belief networks | 0.832503 |
4,423 | Let G be a finite abelian group of cardinality n. Denote its group operation by multiplication. Consider a primitive element α ∈ G and another element β ∈ G. The discrete logarithm problem is to find the positive integer k, where 1 ≤ k ≤ n, such that: α k = α ⋅ α ⋅ … ⋅ α ⏟ k t i m e s = β {\displaystyle \alpha ^{k}=\un... | One-way functions | 0.832502 |
4,424 | Probability and gambling have been ideas since long before the invention of poker. The development of probability theory in the late 1400s was attributed to gambling; when playing a game with high stakes, players wanted to know what the chance of winning would be. In 1494, Fra Luca Paccioli released his work Summa de a... | Poker probability | 0.832502 |
4,425 | In molecular biology, the myogenic determination factor 5 proteins are a family of proteins found in eukaryotes. This family includes the Myf5 protein, which is responsible for directing cells to the skeletal myocyte lineage during development. Myf5 is likely to act in a similar way to the other MRF4 proteins such as M... | Myogenic determination factor 5 | 0.832501 |
4,426 | Elasticity coefficients can be calculated either algebraically or by numerical means. | Elasticity Coefficient | 0.832499 |
4,427 | The integers, rational numbers, and real numbers can all be formalized in the subsystem RCA0, along with complete separable metric spaces and continuous functions between them (Simpson 2009, Chapter II). The research program of reverse mathematics uses these formalizations of mathematics in second-order arithmetic to s... | Second-order arithmetic | 0.832498 |
4,428 | The Role of Great Equations in Life by Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center of Physics. Tribimaximal mixing and leptogenesis in a seesaw model, Riazuddin, Islamabad. Dirac equation in (1+2) dimensions for quasi-particles in graphene and quantum field theory of their Coulomb interaction. | Riazuddin (physicist) | 0.832497 |
4,429 | (For if the theories should be different, then one of them should contain theorems not contained by the other theory. These theorems can be derived from their own theory's axiom set: but as has been shown this entire axiom set can be derived from the other theory's axiom set, which means that the given theorems can act... | Frege's propositional calculus | 0.832496 |
4,430 | These are finite groups that may be used as building blocks for constructing arbitrary finite groups in the same way that prime numbers can be used to construct arbitrary whole numbers by taking products. One of the major achievements of contemporary group theory is the classification of finite simple groups, a mathema... | Gauge–gravity duality | 0.832492 |
4,431 | Moreover, if the system T is ω-consistent, then it will never prove that a particular polynomial equation has a solution when in fact there is no solution in the integers. Thus, if T were complete and ω-consistent, it would be possible to determine algorithmically whether a polynomial equation has a solution by merely ... | Gödel incompleteness theorem | 0.832491 |
4,432 | In the early 1960s, the only test was for phenylketonuria. In 2000, roughly two-thirds of states in the US screened for 10 or fewer genetic diseases in newborns. Notably, in 2007, 95% of states in the US screen for more than 30 different genetic diseases in newborns. Especially as costs have come down, newborn genetic ... | Public health genomics | 0.832491 |
4,433 | In the three-body problem, parameters can also be assigned specific values; however, the solution at these assigned values or a collection of such solutions does not reveal the mathematical structure of the problem. As in many other problems, the mathematical structure can be elucidated only by examining the differenti... | Analytical mechanics | 0.83249 |
4,434 | Electrons and their interactions with electromagnetic fields are important in our understanding of chemistry and physics. In the classical view, the energy of an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is larger for orbits further from the nucleus of an atom. However, quantum mechanical effects force electrons to take on d... | Stimulated Emission | 0.832488 |
4,435 | Virtual karyotypes have dramatically higher resolution than conventional cytogenetics. The actual resolution will depend on the density of probes on the array. Currently, the Affymetrix SNP6.0 is the highest density commercially available array for virtual karyotyping applications. | Virtual Karyotype | 0.832483 |
4,436 | A study examined a detailed cross-layer dissection of the MPX system stack and comparison with three prominent software-based memory protection mechanisms (AddressSanitizer, SAFECode, and SoftBound) and presents the following conclusions. Even though Intel MPX is a specially designed hardware-assisted approach with its... | Intel MPX | 0.832481 |
4,437 | The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model. Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. Matter can be studied in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states, in isolation or in combination. The in... | Chemical Science | 0.832477 |
4,438 | The solution of this problem is important to classical mechanics, since many naturally occurring forces are central. Examples include gravity and electromagnetism as described by Newton's law of universal gravitation and Coulomb's law, respectively. The problem is also important because some more complicated problems i... | Central force motion | 0.832477 |
4,439 | Bioinformatics is the field that deals with the analysis, Sucking, and use of biological data. This usually means topics such as genomics and proteomics, and sometimes also includes medical image computing. | Information engineering | 0.832476 |
4,440 | People who have underlying health conditions are also considered at-risk, including those who have congenital or chronic heart problems or lung (e.g. asthma), kidney, liver, blood, neurological, or metabolic (e.g. diabetes) disorders, as are people who are immunocompromised from chemotherapy, asplenia, prolonged steroi... | Influenza | 0.832473 |
4,441 | Since NET-seq extracts transcripts that have not completed transcription, it is possible to obtain single-nucleotide resolution on the most recently synthesized nucleotide of transcripts. This is valuable in the study of phenomena such as transcriptional kinetics. Furthermore, it allows for the study of unstable transc... | Time-resolved RNA sequencing | 0.83247 |
4,442 | Examples include the hydrogen atom, positronium and muonium, which have all played important roles as model systems for testing physical theories and measuring constants of nature.The Kepler problem and the simple harmonic oscillator problem are the two most fundamental problems in classical mechanics. They are the onl... | Keplerian problem | 0.832466 |
4,443 | The first focuses on low-level aspects, looking for artifacts introduced by the generators at the sample level. The second, instead, focus on higher-level features representing more complex aspects as the semantic content of the speech audio recording. Many machine learning and deep learning models have been developed ... | Audio deepfake | 0.832464 |
4,444 | Semilattices can also be defined algebraically: join and meet are associative, commutative, idempotent binary operations, and any such operation induces a partial order (and the respective inverse order) such that the result of the operation for any two elements is the least upper bound (or greatest lower bound) of the... | Join semilattice | 0.832463 |
4,445 | Machine learning is commonly separated into three main learning paradigms, supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. Each corresponds to a particular learning task. | Neural network models | 0.832462 |
4,446 | Irrespective of whether this neurological metaphor is correct or, more generally, the modern application of neuroscience terminology and concepts to plants is appropriate, the Darwinian idea of the root tip of plants functioning as a "brain-like" organ (together with the so-called "root-brain hypothesis") has experienc... | Plant cognition | 0.83246 |
4,447 | "Tensor Considered Harmful". Harvard NLP. See Tensor (machine learning). | Considered harmful | 0.83246 |
4,448 | In order to make optimum use of the available space, systems consisting of inner and outer arc springs are often used. In addition, the spring characteristic can be influenced by other parameters such as the cross-sectional geometry of the wire, the coil diameter or the number of coils. CAD configurators, which generat... | Arc spring | 0.832459 |
4,449 | There are two main types: reciprocal and Robertsonian. transmission genetics The branch of genetics that studies the mechanisms involved in the transfer of genes from parents to offspring. transposable element (TE) Also transposon. | Glossary of genetics (M–Z) | 0.832458 |
4,450 | There exist more complicated algebraic solutions for cubic equations and quartic equations. The Abel–Ruffini theorem,: 211 and, more generally Galois theory, state that some quintic equations, such as x 5 − x + 1 = 0 , {\displaystyle x^{5}-x+1=0,} do not have any algebraic solution. The same is true for every higher de... | Solution in radicals | 0.832457 |
4,451 | They then apply this to the group algebras of G and H over any commutative ring R. They define a minimum combinatorial depth d c ( H , G ) {\displaystyle d_{c}(H,G)} of a subgroup H of a finite group G mimicking the definition of depth of a subring but using G-sets and G-set homomorphisms instead of modules and module ... | Depth two subring | 0.832456 |
4,452 | In mathematics, a cubic plane curve is a plane algebraic curve C defined by a cubic equation F ( x , y , z ) = 0 {\displaystyle F(x,y,z)=0} applied to homogeneous coordinates ( x: y: z ) {\displaystyle (x:y:z)} for the projective plane; or the inhomogeneous version for the affine space determined by setting z = 1 in su... | Darboux cubic | 0.832455 |
4,453 | Molecular systematics is the product of the traditional fields of systematics and molecular genetics. It uses DNA, RNA, or protein sequences to resolve questions in systematics, i.e. about their correct scientific classification or taxonomy from the point of view of evolutionary biology. Molecular systematics has been ... | Protein evolution | 0.832455 |
4,454 | The generators of a free Boolean algebra can represent independent propositions. Consider, for example, the propositions "John is tall" and "Mary is rich". These generate a Boolean algebra with four atoms, namely: John is tall, and Mary is rich; John is tall, and Mary is not rich; John is not tall, and Mary is rich; Jo... | Free Boolean algebra | 0.832453 |
4,455 | An example of the above is the standard definition of the complex numbers as C = R / ( X 2 + 1 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} =\mathbb {R} \;/\left(X^{2}+1\right).} If a polynomial P has an irreducible factor Q over K, which has a degree greater than one, one may apply to Q the preceding construction of an algebraic e... | Reducible polynomial | 0.832451 |
4,456 | Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoningMathematical logic Proof theory Set theory Formal system Predicate logic Predicate Higher-order logic Propositional calculus Proposition Boolean algebra Boolean logic Truth value Venn diagram Peirce's law Aristotelian logic Non-Aristotelian logic Informal logic... | Outline of logic | 0.832449 |
4,457 | If we begin from a fairly "thick" infinite set A {\displaystyle A} , does it contain many elements in arithmetic progression: a {\displaystyle a} , a + b , a + 2 b , a + 3 b , … , a + 10 b {\displaystyle a+b,a+2b,a+3b,\ldots ,a+10b} , say? Should it be possible to write large integers as sums of elements of A {\display... | Number theorists | 0.832449 |
4,458 | While infinite groups are not closed under taking submonoids. The class of finite groups is a variety of finite semigroups, while it is not a subvariety of the variety of (arbitrary) semigroups. Thus, Reiterman's theorem shows that this class can be defined using profinite identities. | Variety of finite semigroups | 0.832446 |
4,459 | Calculating the blackbody curve was a major challenge in theoretical physics during the late nineteenth century. The problem was solved in 1901 by Max Planck in the formalism now known as Planck's law of blackbody radiation. By making changes to Wien's radiation law (not to be confused with Wien's displacement law) con... | Black body spectrum | 0.832444 |
4,460 | It has been shown to be the quickest and cheapest method, only costing less than two hundred dollars and a few days of time. CRISPR also requires the least amount of expertise in molecular biology as the design lays in the guide RNA instead of the proteins. One major advantage that CRISPR has over the ZFN and TALEN met... | Cytosine base editing | 0.83244 |
4,461 | As a general design rule, the material properties of the object need to be greater than the forces anticipated during its use. (i.e. geometry, loads, etc.). The engineering work will consist of having a good model to evaluate the function. | Adhesive | 0.832439 |
4,462 | Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit, rule-based algorithms is infeasible. Example applications include spam filtering, optical character recognition (OCR), search engines and computer vision. | Theoretical computer scientist | 0.832439 |
4,463 | The modern understanding of genetics and the techniques available for modifying DNA allow scientists to genetically modify proteins to also carry a fluorescent protein reporter. In biological samples this allows a scientist to directly make a protein of interest fluorescent. The protein location can then be directly tr... | Fluorescence microscopy | 0.832435 |
4,464 | This is comparable to the energy density of a chemical bond such as in a water molecule. Thus at 1 Mbar, chemistry as we know it changes. Experiments at NIF now routinely probe matter at 100 Mbar. | High energy density physics | 0.832432 |
4,465 | The first documented treatment of the problem is in chapter III, section III of Ernst Mach's textbook The Science of Mechanics, first published in 1883. There, Mach reported that the device showed "no distinct rotation." In the early 1940s (and apparently without awareness of Mach's earlier discussion), the problem beg... | Feynman sprinkler | 0.832429 |
4,466 | The only question was how the charge of the added holes was compensated. Our first thought was that the charge was compensated by surface states. Shockley later suggested that the charge was compensated by electrons in the bulk and suggested the junction transistor geometry... Later experiments carried out by Brattain ... | Walter Houser Brattain | 0.832427 |
4,467 | Historically, sometimes lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac) were included in the group instead of lutetium and lawrencium, because the electron configurations of many of the rare earths were initially measured wrongly. This version of group 3 is still commonly found in textbooks, but most authors focusing on the subject a... | Scandium group | 0.832427 |
4,468 | If n is an integer, then the integers modulo n form a ring. If n=pq where p and q are primes, then the Chinese remainder theorem tells us that Z / n Z ≃ Z / p Z × Z / q Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /n\mathbb {Z} \simeq \mathbb {Z} /p\mathbb {Z} \times \mathbb {Z} /q\mathbb {Z} } The group of units of any ring form a gr... | Higher residuosity problem | 0.832426 |
4,469 | The algebra of sets is an interpretation or model of Boolean algebra, with union, intersection, set complement, U, and {} interpreting Boolean sum, product, complement, 1, and 0, respectively. The properties below are stated without proof, but can be derived from a small number of properties taken as axioms. A "*" foll... | Simple theorems in the algebra of sets | 0.832421 |
4,470 | Addition of cardinals 3. α+ is the smallest cardinal greater than α 4. B+ is the poset of nonzero elements of a Boolean algebra B 5. The inclusive or operation in a Boolean algebra. | Glossary of set theory | 0.832419 |
4,471 | The study of the relationships between complexity classes is a major area of research in theoretical computer science. There are often general hierarchies of complexity classes; for example, it is known that a number of fundamental time and space complexity classes relate to each other in the following way: NL⊆P⊆NP⊆PSP... | Complexity classes | 0.832416 |
4,472 | A sorted array is an array data structure in which each element is sorted in numerical, alphabetical, or some other order, and placed at equally spaced addresses in computer memory. It is typically used in computer science to implement static lookup tables to hold multiple values which have the same data type. Sorting ... | Sorted array | 0.832415 |
4,473 | A problem is regarded as solved when the particles coordinates at time t are expressed as simple functions of t and of parameters defining the initial positions and velocities. However, 'simple function' is not a well-defined concept: nowadays, a function f(t) is not regarded as a formal expression in t (elementary fun... | Analytical mechanics | 0.832414 |
4,474 | Results on commonly used evaluation sets such as TIMIT (ASR) and MNIST (image classification), as well as a range of large-vocabulary speech recognition tasks have steadily improved. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were superseded for ASR by CTC for LSTM. but are more successful in computer vision. | Deep Learning | 0.832412 |
4,475 | Negation or complement ¬x0 appears as 1f1 and again as 2f5, along with 2f3 (¬x1, which did not appear at arity 1), disjunction or union x0∨x1 as 2f14, conjunction or intersection x0∧x1 as 2f8, implication x0→x1 as 2f13, exclusive-or symmetric difference x0⊕x1 as 2f6, set difference x0−x1 as 2f2, and so on. As a minor d... | Power set algebra | 0.832402 |
4,476 | Richard G. Budynas is professor of mechanical engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology. He is author of a newly revised McGraw-Hill textbook, Applied Strength and Applied Stress Analysis, 2nd Edition. Ali M. Sadegh is a professor and the Founder and Director of the Center for Advanced Engineering Design at The ... | Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strain | 0.832402 |
4,477 | Then given a query in natural language, the embedding for the query can be generated. A top k similarity search algorithm is then used between the query embedding and the document chunk embeddings to retrieve the most relevant document chunks as context information for question answering tasks. This approach is also kn... | Sentence embedding | 0.832402 |
4,478 | DIMACS sponsors implementation challenges to determine practical algorithm performance on problems of interest. There have been eleven DIMACS challenges so far. 1990-1991: Network Flows and Matching 1992-1992: NP-Hard Problems: Max Clique, Graph Coloring, and SAT 1993-1994: Parallel Algorithms for Combinatorial Problem... | DIMACS | 0.832402 |
4,479 | An important example is a finite geometry. For instance, in a finite plane, X is the set of points and Y is the set of lines. In a finite geometry of higher dimension, X could be the set of points and Y could be the set of subspaces of dimension one less than the dimension of the entire space (hyperplanes); or, more ge... | Incidence matrix | 0.832398 |
4,480 | Assume p q is equal to 16 × 31, or 31 is to q as p is to 16. Now p cannot divide 16 or it would be amongst the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. Therefore, 31 cannot divide q. And since 31 does not divide q and q measures 496, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic implies that q must divide 16 and be amongst the numbers 1, 2, ... | Powers of two | 0.832394 |
4,481 | Bioinformatic analysis identified four methyltransferases within the cluster. Bioinformatics suggest that btmB, is an O-methyltransferase, while the other three, btmC, G and K, are radical S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) methyltransferases. The radical SAM methyltransferases are believed to β-methylate amino acid residues ... | Bottromycin | 0.832392 |
4,482 | The term "Maxwell's equations" is often also used for equivalent alternative formulations. Versions of Maxwell's equations based on the electric and magnetic scalar potentials are preferred for explicitly solving the equations as a boundary value problem, analytical mechanics, or for use in quantum mechanics. The covar... | Maxwells equations | 0.832391 |
4,483 | Meta-predictors show a new concept, combining different primary predictors to create a more competent and exact predictor. Due to the different approaches of predicting disordered proteins, estimating their relative accuracy is fairly difficult. For example, neural networks are often trained on different datasets. The ... | Activation loop | 0.83238 |
4,484 | Instead, virtual memory pages in both processes may refer to the same pages of physical memory until one of them writes to such a page: then it is copied. This optimization is important in the common case where fork is used in conjunction with exec to execute a new program: typically, the child process performs only a ... | Fork (system call) | 0.832376 |
4,485 | If we drop the condition on the distinguished element e, we obtain "J-structures without identity". These are related to isotopes of Jordan algebras. | J-structure | 0.832376 |
4,486 | Other statistics and probabilistic models can be used to measure such conservation. The first ncRNA discovery method to use structural conservation was QRNA, which compared the probabilities of an alignment of two sequences based on either an RNA model or a model in which only the primary sequence conserved. Work in th... | Bioinformatics discovery of non-coding RNAs | 0.832375 |
4,487 | Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, logic, economics, and appropriate experience or tacit knowledge to find suitable solutions to a particular problem. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem often allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions.Mor... | Engineering | 0.832371 |
4,488 | Many graphing calculators can be attached to devices like electronic thermometers, pH gauges, weather instruments, decibel and light meters, accelerometers, and other sensors and therefore function as data loggers, as well as WiFi or other communication modules for monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. ... | Graphics calculator | 0.832369 |
4,489 | Unlike a deterministic algorithm, which gives the same result for the same input regardless of the number of iterations, a non-deterministic algorithm takes various paths to arrive to different outputs. Non-deterministic algorithms are helpful for obtaining approximate answers when deriving a precise solution using a d... | Abstract computer | 0.832367 |
4,490 | It follows that all solutions of a system of polynomial equations with a finite number of projective zeros can be determined in time d O ( n ) . {\displaystyle d^{O(n)}.} Although this bound is large, it is nearly optimal in the following sense: if all input degrees are equal, then the time complexity of the procedure ... | Resultant | 0.832367 |
4,491 | On the other hand, analyzing the genetic (or whole genome) sequence data requires specialized computational methods to fit models of transmission. Consequently, molecular source attribution is a highly interdisciplinary area of molecular epidemiology that incorporates concepts and skills from mathematical statistics an... | Source attribution | 0.832364 |
4,492 | The elementary statements that belong to T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} are called the elementary theorems of T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} and are said to be true. In this way, a theory can be seen as a way of designating a subset of E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} that only contain statements that are true. Thi... | Logical theory | 0.832363 |
4,493 | Commutators were used as simple forward-off-reverse switches for electrical experiments in physics laboratories. There are two well-known historical types: | Commutator (electric) | 0.832361 |
4,494 | This is useful for many areas of research including immunology and stem cell research. High quality of modern microscopes and imaging software also permits subcellular imaging in live animals that in turn allows studying cell biology at molecular level in vivo. | Intravital microscopy | 0.832352 |
4,495 | Researchers such as Francisco J. Ayala have more fundamentally challenged the molecular clock hypothesis. According to Ayala's 1999 study, five factors combine to limit the application of molecular clock models: Changing generation times (If the rate of new mutations depends at least partly on the number of generations... | Molecular clocks | 0.83235 |
4,496 | In mathematics, especially homological algebra and other applications of abelian category theory, the five lemma is an important and widely used lemma about commutative diagrams. The five lemma is not only valid for abelian categories but also works in the category of groups, for example. The five lemma can be thought ... | Five Lemma | 0.832346 |
4,497 | In the theory of differential equations, comparison theorems assert particular properties of solutions of a differential equation (or of a system thereof), provided that an auxiliary equation/inequality (or a system thereof) possesses a certain property. Chaplygin inequality Grönwall's inequality, and its various gener... | Comparison theorem | 0.832345 |
4,498 | For a conic, there are a pair of lines that do not intersect the conic at any complex point: these are the two asymptotes of the conic. A plane algebraic curve is defined by an equation of the form P(x,y) = 0 where P is a polynomial of degree n P ( x , y ) = P n ( x , y ) + P n − 1 ( x , y ) + ⋯ + P 1 ( x , y ) + P 0 {... | Asymptote | 0.832345 |
4,499 | I. The Elements of Euclid II. Non-Euclidean geometries III., IV. Projective geometry and conics V,VI,VII. | Luis Santaló | 0.832343 |
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