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81,700 | Bousso has also worked on the black hole information paradox (firewall problem). Since 2018, he has led a consortium of theoretical and experimental physicists exploring and developing the relations between quantum gravity, quantum information, and quantum computing.In 2000, Bousso and Joseph Polchinski argued that str... | Raphael Bousso | 0.799588 |
81,701 | Just as the representation of a Euclidean plane isometry as a rotation is a matter of complex number arithmetic, so Chasles' theorem, and the screw axis required, is a matter of quaternion arithmetic with homographies: Let s be a right versor, or square root of minus one, perpendicular to r, with t = rs. Consider the a... | Quaternionic analysis | 0.799588 |
81,702 | Standard are called those MTL-algebras whose lattice reduct is the real unit interval . They are uniquely determined by the real-valued function that interprets strong conjunction, which can be any left-continuous t-norm ∗ {\displaystyle \ast } . The standard MTL-algebra determined by a left-continuous t-norm ∗ {\displ... | Monoidal t-norm logic | 0.799588 |
81,703 | The paper written by Leonhard Euler on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg and published in 1736 is regarded as the first paper in the history of graph theory. This paper, as well as the one written by Vandermonde on the knight problem, carried on with the analysis situs initiated by Leibniz. Euler's formula relating the n... | Algorithmic graph theory | 0.799588 |
81,704 | Physical implementation of artificial neural networks (ANN) must perform at iso-accuracy when benchmarked against floating point precision weights in software. This sets the boundary for device properties needed for analog deep learning accelerators. In the design of their resisistive processing unit (RPU), IBM Researc... | Electrochemical random-access memory | 0.799588 |
81,705 | The first non-Desarguesian plane was noted by David Hilbert in his Foundations of Geometry. The Moulton plane is a standard illustration. In order to provide a context for such geometry as well as those where Desargues theorem is valid, the concept of a ternary ring was developed by Marshall Hall. In this approach affi... | Affine geometry | 0.799587 |
81,706 | There is also a direct proof: Let R = {x1, x2, ... , xφ(n)} be a reduced residue system (mod n) and let a be any integer coprime to n. The proof hinges on the fundamental fact that multiplication by a permutes the xi: in other words if axj ≡ axk (mod n) then j = k. (This law of cancellation is proved in the article Mul... | Euler's theorem | 0.799587 |
81,707 | In the weighted maximum clique problem, the input is an undirected graph with weights on its vertices (or, less frequently, edges) and the output is a clique with maximum total weight. The maximum clique problem is the special case in which all weights are equal. As well as the problem of optimizing the sum of weights,... | Maximum clique problem | 0.799587 |
81,708 | The variable power from renewable energy such as solar and wind power plants can be used to follow the load or stabilize the grid frequency with the help of various means of storage. For countries that are trending away from coal fired baseload plants and towards intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar, that... | Load following | 0.799587 |
81,709 | Suslin's problem asks: Given a non-empty totally ordered set R with the four properties R does not have a least nor a greatest element; the order on R is dense (between any two distinct elements there is another); the order on R is complete, in the sense that every non-empty bounded subset has a supremum and an infimum... | Suslin problem | 0.799587 |
81,710 | 'Pristine' freshwater sites are sampled to collect information on physical characteristics, chemistry, and macroinvertebrates, sometimes several times each year. This information is then used to predict what invertebrates are present from samples of physiochemistry from other sites. | RIVPACS | 0.799586 |
81,711 | In 2019, the world record for solar cell efficiency at 47.1% was achieved by using multi-junction concentrator solar cells, developed at National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA. The highest efficiencies achieved without concentration include a material by Sharp Corporation at 35.8% using a proprietary tripl... | Photovoltaic power | 0.799586 |
81,712 | Hendrik Kramers explained the Stark effect. Bose and Einstein gave the correct quantum statistics for photons. Kramers gave a prescription for calculating transition probabilities between quantum states in terms of Fourier components of the motion, ideas which were extended in collaboration with Werner Heisenberg to a ... | Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization | 0.799586 |
81,713 | The advent of the 21st century brought a renaissance of pharmacognosy, and its conventional botanical approach has been broadened up to molecular and metabolomic levels.In addition to the previously mentioned definition, the American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of natural product molecu... | Pharmacognosy | 0.799586 |
81,714 | Harden M. McConnell (1988)For his basic studies, which enhanced the power of spectroscopy and increased our understanding of the structural and dynamic properties of membranes in living cells. Herbert C. Brown (1987)For his studies of organoboranes, which revealed important new chemistry and established them as versati... | NAS Award in Chemical Sciences | 0.799586 |
81,715 | The original non-statistical formulation of thermodynamics was asymmetrical in time: it claimed that the entropy in a closed system can only increase with time. This was derived from the Second Law (any of the two, Clausius' or Lord Kelvin's statement can be used since they are equivalent) and using the Clausius' Theor... | Asymmetry | 0.799586 |
81,716 | His research addresses the chemistry and dynamics of Earth's atmosphere, with particular emphasis on observations of trace gases and aerosols and their impact on stratospheric ozone, the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, and radiation balance. His group studies stratospheric ozone depletion over the Arctic, the imp... | Darin Toohey | 0.799586 |
81,717 | It lives in areas with moisture produced by condensation fogs, frequent ground frost on clear nights and sporadic snowfalls. A very hardy species, it grows well in all types of soils as a shrub, withstanding overgrazing. It is indifferent to soil chemistry, living on calcareous, pebbly, stony and poor soils. | Kermes oak | 0.799585 |
81,718 | Comparative biology uses natural variation and disparity to understand the patterns of life at all levels—from genes to communities—and the critical role of organisms in ecosystems. Comparative biology is a cross-lineage approach to understanding the phylogenetic history of individuals or higher taxa and the mechanisms... | Comparative biology | 0.799585 |
81,719 | In 2017, Ed Bass donated another $30 million to the University of Arizona in support of Biosphere 2, endowing two academic positions and setting up the "Philecology Biospheric Research Endowment Fund".Science camps are also held on the premises. These have included a week-long 'space camp' for university undergraduates... | Biosphere 2 | 0.799585 |
81,720 | The Laplacian occurs in many differential equations describing physical phenomena. Poisson's equation describes electric and gravitational potentials; the diffusion equation describes heat and fluid flow; the wave equation describes wave propagation; and the Schrödinger equation describes the wave function in quantum m... | Laplace operator | 0.799585 |
81,721 | The resulting report was highly critical although SHRDLU was favorably mentioned. Pat Hayes visited Stanford where he learned about Planner. When he returned to Edinburgh, he tried to influence his friend Bob Kowalski to take Planner into account in their joint work on automated theorem proving. | Planner programming language | 0.799585 |
81,722 | Digital manufacturing systems often incorporate optimization capabilities to reduce time, cost, and improve the efficiency of most processes. These systems improve optimization of floor schedules, production planning, and decision making. The system analyzes feedback from production, such as deviations or problems in t... | Digital manufacturing | 0.799585 |
81,723 | The distinction between the two is subtle: "higher-order" describes a mathematical concept of functions that operate on other functions, while "first-class" is a computer science term for programming language entities that have no restriction on their use (thus first-class functions can appear anywhere in the program t... | Functional language | 0.799585 |
81,724 | Their BCI used high-density electrocorticography to tap neural activity from a patient's brain and used deep learning methods to synthesize speech. In 2021, researchers from the same group published a study showing the potential of a BCI to decode words and sentences in an anarthric patient who had been unable to speak... | Brain computer interface | 0.799585 |
81,725 | In molecular biology, Glycoside hydrolase family 2 is a family of glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1., which are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based... | Glycoside hydrolase family 2 | 0.799584 |
81,726 | In geometry, the great truncated icosidodecahedron (or great quasitruncated icosidodecahedron or stellatruncated icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U68. It has 62 faces (30 squares, 20 hexagons, and 12 decagrams), 180 edges, and 120 vertices. It is given a Schläfli symbol t0,1,2{5⁄3,3}, an... | Great truncated icosidodecahedron | 0.799584 |
81,727 | Abiogenic petroleum origin – While some petroleum is almost certainly abiogenic, the vast majority has origins as living organisms Catastrophism was largely replaced by uniformitarianism and neocatastrophism Cryptoexplosion craters, now discarded in favour of impact craters and ordinary volcanism. Flood geology replace... | Superseded scientific theories | 0.799584 |
81,728 | This leads to the following possibilities: An: Ap × A n − p − 1 × T (non-semisimple) Bn: Dn or Bp × Dn − p (semisimple), Bn − 1 × T (non-semisimple) Cn: Cp × Cn − p (SS), An - 1 × T (NSS) Dn: Dp × Dn - p (SS), Dn - 1 × T, An-1 × T (NSS) E6: A1 × A5, A2 × A2 × A2 (SS), D5 × T (NSS) E7: A1 × D6, A2 × A5, A7 (SS), E6 × T ... | Borel–de Siebenthal theory | 0.799584 |
81,729 | Curl's later research interests involved physical chemistry, developing DNA genotyping and sequencing instrumentation, and creating photoacoustic sensors for trace gases using quantum cascade lasers. He is known in the residential college life at Rice University for being the first master of Lovett College.Curl retired... | Robert Curl | 0.799583 |
81,730 | The values of Z n and M n {\displaystyle Z_{n}{\text{ and }}M_{n}} are given by the simple formulaei.e. the period of conductance oscillations in Q f {\displaystyle Q_{\rm {f}}} , Δ = | M n + 1 − M n | = | Z n + 1 − Z n | = | z e | {\displaystyle \Delta =|M_{n+1}-M_{n}|=|Z_{n+1}-Z_{n}|=|ze|} . For z = 2 {\displaystyle ... | Ionic Coulomb blockade | 0.799583 |
81,731 | Spec k, the spectrum of a field k is the topological space with one element. Spec ℤ, the spectrum of the integers has a closed point for every prime number p corresponding to the maximal ideal (p) ⊂ ℤ, and one non-closed generic point (i.e., whose closure is the whole space) corresponding to the zero ideal (0). So the ... | Zariski dense | 0.799583 |
81,732 | Delambre in his Histoire de l'Astronomie Ancienne (1817) concluded that Hipparchus knew and used the equatorial coordinate system, a conclusion challenged by Otto Neugebauer in his A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy (1975). Hipparchus seems to have used a mix of ecliptic coordinates and equatorial coordinates:... | Hipparchus | 0.799583 |
81,733 | The May 1935 paper, entitled "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?" labeled these effects the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox or EPR paradox. Einstein helped Rosen to continue his career in physics with a letter to Molotov in The Soviet Union resulting in a temporary position d... | Nathan Rosen | 0.799583 |
81,734 | There is a class of hierarchical DGG's named by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) as "discrete global grid systems" (DGGS), that must to satisfy 18 requirements. Among them, what best distinguishes this class from other hierarchical DGGs, is the Requirement-8, "For each successive level of grid refinement, and for e... | Discrete Global Grid | 0.799583 |
81,735 | Similarly, the Rust language has partial support to linear types via use of lint annotations but differently from C++ the moved from variable cannot be used again.The single-reference property makes linear type systems suitable as programming languages for quantum computing, as it reflects the no-cloning theorem of qua... | Ordered type system | 0.799583 |
81,736 | For odd prime p, the p-adic Hamilton quaternions are isomorphic to the 2 × 2 matrices over the p-adics. To see the p-adic Hamilton quaternions are not a division algebra for odd prime p, observe that the congruence x2 + y2 = −1 mod p is solvable and therefore by Hensel's lemma — here is where p being odd is needed — th... | Quaternion algebra | 0.799582 |
81,737 | Bra–ket notation was designed to facilitate the formal manipulation of linear-algebraic expressions. Some of the properties that allow this manipulation are listed herein. In what follows, c1 and c2 denote arbitrary complex numbers, c* denotes the complex conjugate of c, A and B denote arbitrary linear operators, and t... | Ket vector | 0.799582 |
81,738 | Born in Athens, Greece, in 1942, Dr. Alexopoulos graduated from the 8th Gymnasium in Athens in 1959 and left Greece that year at the age of 17 aboard the Italian liner Saturnia, bound for college in the United States. He attended Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti, Michigan, for two years before transferring in 1... | Nicolaos Alexopoulos | 0.799582 |
81,739 | Chad Austin (of IMVU) praised the way Native Client can bring high-performance applications to the web (with about 5% penalty compared to native code) in a secure way, while also accelerating the evolution of client-side applications by giving a choice of the programming language used (besides JavaScript).Id Software's... | Google Native Client | 0.799582 |
81,740 | Color–flavor locking (CFL) is a phenomenon that is expected to occur in ultra-high-density strange matter, a form of quark matter. The quarks form Cooper pairs, whose color properties are correlated with their flavor properties in a one-to-one correspondence between three color pairs and three flavor pairs. According t... | Color-flavor locking | 0.799582 |
81,741 | One reason that conservation equations frequently occur in physics is Noether's theorem. This states that whenever the laws of physics have a continuous symmetry, there is a continuity equation for some conserved physical quantity. The three most famous examples are: The laws of physics are invariant with respect to ti... | Continuity principle | 0.799581 |
81,742 | According to Gromov: Nash was solving classical mathematical problems, difficult problems, something that nobody else was able to do, not even to imagine how to do it. ... what Nash discovered in the course of his constructions of isometric embeddings is far from 'classical' – it is something that brings about a dramat... | John Forbes Nash Jr. | 0.799581 |
81,743 | Another would be to reduce consumption and affluence such as energy consumption. Another would be to develop innovative or green technologies such as renewable energy. In other words, there are two broad aims. | Sustainability | 0.799581 |
81,744 | For example, it can be used about primes in an arithmetic progression of the form a n + b {\displaystyle an+b} , where a and b are coprime which according to Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions contains infinitely many primes, along with infinitely many composites. For integer k ≥ 3, an AP-k (also called PAP... | Primes in arithmetic progression | 0.799581 |
81,745 | Other LS-DYNA applications include: Drop testing Can and shipping container design Electronic component design Glass forming Plastics, mold, and blow forming Biomedical (heart valves) Metal cutting Earthquake engineering Failure analysis Sports equipment (golf clubs, golf balls, baseball bats, helmets) Civil engineerin... | LS-DYNA | 0.799581 |
81,746 | Newtonian physics treats matter as being neither created nor destroyed, though it may be rearranged. It can be the case that an object of interest gains or loses mass because matter is added to or removed from it. In such a situation, Newton's laws can be applied to the individual pieces of matter, keeping track of whi... | Newtonian Mechanics | 0.799581 |
81,747 | Octeract Engine – a deterministic global optimization MINLP solver. Octeract Engine Community is free to use, and paid plans exist for additional features. | List of optimization software | 0.79958 |
81,748 | {\displaystyle S=\sum _{p\leq P}\exp(2\pi if(p)).} With the help of this method, Vinogradov tackled questions such as the ternary Goldbach problem in 1937 (using Vinogradov's theorem), and the zero-free region for the Riemann zeta function. | Ivan Vinogradov | 0.79958 |
81,749 | 1000 – Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi studied a slight variant of Thābit ibn Qurra's theorem on amicable numbers, and he also made improvements on the decimal system. 1020 – Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani gave the formula: sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α. Also discussed the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of the par... | Timeline of mathematics | 0.799579 |
81,750 | {\displaystyle b\leq a.} This is the order-theoretic dual to the notion of cofinal subset. Cofinal (respectively coinitial) subsets are precisely the dense sets with respect to the right (respectively left) order topology. | Final function | 0.799579 |
81,751 | When used as a countable noun, the term "a logic" refers to a logical formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics. | Formal logic | 0.799579 |
81,752 | The source data may be the actual point locations of the individuals, or choropleth-type aggregate district statistics. A Flow map focuses on lines of movement. A wide variety of flow maps exist, depending on whether flow volume is represented (usually using visual variables such as stroke weight or color value), and w... | Cartographic design | 0.799579 |
81,753 | George Chappell Schatz (born April 14, 1949), the Morrison Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University, is a theoretical chemist best known for his seminal contributions to the fields of reaction dynamics and nanotechnology. | George C. Schatz | 0.799578 |
81,754 | In 1967 he became an associate professor and in 1977 was promoted to professor. It was while he was at this university that he and Wolfgang Haken proved the four color theorem. From their work and proof of this theorem they were later awarded the Delbert Ray Fulkerson prize, in 1979, by the American Mathematical Societ... | Kenneth Appel | 0.799578 |
81,755 | These variations can be accommodated by assigning large work units (thus reducing the need for continuous network connectivity) and reassigning work units when a given node fails to report its results in the expected time. Another set of what could be termed social compatibility issues in the early days of grid computi... | GRID computing | 0.799578 |
81,756 | 1910: First identifiable use of the term synthetic biology in Stéphane Leduc's publication Théorie physico-chimique de la vie et générations spontanées. He also noted this term in another publication, La Biologie Synthétique in 1912.1944: Canadian-American scientist Oswald Avery shows that DNA is the material of which ... | Artificial lifeform | 0.799578 |
81,757 | The number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number de... | Volume number density | 0.799578 |
81,758 | 45 of his Methods of Logic. Quine was very warm to the possibility that formal logic would eventually be applied outside of philosophy and mathematics. He wrote several papers on the sort of Boolean algebra employed in electrical engineering, and with Edward J. McCluskey, devised the Quine–McCluskey algorithm of reduci... | Willard Van Orman Quine | 0.799578 |
81,759 | Sanjukta Deb is a British professor of biomaterials science at the Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences at King's College London (KCL), United Kingdom. She joined KCL in 1996. | Sanjukta Deb | 0.799578 |
81,760 | While optical resolution, as commonly used with reference to camera systems, describes only the number of pixels in an image, and hence the potential to show fine detail, the transfer function describes the ability of adjacent pixels to change from black to white in response to patterns of varying spatial frequency, an... | Modulation Transfer Function | 0.799577 |
81,761 | A kernel on a domain D {\displaystyle D} is a function K: D × D → R {\displaystyle K:D\times D\rightarrow \mathbb {R} } satisfying some conditions (being symmetric in the arguments, continuous and positive semidefinite in a certain sense). Mercer's theorem asserts that K {\displaystyle K} can then be expressed as K ( x... | String kernel | 0.799577 |
81,762 | White obtained a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from University of South Alabama, an M.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Wichita State University in 1999, and a Ph.D. degree in Physics from Rice University in 2008. | White–Juday warp-field interferometer | 0.799577 |
81,763 | The directional names are routinely associated with azimuths, the angle of rotation (in degrees) in the unit circle over the horizontal plane. It is a necessary step for navigational calculations (derived from trigonometry) and for use with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. The four cardinal directions corresp... | Intermediate direction | 0.799577 |
81,764 | Developmental robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic robotics, is a scientific field which aims at studying the developmental mechanisms, architectures and constraints that allow lifelong and open-ended learning of new skills and new knowledge in embodied machines. As in human children, learning is expected to ... | Epigenetic robotics | 0.799577 |
81,765 | A bridgeless graph is a graph that does not have any bridges. Equivalent conditions are that each connected component of the graph has an open ear decomposition, that each connected component is 2-edge-connected, or (by Robbins' theorem) that every connected component has a strong orientation.An important open problem ... | Bridge (graph theory) | 0.799576 |
81,766 | The primary advantage of the Pfafstetter system is that the water drainage topology is directly described by the code: At each level, higher digits denote upstream segments. Odd digits denote segments on the main stem; even digits denote tributaries of the main stem.Therefore, given a point with code A on the water sys... | Pfafstetter Coding System | 0.799576 |
81,767 | Martian blueberries are either embedded or loose. That is, Martian blueberries are either embedded in the large body of sediments of Meridiani Planum, or they are loose blueberries that lie directly on outcrops of the sediments or lie on top soils spread over the Meridiani sediments. The size of these spherules varies ... | Martian spherules | 0.799576 |
81,768 | Artificial gene synthesis, or simply gene synthesis, refers to a group of methods that are used in synthetic biology to construct and assemble genes from nucleotides de novo. Unlike DNA synthesis in living cells, artificial gene synthesis does not require template DNA, allowing virtually any DNA sequence to be synthesi... | Artificial gene synthesis | 0.799575 |
81,769 | LNTX-1 has a high affinity for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChr) located at both the neuromuscular and neuronal junctions. Short chain toxins (see Chemistry) are only able to bind to the muscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, whereas long chain toxins can also bind to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine re... | LNTX-1 | 0.799575 |
81,770 | Richard Martin Willstätter FRS(For) HFRSE (German pronunciation: , 13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Willstätter invented paper chromatography following the initial description o... | Richard Willstätter | 0.799575 |
81,771 | MEMS sensor generations represent the progress made in micro sensor technology and can be categorized as follows: 1st Generation MEMS sensor element mostly based on a silicon structure, sometimes combined with analog amplification on a micro chip.2nd Generation MEMS sensor element combined with analog amplification and... | MEMS sensor generations | 0.799574 |
81,772 | (see the Euclidean high temperature (strong coupling) section) Savit, Robert (1980). "Duality in field theory and statistical systems". Reviews of Modern Physics. | Spin network | 0.799574 |
81,773 | The product of the Betti reaction is called the Betti base. The stereochemistry of the base was resolved into two isomers by using tartaric acid. Uses for the Betti base and its derivatives include: Enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to aryl aldehydes. | Betti reaction | 0.799574 |
81,774 | Candel studied plasma physics at the École Centrale Paris, where he graduated with a master's degree in engineering science (Diplôme d'Ingénieur) and DEA (Diplôme d'Études Approfondies) in 1968. He subsequently received his PhD from the California Institute of Technology under the supervision of the famous aeronautical... | Sébastien Candel | 0.799574 |
81,775 | Price's theorem explains how the no hair theorem is enforced. Price also made pioneering numerical simulations which established (nonrigorously) a precise scenario for the emission of gravitational radiation during the merger of two compact objects (such as two black holes). Subsequent work has largely confirmed the sc... | Richard H. Price | 0.799574 |
81,776 | Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 – January 8, 1997) was an American biochemist known for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley. | Melvin Calvin | 0.799574 |
81,777 | Two typical applications that require a large number of pure qubits are quantum error correction (QEC) and ensemble computing. In realizations of quantum computing (implementing and applying the algorithms on actual qubits), algorithmic cooling was involved in realizations in optical lattices. In addition, algorithmic ... | Algorithmic cooling | 0.799574 |
81,778 | Error-driven learning is a sub-area of machine learning concerned with how an agent ought to take actions in an environment so as to minimize some error feedback. It is a type of reinforcement learning. | Error-driven learning | 0.799574 |
81,779 | PSC is a leading partner in XSEDE. PSC-scientific co-director Ralph Roskies is a co-principal investigator of XSEDE and co-leads its Extended Collaborative Support Services. Other PSC staff lead XSEDE efforts in Networking, Incident Response, Systems & Software Engineering, Outreach, Allocations Coordination, and Novel... | Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center | 0.799574 |
81,780 | Hence, it is widely used in materials science and engineering, geology, and biological research. It is a key tool for developing new materials and understanding their behaviour under different conditions. The change and degradation in electron backscatter patterns (EBSPs) provide information about lattice distortion in... | Orientation imaging microscopy | 0.799574 |
81,781 | The primal-dual method's idea is easy to demonstrate for constrained nonlinear optimization. For simplicity, consider the following nonlinear optimization problem with inequality constraints: minimize f ( x ) subject to x ∈ R n , c i ( x ) ≥ 0 for i = 1 , … , m , where f: R n → R , c i: R n → R . ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {... | Interior point method | 0.799573 |
81,782 | Due to their short half-lives (for example, the most stable known isotope of seaborgium has a half-life of 14 minutes, and half-lives decrease gradually with increasing atomic number) and the low yield of the nuclear reactions that produce them, new methods have had to be created to determine their gas-phase and soluti... | Superheavy elements | 0.799573 |
81,783 | {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\ell }{nd+1}}.} By the theorem above, for error correction capacity up to t {\displaystyle t} , maximum burst length allowed is ( n d + 1 ) ( t − 1 ) . {\displaystyle (nd+1)(t-1).} | Burst error-correcting code | 0.799573 |
81,784 | Advanced Simulation Library (open source: AGPL) COMSOL Multiphysics CLAWPACK Code Saturne (GPL) Coolfluid (LGPLv3) deal.II FEATool Multiphysics FreeCFD Gerris Flow Solver Nektar++ OpenFVM SU2 code (LGPL) | KIVA (software) | 0.799573 |
81,785 | I ( X r ∧ Y r ) {\displaystyle \textstyle I(X_{r}\land Y_{r})} is the mutual information of X r {\displaystyle \textstyle X_{r}} and Y r {\displaystyle \textstyle Y_{r}} , and is equal to H ( X r ) − H ( X r | Y r ) {\displaystyle \textstyle H(X_{r})-H(X_{r}|Y_{r})} . I ( P ) = min Y r I ( X r ∧ Y r ) {\displaystyle \d... | Arbitrarily varying channel | 0.799573 |
81,786 | One of the uses of Skolemization is automated theorem proving. For example, in the method of analytic tableaux, whenever a formula whose leading quantifier is existential occurs, the formula obtained by removing that quantifier via Skolemization may be generated. For example, if ∃ x . Φ ( x , y 1 , … , y n ) {\displays... | Skolem normal form | 0.799573 |
81,787 | Heath's decomposition leaves only X to act as a foreign key in the remainder of the big table Π X Z ( R ) {\displaystyle \Pi _{XZ}(R)} . Functional dependencies however should not be confused with inclusion dependencies, which are the formalism for foreign keys; even though they are used for normalization, functional d... | Functional dependency | 0.799572 |
81,788 | One of the most important contribution of Qin Jiushao was his method of solving high order numerical equations. Referring to Qin's solution of a 4th order equation, Yoshio Mikami put it: "Who can deny the fact of Horner's illustrious process being used in China at least nearly six long centuries earlier than in Europe?... | Chinese mathematics | 0.799572 |
81,789 | David W. Wood (born in 1967) is an American chemical engineer who is Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Ohio State University. Wood is also associated with the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Training Program. Wood is best known for his work on self-removing affinity... | David W. Wood | 0.799572 |
81,790 | Within the electronics industry, the major driver for the implementation of Physics of Failure was the poor performance of military weapon systems during World War II. During the subsequent decade, the United States Department of Defense funded an extensive amount of effort to especially improve the reliability of elec... | Physics of Failure | 0.799572 |
81,791 | GridPP, through the European Grid Infrastructure and its own efforts, supports many non-physics research disciplines. The MoSSaiC project, investigating the management of landslide hazards in the Tropics The UK's National eInfrastructure for Social Simulation's GENESIS project which uses the grid infrastructure to simu... | GridPP | 0.799572 |
81,792 | A company might analyze its own potential (productivity, market position) by comparing it to those of the competitors (benchmarking). A market can be analyzed to estimate its potential for a certain product. Processes can be structurally analyzed due to their optimization. | Potential analysis | 0.799571 |
81,793 | Bacon's 1267 Greater Work, the Opus Majus, contains treatments of mathematics, optics, alchemy, and astronomy, including theories on the positions and sizes of the celestial bodies. It is divided into seven sections: "The Four General Causes of Human Ignorance" (Causae Erroris), "The Affinity of Philosophy with Theolog... | Roger Bacon | 0.799571 |
81,794 | In geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda is one of the Johnson solids (J43). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a "pentagonal gyrobirotunda," or icosidodecahedron (one of the Archimedean solids), by inserting a decagonal prism between its congruent halves. Rotating one of the pentagona... | Elongated pentagonal gyrobirotunda | 0.799571 |
81,795 | DMF allows for droplet level addressability, meaning individual droplets can be treated as spatially distinct microreactors. This level of droplet control is important for workflows where reactions are sensitive to the order of reagent mixing and incubation times, but where the optimal values of these parameters may st... | Digital microfluidics | 0.799571 |
81,796 | Examples: a computer, an employee, a song, a mathematical theorem, etc. A relationship captures how entities are related to one another. Relationships can be thought of as verbs, linking two or more nouns. Examples: an owns relationship between a company and a computer, a supervises relationship between an employee and... | Entity–relationship diagram | 0.799571 |
81,797 | S2CID 125461255. Lewin, Mordechai (1974). "On the Steiner-Lehmus Theorem". | Steiner–Lehmus theorem | 0.799571 |
81,798 | Later, Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878) further elaborated the classification of fungi, using spore color and microscopic characteristics, methods still used by taxonomists today. Other notable early contributors to mycology in the 17th–19th and early 20th centuries include Miles Joseph Berkeley, August Carl Joseph Corda... | Fungi | 0.79957 |
81,799 | Also the recurrent configurations of the extended sandpile model form an abelian group, referred to as the extended sandpile group, of which the usual sandpile group is a discrete subgroup. Different to the usual sandpile group, the extended sandpile group is however a continuous Lie group. Since it is generated by onl... | Abelian sandpile model | 0.79957 |
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