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81,900 | Oceanus objectives are to reveal Titan's organic chemistry, geology, gravity, topography, collect 3D reconnaissance data, catalog the organics and determine where they may interact with liquid water.Titan has the basic ingredients for habitability: water, energy, and organic molecules. On a 4-year global exploration, O... | Oceanus (Titan orbiter) | 0.799546 |
81,901 | Tight junctions serve to provide most of the function for the barrier that is present on epithelial cell surfaces. Tight junctions feature the localization of both JAM-1 and JAM-3, and JAM-3 is localized exclusively at tight junctions. The role of JAM-1 in tight junction biology is to function through mediation partly ... | Junctional adhesion molecule | 0.799546 |
81,902 | The wave view did not immediately displace the ray and particle view, but began to dominate scientific thinking about light in the mid 19th century, since it could explain polarization phenomena that the alternatives could not.James Clerk Maxwell discovered that he could apply his previously discovered Maxwell's equati... | History of quantum mechanics | 0.799546 |
81,903 | Although Cartan showed that in every example which he treated his method led to the complete determination of all singular solutions, he did not succeed in proving in general that this would always be the case for an arbitrary system; such a proof was obtained in 1955 by Masatake Kuranishi. Cartan's chief tool was the ... | Élie Cartan | 0.799546 |
81,904 | These water movements are not only relevant to animals that can detect them, but constitute a branch of physics, fluid dynamics, that has importance in areas such as meteorology, engineering, and astronomy. A frequent hydrodynamic stimulus is a wake, consisting of eddies and vortices that an organism leaves behind as i... | Hydrodynamic reception | 0.799545 |
81,905 | The Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Database is an attempt to gather the scattered information related to the BIA's. Many BIA's show therapeutic properties and can be considered as potent drug candidates. This database will also serve researchers working in the field of synthetic biology, as developing medicinally importan... | Computational Resource for Drug Discovery | 0.799545 |
81,906 | Despite satisfying a simple local formula, a constant-recursive sequence can exhibit complicated global behavior. Define a zero of a constant-recursive sequence to be a nonnegative integer n {\displaystyle n} such that s n = 0 {\displaystyle s_{n}=0} . The Skolem–Mahler–Lech theorem states that the zeros of the sequenc... | Constant-recursive sequence | 0.799544 |
81,907 | Since that time, research has grown considerably with hundreds of papers coming out within the last decade.The principles of freeze casting are applicable to a broad range of combinations of particles and suspension media. Water is by far the most commonly used suspension media, and by freeze drying is readily conduciv... | Freeze casting | 0.799544 |
81,908 | The Convolution theorem and circular convolution can thus be used in the following manner to achieve a result that is equal to performing the linear convolution: Choose N 1 {\displaystyle N_{1}} and N 2 {\displaystyle N_{2}} to satisfy N 1 ≥ P 1 + Q 1 − 1 {\displaystyle N_{1}\geq P_{1}+Q_{1}-1} and N 2 ≥ P 2 + Q 2 − 1 ... | Multidimensional discrete convolution | 0.799544 |
81,909 | The infinite general linear group or stable general linear group is the direct limit of the inclusions GL(n, F) → GL(n + 1, F) as the upper left block matrix. It is denoted by either GL(F) or GL(∞, F), and can also be interpreted as invertible infinite matrices which differ from the identity matrix in only finitely man... | Infinite general linear group | 0.799543 |
81,910 | Alexander's lemma Up to isotopy, there is a unique (piecewise linear) embedding of the two-sphere into the three-sphere. (In higher dimensions this is known as the Schoenflies theorem. In dimension two this is the Jordan curve theorem.) This may be restated as follows: the genus zero splitting of S 3 {\displaystyle S^{... | Heegaard splitting | 0.799543 |
81,911 | A range of Jupyter notebooks are provided with examples of quantum computing being used. Examples include the source code behind scientific studies that use Qiskit, as well as a set of exercises to help people to learn the basics of quantum programming. An open source textbook based on Qiskit is available as a universi... | Qiskit | 0.799543 |
81,912 | Lie algebras Assigning to every real (complex) Lie group its real (complex) Lie algebra defines a functor. Tensor products If C denotes the category of vector spaces over a fixed field, with linear maps as morphisms, then the tensor product V ⊗ W {\displaystyle V\otimes W} defines a functor C × C → C which is covariant... | Covariance and contravariance of functors | 0.799543 |
81,913 | v Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. 367 F.3d 1381, 1385(Fed. Circ.2004) and Genetics Inst., LLC v. Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Inc. 655 F.3d 1291, 1307 (Fed.Circ.2011), In re Khelgatian 53 CCPA 1441, 364 F.2d 870, 876 (1966)). | Inventive step | 0.799543 |
81,914 | The inclination of a planar structure in geology is measured by strike and dip. The strike is the line of intersection between the planar feature and a horizontal plane, taken according to the right hand convention, and the dip is the magnitude of the inclination, below horizontal, at right angles to strike. For exampl... | Structural Geology | 0.799543 |
81,915 | Most recently, Scully and coworkers have shown that the laser master equation analysis also provides a good quantitative description of fluctuations in the Bose–Einstein condensate.The foundation of quantum mechanics is another area which Scully has made pioneering contributions. Aharonov and Zubairy in their 2005 Scie... | Marlan Scully | 0.799543 |
81,916 | Holland defines the "Realistic Type" as a person who has “a preference for activities that entail the explicit, ordered, or systematic manipulation of objects, tools, machines, and animals…these behavioral tendencies lead in turn to the acquisition of manual, mechanical, agricultural, electrical, and technical competen... | Holland Codes | 0.799543 |
81,917 | A Shader Engine comprises one geometry processor, up to 44 CUs (Hawaii chip), rasterizers, ROPs, and L1 cache. Not part of a Shader Engine is the Graphics Command Processor, the 8 ACEs, the L2 cache and memory controllers as well as the audio and video accelerators, the display controllers, the 2 DMA controllers and th... | AMD ZeroCore Power | 0.799543 |
81,918 | The novel domain additions to aaRS genes are accretive and progressive up the Tree of Life. The strong evolutionary pressure for these small non-catalytic protein domains suggested their importance. Findings beginning in 1999 and later revealed a previously unrecognized layer of biology: these proteins control gene exp... | Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | 0.799542 |
81,919 | Muhyi l'din's notable works in trigonometry were The Book on the Theorem of Menelaus and Treatise on the Calculation of Sines. He is known for his commentaries on ancient Greek mathematical works, in particular, his commentary on Book XV of Euclid's Elements, which discussed measurements of the regular polyhedra. Muhyi... | Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi | 0.799542 |
81,920 | {\displaystyle A.} As another example, any non-constant function f: X → R {\displaystyle f:X\to \mathbb {R} } is non-measurable with respect to the trivial σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -algebra Σ = { ∅ , X } , {\displaystyle \Sigma =\{\varnothing ,X\},} since the preimage of any point in the range is some proper, nonempty... | Lebesgue-measurable function | 0.799542 |
81,921 | Over a separably closed field, a torus T admits two primary invariants. The weight lattice X ∙ ( T ) {\displaystyle X^{\bullet }(T)} is the group of algebraic homomorphisms T → Gm, and the coweight lattice X ∙ ( T ) {\displaystyle X_{\bullet }(T)} is the group of algebraic homomorphisms Gm → T. These are both free abel... | Algebraic torus | 0.799542 |
81,922 | Ethik aus biomedizinischen und ökologischen Kontexten). During the academic year 1997/1998 he was a research fellow in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management (ESPM) at the University of California, Berkeley. After that, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Ethics in the Biosciences and Biotec... | Christoph Rehmann-Sutter | 0.799541 |
81,923 | Viral protein interactomes consist of interactions among viral or phage proteins. They were among the first interactome projects as their genomes are small and all proteins can be analyzed with limited resources. Viral interactomes are connected to their host interactomes, forming virus-host interaction networks. Some ... | Interactome | 0.799541 |
81,924 | In optimization, a descent direction is a vector p ∈ R n {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} \in \mathbb {R} ^{n}} that points towards a local minimum x ∗ {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{*}} of an objective function f: R n → R {\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} } . Computing x ∗ {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{*}} by an... | Descent direction | 0.79954 |
81,925 | Randall D. Beer is a professor of cognitive science, computer science, and informatics at Indiana University. He was previously at Case Western Reserve University. His primary research interest is in understanding how coordinated behavior arises from the neurodynamics of an animal's nervous system, its body and its env... | Randall Beer | 0.79954 |
81,926 | In quantum mechanics, the time-independent Schrödinger equation, H ^ ψ = E ψ {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}\psi =E\psi } plays an important role. In the three-dimensional case, if H ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}} has rotational symmetry, then the space V E {\displaystyle V_{E}} of solutions to H ^ ψ = E ψ {\displaystyle {\hat... | Representations of Lie groups/algebras | 0.79954 |
81,927 | Environmental medicine is a multidisciplinary field involving medicine, environmental science, chemistry and others, overlapping with environmental pathology. It can be viewed as the medical branch of the broader field of environmental health. The scope of this field involves studying the interactions between environme... | Environmental medicine | 0.79954 |
81,928 | He went to the United States to study physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While at MIT, he was a member of the ice hockey team. After achieving his bachelor's degree from MIT in 1960, Altman spent 18 months as a graduate student in physics at Columbia University. | Sidney Altman | 0.79954 |
81,929 | MOLCAS is an ab initio computational chemistry program, developed as a joint project by a number of international institutes. MOLCAS is developed by scientists to be used by scientists. It is not primarily a commercial product and it is not sold in order to produce a fortune for its owner (the Lund University). Focus i... | MOLCAS | 0.79954 |
81,930 | The Franck–Condon principle (named for James Franck and Edward Condon) is a rule in spectroscopy and quantum chemistry that explains the intensity of vibronic transitions (the simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the appropriate ... | Franck–Condon principle | 0.799539 |
81,931 | The calendar is stored as a binary tree where leaves represent elementary time periods. Other nodes represent the period of time covered by all their descendants. The period of time covered by a reservation is represented by a set of "top-nodes". This set is the minimal set of nodes that exactly cover the reservation p... | Top-nodes algorithm | 0.799539 |
81,932 | It is because of the following theorem that it is almost always assumed that the family G {\displaystyle {\mathcal {G}}} consists of σ ( X , Y , b ) {\displaystyle \sigma (X,Y,b)} -bounded subsets of X . {\displaystyle X.} | Polar topology | 0.799539 |
81,933 | This marked the emergence of the field of mechanical artificial life. The field of synthetic biology explores a biological implementation of similar ideas. Other research directions within the field of artificial life include artificial chemistry as well as traditionally biological phenomena explored in artificial syst... | Cellular computing | 0.799539 |
81,934 | To answer, we might attempt to explain the shape of the Milky Way galaxy using the laws of physics, although other observations might be more definitive; that is, provide larger discrepancies or less measurement uncertainty, like the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation or Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The flat... | Inertial reference frames | 0.799539 |
81,935 | The collection and the building itself now occupies a special position in the study of the history of science and in the development of western culture and collecting. One of the most iconic objects in the collection is Einstein's Blackboard that Albert Einstein used on 16 May 1931 in his lectures while visiting the Un... | History of Science Museum, Oxford | 0.799539 |
81,936 | Nonetheless, this does avoid the need to handle an exceptional case when computing the length of each row, as it guarantees the formula ROW_INDEX − ROW_INDEX works for any row i. Moreover, the memory cost of this redundant storage is likely insignificant for a sufficiently large matrix. The (old and new) Yale sparse ma... | Dense matrix | 0.799539 |
81,937 | Jay Lush – pioneering animal geneticist who made important contributions to livestock breeding. He is sometimes known as the father of modern scientific animal breeding. Gregor Mendel – Austrian scientist and Augustinian friar who gained posthumous fame as the founder of the new science of genetics. | Agricultural resources | 0.799538 |
81,938 | In statistics, imputation is the process of replacing missing data with substituted values. When substituting for a data point, it is known as "unit imputation"; when substituting for a component of a data point, it is known as "item imputation". There are three main problems that missing data causes: missing data can ... | Imputation (statistics) | 0.799538 |
81,939 | With the invention of bubble chambers and spark chambers in the 1950s, experimental particle physics discovered a large and ever-growing number of particles called hadrons. It seemed that such a large number of particles could not all be fundamental. First, the particles were classified by charge and isospin by Eugene ... | Quantum chromodynamic | 0.799538 |
81,940 | Geometry in Condensed Matter Physics. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 9789810200893. | Geometric frustration | 0.799538 |
81,941 | In general, it is essential to provide high-quality proof-of-concept validations early in the drug discovery process. Here technologies that enable the identification of potent, selective, and bioavailable chemical probes are of crucial interest, even if the resulting compounds require further optimization for developm... | High throughput screening | 0.799538 |
81,942 | Several properties of transposition depend upon the Hahn–Banach theorem. For example, the bounded linear map T has dense range if and only if the transpose T′ is injective. When T is a compact linear map between two Banach spaces V and W, then the transpose T′ is compact. | Dual (linear algebra) | 0.799538 |
81,943 | Euler's formula, the definitions of the trigonometric functions and the standard identities for exponentials are sufficient to easily derive most trigonometric identities. It provides a powerful connection between analysis and trigonometry, and provides an interpretation of the sine and cosine functions as weighted sum... | Euler's formula | 0.799538 |
81,944 | One reason for this is the existence of a well defined physical quantity called 'the entropy of a body'. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, as a subject in physics, considers bodies of matter and energy that are not in states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, but are usually participating in processes of transfer tha... | Open system (thermodynamics) | 0.799537 |
81,945 | Through linear algebra arguments, it can be shown that E n d ( D V ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {End} (_{D}V)\,} is isomorphic to the ring of row finite matrices R F M I ( D ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {RFM} _{I}(D)\,} , where I is an index set whose size is the dimension of V over D. Likewise right full linear rings can be r... | Primitive ring | 0.799537 |
81,946 | The functor which sends A to R ⊗Z A is left adjoint to the functor which sends an R-algebra to its underlying ring (forgetting the module structure). See also: Change of rings. Free algebra A free algebra is an algebra generated by symbols. If one imposes commutativity; i.e., take the quotient by commutators, then one ... | Unital associative algebra | 0.799537 |
81,947 | In statistics and machine learning, lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; also Lasso or LASSO) is a regression analysis method that performs both variable selection and regularization in order to enhance the prediction accuracy and interpretability of the resulting statistical model. It was originally... | Lasso (statistics) | 0.799536 |
81,948 | Vieweg, Braunschweig u. a. 1991, ISBN 3-528-06442-0 (9th edition, Vieweg + Teubner, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-8348-0771-7). Lineare Algebra. | Albrecht Beutelspacher | 0.799536 |
81,949 | {\displaystyle p(x_{i})-f(x_{i})\ =\ -(-1)^{i}E,\ \ i=0,...,n\!+\!1.} The theorem of de La Vallée Poussin states that under this condition no polynomial of degree n exists with error less than E. Indeed, if such a polynomial existed, call it p ~ ( x ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {p}}(x)} , then the difference p ( x ) − p ~ ... | Remez algorithm | 0.799536 |
81,950 | In this section, we consider a plane algebraic curve defined by a bivariate polynomial p(x, y) and its projective completion, defined by the homogenization P ( x , y , z ) = h p ( x , y , z ) {\displaystyle P(x,y,z)={}^{h}p(x,y,z)} of p. | Sextic plane curve | 0.799535 |
81,951 | For instance, they are foundational in the modern scientific understanding of sound, heat, diffusion, electrostatics, electrodynamics, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, elasticity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics (Schrödinger equation, Pauli equation, etc.). They also arise from many purely mathematical conside... | Linear partial differential equation | 0.799534 |
81,952 | It is possible to make predictions about reaction rate constants for a reaction from free-energy relationships. The kinetic isotope effect is the difference in the rate of a chemical reaction when an atom in one of the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes. Chemical kinetics provides information on residence tim... | Chemical reaction kinetics | 0.799534 |
81,953 | This result follows from the chain rule (see the article on inverse functions and differentiation). The inverse function theorem can be generalized to functions of several variables. Specifically, a differentiable multivariable function f: Rn → Rn is invertible in a neighborhood of a point p as long as the Jacobian mat... | Composition inverse | 0.799534 |
81,954 | In geometry, the 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron is an arrangement of 31 great circles in icosahedral symmetry. It was first identified by Buckminster Fuller and is used in construction of geodesic domes. | 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron | 0.799533 |
81,955 | The Topics (Greek: Τοπικά, Latin: Topica) treats of issues in constructing valid arguments, and of inference that is probable, rather than certain. It is in this treatise that Aristotle mentions the predicables, later discussed by Porphyry and by the scholastic logicians. The Sophistical Refutations (Greek: Περὶ Σοφιστ... | History of scientific method | 0.799533 |
81,956 | In biology, a tunica (, UK: ; PL: tunicae) is a layer, coat, sheath, or similar covering. The word came to English from the Neo-Latin of science and medicine. Its literal sense is about the same as that of the word tunic, with which it is cognate. In biology one of its senses used to be the taxonomic name of a genus of... | Tunica (biology) | 0.799533 |
81,957 | Nematologists in the 1800s also contributed to other scientific fields in important ways. Butschli (1875) first observed the formation of polar bodies by nuclear subdivision in a nematode, Beneden (1883) was studying Ascaris megalocephala when he discovered the separation of halves of each of the chromosomes from the t... | Nematology | 0.799533 |
81,958 | The Very Long Baseline Array usually makes radio observations at wavelengths from three millimeters to 90 centimeters, or in other words, at frequencies from 0.3 gigahertz to 96 gigahertz. Within this frequency range, the VLBA observes in eight different frequency bands that are useful for radio astronomy. The VLBA als... | Very Long Baseline Array | 0.799533 |
81,959 | The latter ring is isomorphic to Z / cZ by the second isomorphism theorem, so all such ideals of O are the sum of cOK with an ideal of Z. Under this isomorphism, the conductor annihilates Z / cZ, so it must be cZ. In this case, the index is also equal to c, so for orders of quadratic number fields, the index may be id... | Conductor (ring theory) | 0.799533 |
81,960 | The natural element method (NEM) is a meshless method to solve partial differential equation, where the elements do not have a predefined shape as in the finite element method, but depend on the geometry.A Voronoi diagram partitioning the space is used to create each of these elements. Natural neighbor interpolation fu... | Natural element method | 0.799533 |
81,961 | In 2011, the project received an important award, the Science Prize for Online Resources in Education, or SPORE from Science magazine In 2015, the project received the UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize for the Use of ICTs in Education and Excellence Award Multimedia Physics Teaching and Learning Conference MP... | Open Source Physics | 0.799532 |
81,962 | Word play also features prominently in the work. Puns are occasionally used to connect ideas, such as "the Magnificrab, Indeed" with Bach's Magnificat in D; "SHRDLU, Toy of Man's Designing" with Bach's Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring; and "Typographical Number Theory", or "TNT", which inevitably reacts explosively when it ... | Gödel, Escher, Bach | 0.799532 |
81,963 | In nanotechnology, a Raman microscope can be used to analyze nanowires to better understand their structures, and the radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes is commonly used to evaluate their diameter. Raman active fibers, such as aramid and carbon, have vibrational modes that show a shift in Raman frequency with ap... | Raman Spectroscopy | 0.799532 |
81,964 | and Bowen, J.P., editors, Applications of Formal Methods. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1995. ISBN 0-13-366949-1. | Jonathan Bowen | 0.799532 |
81,965 | But, in order that those interested in these things can sooner enjoy these new and not useless speculations, and in order that their publication not be prevented by some accident, I have decided, contrary to my plan, to add this fifth part . The same year, Isaac Newton received Huygens work via Henry Oldenburg and repl... | Centrifugal pseudo-force | 0.799531 |
81,966 | Shape of the universe: What is the 3-manifold of comoving space, i.e., of a comoving spatial section of the universe, informally called the "shape" of the universe? Neither the curvature nor the topology is presently known, though the curvature is known to be "close" to zero on observable scales. The cosmic inflation h... | Open problems in physics | 0.799531 |
81,967 | In some experiments there may be additional defects that make local-hidden-variable explanations of Bell test violations possible.Although both the locality and detection loopholes had been closed in different experiments, a long-standing challenge was to close both simultaneously in the same experiment. This was final... | Bell inequalities | 0.799531 |
81,968 | The Synchronization Module and Intelligent Tools comprise the major processing power of the e-maintenance machine network and provide optimization, prediction, clustering, classification, bench-marking and so on. The results from this module can then be synchronized and shared with the e-business system on for decision... | Machine to Machine | 0.799531 |
81,969 | During the World War II, Ulm worked as a cryptographer at Pers Z S starting in August 1941 on a part-time basis from Thursday through to Saturday and on Monday through Wednesday at Münster. After the war he mostly taught courses in applied mathematics and supervised several Ph.D. theses; those of G. Tillmann (1952) and... | Helmut Ulm | 0.799531 |
81,970 | The classification of tensors is a purely mathematical problem. In GR, however, certain tensors that have a physical interpretation can be classified with the different forms of the tensor usually corresponding to some physics. Examples of tensor classifications useful in general relativity include the Segre classifica... | Mathematics of general relativity | 0.79953 |
81,971 | Mathematical abstraction began as a process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent ... | History of mathematical notation | 0.79953 |
81,972 | Natural history, formerly the main subject taught by college science professors, was increasingly scorned by scientists of a more specialized manner and relegated to an "amateur" activity, rather than a part of science proper. In Victorian Scotland, the study of natural history was believed to contribute to good mental... | Natural history | 0.79953 |
81,973 | The BHK interpretation interprets intuitionistic proofs as functions but it does not specify the class of functions relevant for the interpretation. If one takes lambda calculus for this class of function, then the BHK interpretation tells the same as Howard's correspondence between natural deduction and lambda calculu... | Curry-Howard equivalence | 0.79953 |
81,974 | At present, single entity electrochemistry is not sensitive enough to quantify the turnover of a single enzyme. == References == | Single-entity electrochemistry | 0.79953 |
81,975 | Taking the quotient by the non-zero-divisor x−z gives the previous example. If K is a field, then the ring R = K/(wy,wz,xy,xz) (the coordinate ring of the union of two planes meeting in a point) is reduced and equidimensional, but not Cohen–Macaulay. To prove that, one can use Hartshorne's connectedness theorem: if R i... | Macaulay ring | 0.799529 |
81,976 | For example, recent calculations using a CFD code based on the Navier-Stokes equations, has shown that this "notch" actually helps to further reduce the strength of shock waves on the blade. Thus, an unexpected by-product of the notch over and above the basic effect of sweep is to help to reduce compressibility effects... | BERP rotors | 0.799529 |
81,977 | Molecular Biology Reports is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on normal and pathological molecular processes. | Molecular Biology Reports | 0.799528 |
81,978 | An emerging application of spin is as a binary information carrier in spin transistors. The original concept, proposed in 1990, is known as Datta–Das spin transistor. Electronics based on spin transistors are referred to as spintronics. The manipulation of spin in dilute magnetic semiconductor materials, such as metal-... | Spin Angular Momentum | 0.799528 |
81,979 | The utility of the concept of a topology is shown by the fact that there are several equivalent definitions of this mathematical structure. Thus one chooses the axiomatization suited for the application. The most commonly used is that in terms of open sets, but perhaps more intuitive is that in terms of neighbourhoods ... | Topological space | 0.799528 |
81,980 | In addition to the general existence proofs implied by the algorithms described above, there are proofs for the existence of envy-free partitions with additional properties: There exists an exact division, which is in particular envy-free; see Dubins–Spanier theorems. There exists an envy-free division which is also Pa... | Envy-free cake-cutting | 0.799528 |
81,981 | Directed panspermia aims to secure and expand our family of organic gene/protein life. It may be motivated by the desire to perpetuate the common genetic heritage of all terrestrial life. This motivation was formulated as biotic ethics, that value the common gene/protein patterns of organic life, and as panbiotic ethic... | Directed panspermia | 0.799527 |
81,982 | In NEAT Particles, each particle system is controlled by a Compositional pattern-producing network (CPPN), a type of artificial neural network, or ANN. In other words, the usually hand-coded 'rules' of a particle system are replaced by automatically generated CPPNs. The CPPNs are evolved and complexified by NeuroEvolut... | NEAT Particles | 0.799527 |
81,983 | In any concrete category, especially for vector spaces, endomorphisms are maps from a set into itself, and may be interpreted as unary operators on that set, acting on the elements, and allowing the notion of element orbits to be defined, etc. Depending on the additional structure defined for the category at hand (topo... | Endomorphism | 0.799526 |
81,984 | From 1974 to 1975, he was assistant professor at Haverford College and at Rutgers University from 1975 to 1979. In 1979, he became assistant professor and in 1988 professor at Amherst College. He studies, among other things, étale homotopy theory, elliptic surfaces, computer-based algebraic geometry (such as Gröbner ba... | David A. Cox | 0.799526 |
81,985 | Zupanc has made important contributions to several disciplines within biology, including neuroethology, neuroanatomy, neuroendocrinology, and developmental neurobiology. In his early work, he showed that seasonal changes in specific behavioral patterns are paralleled by pronounced alterations in the structure of brain ... | Günther K.H. Zupanc | 0.799526 |
81,986 | However, there is also a pairing between the free part of the homology in the lower middle dimension k and in the upper middle dimension k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1}: f H k M ⊗ f H k + 1 M → Z . {\displaystyle fH_{k}M\otimes fH_{k+1}M\to \mathbb {Z} .} The resulting groups, while not a single group with a bilinear form, a... | Torsion linking form | 0.799525 |
81,987 | National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) National Microbiology Laboratory (Public Health Agency of Canada) | Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health | 0.799524 |
81,988 | The standard semantics of quantum logic is that quantum logic is the logic of projection operators in a separable Hilbert or pre-Hilbert space, where an observable p is associated with the set of quantum states for which p (when measured) has eigenvalue 1. From there, ¬p is the orthogonal complement of p (since for tho... | Quantum Logic | 0.799524 |
81,989 | In geometry, a point group in four dimensions is an isometry group in four dimensions that leaves the origin fixed, or correspondingly, an isometry group of a 3-sphere. | Point groups in four dimensions | 0.799524 |
81,990 | A cytocentrifuge, sometimes referred to as a cytospin, is a specialized centrifuge used to concentrate cells in fluid specimens onto a microscope slide so that they can be stained and examined. Cytocentrifuges are used in various areas of the clinical laboratory, such as cytopathology, hematology and microbiology, as w... | Cytocentrifuge | 0.799524 |
81,991 | This scan uses reverse-geometry (BE-type) instruments. These instruments use a front-end magnetic sector that allows for exclusive mass selection of the precursor ion. The fragmentation region is in-between the two analyzers. The electric sector scan gives the product-ion spectrum. MIKES can also be used for direct mea... | Mass-analyzed ion-kinetic-energy spectrometry | 0.799524 |
81,992 | Then T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} is a conservative extension of T {\displaystyle T} , i.e. the theories T {\displaystyle T} and T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} prove the same theorems not involving the functional symbol f {\displaystyle f} ). Shoenfield states the theorem in the form for a new function name, and constants are ... | Extension by new constant and function names | 0.799523 |
81,993 | In geology it is used to analyze micro pores in the reservoir rocks, it can used in microfacies analysis for sequence stratigraphy. In petroleum exploration it is used to model the petroleum flow under micro pores and nano particles. It can give a resolution up to 1 nm. Sandstone Porosity and flow studies | X-ray microtomography | 0.799523 |
81,994 | The FRC was first observed in laboratories in the late 1950s during theta pinch experiments with a reversed background magnetic field. The original idea was attributed to the Greek scientist and engineer Nicholas C. Christofilos who developed the concept of E-layers for the Astron fusion reactor.The first studies were ... | Field-Reversed Configuration | 0.799523 |
81,995 | As a result, it has been determined that lizards are closely related to snakes, horses to donkeys, dogs to cats, etc. This systematic position of Limulus was controversial for a long time, but has been found to show that human serum is more closely related to arachnids than to crustaceans. The field of biochemistry has... | Chemotaxonomy | 0.799522 |
81,996 | In combinatorial mathematics, a block design is an incidence structure consisting of a set together with a family of subsets known as blocks, chosen such that frequency of the elements satisfies certain conditions making the collection of blocks exhibit symmetry (balance). Block designs have applications in many areas,... | Biplane geometries | 0.799522 |
81,997 | In computer science, the ostrich algorithm is a strategy of ignoring potential problems on the basis that they may be exceedingly rare. It is named after the ostrich effect which is defined as "to stick one's head in the sand and pretend there is no problem". It is used when it is more cost-effective to allow the probl... | Ostrich algorithm | 0.799522 |
81,998 | Software studies is an emerging interdisciplinary research field, which studies software systems and their social and cultural effects. The implementation and use of software has been studied in recent fields such as cyberculture, Internet studies, new media studies, and digital culture, yet prior to software studies, ... | Software studies | 0.799522 |
81,999 | In 2021 the IPCC described CCT as a proposal "to reduce the amount of cirrus clouds by injecting ice nucleating substances in the upper troposphere." However it reported low confidence in the cooling effect of CCT, due to limited understanding of cirrus microphysics, its interaction with aerosols, and the complexity of... | Cirrus cloud thinning | 0.799521 |
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