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89,800 | After two years, he entered the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) as one of the first researchers recruited by this institution. Lichnerowicz studied differential geometry under Élie Cartan. | André Lichnerowicz | 0.797881 |
89,801 | The history of biological warfare goes back at least to the Mongol siege of Caffa in 1346 and possibly much farther back to antiquity. However, only by the turn of the 20th century did advances in microbiology allow for the large-scale weaponization of pathogens. At least nine states have operated offensive biological ... | Weapons of Mass Destruction | 0.797881 |
89,802 | Reis did his PhD on Polymer Engineering – Biomaterials, Regenerative Medicine & Tissue Engineering, in the University of Minho, Portugal and Brunel University London, in 1999. He also completed a Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree on Biomedical Engineering - Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering, by University of Minho, Port... | Rui L. Reis | 0.797881 |
89,803 | This may provide some answer to the criticism that systematic ideology lacks a causal model. According to one study: We found that political attitudes are influenced much more heavily by genetics than by parental socialization. For the overall index of political conservatism, genetics accounts for approximately half th... | Systematic ideology | 0.79788 |
89,804 | In the United States, basic science has traditionally been financed by universities or the government, but private institutes are often faster and more focused. Since the 1990s, when Silicon Valley began producing billionaires, private institutes have sprung up across the U.S. In 1997 Larry Ellison launched the Ellison... | Sagan effect | 0.79788 |
89,805 | The fifteenth winter began on February 13, 2019, with thirteen overwintering (five French, six Italian, one Danish and one Australian): Nadja Albertsen: ESA Biomedical Research MD, Denmark Damien Beloin: Mechanic, France Ivan Bruni: Astronomy, Italy Massimiliano Catricalà: Electronics for Science, Station Leader, Italy... | Concordia Station | 0.79788 |
89,806 | Recordings can be indexed and analysts can run queries over the database to find conversations of interest. IARPA funded research into keyword spotting in the Babel program. Some algorithms used for this task are: Sliding window and garbage model K-best hypothesis Iterative Viterbi decoding Convolutional neural network... | Keyword spotting | 0.79788 |
89,807 | Physical Chemistry, fourth edition, Wiley, Hoboken NJ. ter Haar, D., Wergeland, H. (1966). | Equilibrium state | 0.797879 |
89,808 | Tian yuan shu (simplified Chinese: 天元术; traditional Chinese: 天元術; pinyin: tiān yuán shù) is a Chinese system of algebra for polynomial equations. Some of the earliest existing writings were created in the 13th century during the Yuan dynasty. However, the tianyuanshu method was known much earlier, in the Song dynasty a... | Tian yuan shu | 0.797879 |
89,809 | The fourteenth winter began on February 6, 2018, with thirteen overwintering (five French, seven Italian, one Austrian): Moreno Baricevic: Electronics for Science, Italy Remi Bras: Electrician, France Coline Bouchayeur: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France Andre Bourre: Technical Chief, France Marco Buttu: Astr... | Concordia Station | 0.797879 |
89,810 | In biology, a reticulation of a single-access identification key connects different branches of the identification tree to improve error tolerance and identification success. In a reticulated key, multiple paths lead to the same result; the tree data structure thus changes from a simple tree to a directed acyclic graph... | Reticulation (single-access key) | 0.797878 |
89,811 | The Karen Harvey Prize is awarded by the American Astronomical Society's Solar Physics Division in recognition for a significant contribution to the study of the Sun early in a person's professional career. Past winners are: 2003 Dana Longcope 2004 Harry Warren 2005 Sarah E. Gibson 2006 Steven R Cranmer 2007 Jiong Qiu ... | Karen Harvey Prize | 0.797878 |
89,812 | Minimum-distance estimation (MDE) is a conceptual method for fitting a statistical model to data, usually the empirical distribution. Often-used estimators such as ordinary least squares can be thought of as special cases of minimum-distance estimation. While consistent and asymptotically normal, minimum-distance estim... | Minimum-distance estimation | 0.797878 |
89,813 | B* is a scale invariant, since it does not change with changes in the length of the period. Rearranging the equation for B*, one obtains a transformation coefficient (scale factor): λ k = p k p = r k r = ( 1 + r ) k − 1 r = k {\displaystyle \lambda _{k}={\frac {p_{k}}{p}}={\frac {r_{k}}{r}}={\frac {(1+r)^{k}-1}{r}}=k\... | Simple interest | 0.797878 |
89,814 | In geometric graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a polyhedral graph is the undirected graph formed from the vertices and edges of a convex polyhedron. Alternatively, in purely graph-theoretic terms, the polyhedral graphs are the 3-vertex-connected, planar graphs. | Polyhedral graph | 0.797876 |
89,815 | As a child, Iwao became interested in pi. She was inspired by Japanese mathematicians, including Yasumasa Kanada. She studied computer science at the University of Tsukuba, where she was taught by Daisuke Takahashi. | Emma Haruka Iwao | 0.797876 |
89,816 | In surgery theory, the key step is in the middle dimension, and thus when the middle dimension has codimension more than 2 (loosely, 2½ is enough, hence total dimension 5 is enough), the Whitney trick works. The key consequence of this is Smale's h-cobordism theorem, which works in dimension 5 and above, and forms the ... | Geometric topology | 0.797876 |
89,817 | This was carried out without any understanding of the population genetics of G. a., but future SIT efforts can benefit from such preparation. Population genetics would help to select the Glossina population to be deployed for similarity to the target population. The eradication of the tsetse fly from Unguja Island in 1... | Tsetse fly | 0.797875 |
89,818 | The spherical coordinates of a point in the ISO convention (i.e. for physics: radius r, inclination θ, azimuth φ) can be obtained from its Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) by the formulae The inverse tangent denoted in φ = arctan y/x must be suitably defined, taking into account the correct quadrant of (x, y). See the a... | Spherical coordinates | 0.797875 |
89,819 | Some authors use the phrase "indefinite sum" to describe a sum in which the numerical value of the upper limit is not given: ∑ k = 1 n f ( k ) . {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}f(k).} In this case a closed form expression F(k) for the sum is a solution of F ( x + 1 ) − F ( x ) = f ( x + 1 ) {\displaystyle F(x+1)-F(x)=f(x... | Indefinite sum | 0.797875 |
89,820 | In solar physics, a coronal loop is a well-defined arch-like structure in the Sun's atmosphere made up of relatively dense plasma confined and isolated from the surrounding medium by magnetic flux tubes. Coronal loops begin and end at two footpoints on the photosphere and project into the transition region and lower co... | Coronal loop | 0.797874 |
89,821 | Rukeyser called this surface a "statue of water" and the magazine saw in it "the abstract creation of a great American scientist that lends itself to the symbolism of contemporary art forms." The artwork by Arthur Lidov also included Gibbs's mathematical expression of the phase rule for heterogeneous mixtures, as well ... | Josiah Willard Gibbs | 0.797874 |
89,822 | These led to strongly worded letters by each to the Royal Society and in Philosophical Transactions, Hobbes resorting to namecalling Wallis "mad" at one point. In 1672 Hobbes tried to re-cast Torricelli's theorem as about a finite solid that was extended indefinitely, in an attempt to hold on to his contention that "na... | Painter's paradox | 0.797874 |
89,823 | In chemistry, matter is defined as anything that has rest mass and volume (it takes up space) and is made up of particles. The particles that make up matter have rest mass as well – not all particles have rest mass, such as the photon. Matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. | Modern chemistry | 0.797874 |
89,824 | Volatolomics is a branch of chemistry that studies volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by a biological system, under specific experimental conditions. | Volatolomics | 0.797873 |
89,825 | Articles by Gillogly at rand.org, 1970–1994 MAX: A FORTRAN Chess Player", 1970, RAND Paper Exploratory modeling: search through spaces of computational experiments", 1994, RAND Reprint "The impact of response options and location in a microcomputer interview on drinking drivers' alcohol use self-reports", 1990, Rand Co... | James Gillogly | 0.797873 |
89,826 | Therefore, so the argument goes, theories of mind that imply or state explicitly that cognition is rule bound cannot be correct unless some way is found to "ground" the regress. This is important because it is often assumed in cognitive science that rules and algorithms are essentially the same: in other words, the the... | Homunculus argument | 0.797873 |
89,827 | Maarten Steinbuch studied Mechanical Engineering at Delft University of Technology where he graduated cum laude in 1984 and obtained his PhD in 1989. In 1987 he started his career at Philips, where he worked as researcher at Philips Research (1987-1998) and as group leader at Philips CFT (1998-1999). In 1999 Steinbuch ... | Maarten Steinbuch | 0.797873 |
89,828 | Metallacrowns are most widely studied for their potential use as SMMs (single-molecule magnets). Notably, the first mixed manganese-lanthanide SMM was a metallacrown. Metallacrowns with gadolinium as the central metal are potential MRI contrast agents. A lot of attention is focused on metallacrown molecular recognition... | Metallacrown | 0.797873 |
89,829 | Tensegrity structures are based on the combination of a few simple design patterns: members loaded in either pure compression or pure tension, which means that the structure will only fail if the cables yield or the rods buckle. This enables the material properties and cross-sectional geometry of each member to be opti... | Tensegrity | 0.797873 |
89,830 | The chemistry of HCN has thus attracted attention in origin of life studies since the earliest times, and the laboratory synthesis of adenine from HCN under presumptive prebiotic conditions was reported as early as 1961. The intrinsic limit of HCN stems from its high reactivity, which leads in turn, to instability and ... | Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry | 0.797873 |
89,831 | LINPACK is a software library for performing numerical linear algebra on digital computers. It was written in Fortran by Jack Dongarra, Jim Bunch, Cleve Moler, and Gilbert Stewart, and was intended for use on supercomputers in the 1970s and early 1980s. It has been largely superseded by LAPACK, which runs more efficien... | LINPACK | 0.797872 |
89,832 | In regards to differential geometry, Euler studied the notion of a geodesic on a surface deriving the first analytical geodesic equation, and later introduced the first set of intrinsic coordinate systems on a surface, beginning the theory of intrinsic geometry upon which modern geometric ideas are based. Around this t... | Analysis on manifolds | 0.797872 |
89,833 | Conjunctive queries without distinguished variables are called boolean conjunctive queries. Conjunctive queries where all variables are distinguished (and no variables are bound) are called equi-join queries, because they are the equivalent, in the relational calculus, of the equi-join queries in the relational algebra... | Conjunctive query | 0.797872 |
89,834 | Within this category, models can be divided into conceptual and deterministic. Conceptual models link simplified representations of the hydrological processes in an area, whereas deterministic models seek to resolve as much of the physics of a system as possible. These models can be subdivided into single-event models ... | Hydrology | 0.797872 |
89,835 | Myotis lucifugus (Little brown bat), used to prove echolocation exists in bats in 1930s and also used in experiments predicting microbat behavior as it is a reliable species that has typical features of a temperate bat species. Oryzias latipes (Medaka, or Japanese ricefish), important model in developmental biology, an... | List of model organisms | 0.797871 |
89,836 | Optical instruments Photometers Theodolite and surveying equipment Tripods Computer controlled X-ray diffractometersAmongst other devices, the Camden location produced PDP-8 computer-driven X-ray diffractometers in the mid-late 1960s, one of which is believed to be still functional at Oxford University Chemistry Dept. ... | Hilger & Watts | 0.797871 |
89,837 | Most bayesian spam filtering algorithms are based on formulas that are strictly valid (from a probabilistic standpoint) only if the words present in the message are independent events. This condition is not generally satisfied (for example, in natural languages like English the probability of finding an adjective is af... | Bayesian spam filtering | 0.797871 |
89,838 | In particular, the original Fowler–Nordheim-type equation was one of the first to incorporate the statistical-mechanical consequences of the existence of electron spin into the theory of an experimental condensed-matter effect. The Fowler–Nordheim paper also established the physical basis for a unified treatment of fie... | Field electron emission | 0.797871 |
89,839 | The Sippewissett microbial mat is a microbial mat in the Sippewissett Salt Marsh located along the lower eastern Buzzards Bay shoreline of Cape Cod, about 5 miles north of Woods Hole and 1 mile southwest of West Falmouth, Massachusetts, in the United States. The marsh has two regions, the Great Sippewisset Marsh to the... | Sippewissett microbial mat | 0.797871 |
89,840 | The Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) is an initiative of the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, which was established in 2004 by the National Institutes of Health.Development of the NIF started in 2008, when the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine obtained an NIH contract to create and ... | Neuroscience Information Framework | 0.797871 |
89,841 | Herbrand's theorem states that the ramification groups in the lower numbering satisfy G u H / H = ( G / H ) v {\displaystyle G_{u}H/H=(G/H)_{v}} (for v = ϕ L / F ( u ) {\displaystyle v=\phi _{L/F}(u)} where L / F {\displaystyle L/F} is the subextension corresponding to H {\displaystyle H} ), and that the ramification g... | Upper numbering | 0.79787 |
89,842 | Such approaches may be based in scientific fields such as evolutionary psychology, sociobiology, or ethology, and seek to explain certain human moral behaviors, capacities, and tendencies in evolutionary terms. For example, the nearly universal belief that incest is morally wrong might be explained as an evolutionary a... | Evolutionary ethics | 0.797869 |
89,843 | If X is a given object of C, then we get a functor EX from AC to A by evaluating functors at X. This functor EX is exact. While tensoring may not be left exact, it can be shown that tensoring is a right exact functor: Theorem: Let A,B,C and P be R-modules for a commutative ring R having multiplicative identity. Let A →... | Exact functor | 0.797869 |
89,844 | Navy research organization and, a little later, a series of letters making further claims to a UFO book writer. Allen's account of the event is widely understood to be a hoax. : 300–301 Several different—and sometimes contradictory—versions of the alleged experiment have circulated over the years in paranormal literatu... | Philadelphia Experiment | 0.797869 |
89,845 | Girod received his M.S. in electrical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology (1980) and his Dr.-Ing in electrical engineering from the University of Hannover, Germany (1987).Prior to Stanford, he was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Erlangen– Nuremberg and an assistant professor of m... | Bernd Girod | 0.797869 |
89,846 | Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are generally not interchangeable with primary types using a different chemistry, due to their higher voltage. Many are also available with protection circuits that can increase their physical length; for example, an 18650 is around 65 mm (2.56 in) long, but may be around 68 mm (2.68 ... | LR44 battery | 0.797869 |
89,847 | The Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey (LCES) is a search for exoplanets using the Keck I optical telescope of the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. The survey is sponsored by NASA and the National Science Foundation. The survey comprises a decade of observations. The survey is led by Steven Vogt, professor of astronomy an... | Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey | 0.797869 |
89,848 | This means that the observed number of changes is no longer linear with time, but instead flattens out. Even at intermediate genetic distances, with phylogenetic data still sufficient to estimate topology, signal for the overall scale of the tree can be weak under complex likelihood models, leading to highly uncertain ... | Molecular clocks | 0.797869 |
89,849 | Koonin gained a Master of Science in 1978 and a PhD in 1983 in molecular biology, both from the Department of Biology at Moscow State University. His PhD thesis, titled "Multienzyme organization of encephalomyocarditis virus replication complexes", was supervised by Vadim I. Agol. | Eugene Koonin | 0.797868 |
89,850 | Well known examples of explicit vacuum solutions include: Minkowski spacetime (which describes empty space with no cosmological constant) Milne model (which is a model developed by E. A. Milne describing an empty universe which has no curvature) Schwarzschild vacuum (which describes the spacetime geometry around a sphe... | Vacuum solution (general relativity) | 0.797868 |
89,851 | In many cases, matrix powers can be expediently computed by using eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Apart from matrices, more general linear operators can also be exponentiated. An example is the derivative operator of calculus, d / d x {\displaystyle d/dx} , which is a linear operator acting on functions f ( x ) {\display... | Exponential functions | 0.797868 |
89,852 | The Zippyisms were removed due to copyright issues, but the DOCTOR program remains. ELIZA has been referenced in popular culture and continues to be a source of inspiration for programmers and developers focused on artificial intelligence. It was also featured in a 2012 exhibit at Harvard University titled "Go Ask A.L.... | ELIZA | 0.797868 |
89,853 | The Sallen–Key topology is an electronic filter topology used to implement second-order active filters that is particularly valued for its simplicity. It is a degenerate form of a voltage-controlled voltage-source (VCVS) filter topology. It was introduced by R. P. Sallen and E. L. Key of MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1955. | Sallen Key filter | 0.797867 |
89,854 | There are a variety of software tools available today to support systematic testing within an organization. However, there is currently no one software package that covers all types of tests, and in some cases significant knowledge of statistics is still required for effective analysis.Many companies, including Capital... | Test and learn | 0.797867 |
89,855 | "Why The Future Doesn't Need Us" is an article written by Bill Joy (then Chief Scientist at Sun Microsystems) in the April 2000 issue of Wired magazine. In the article, he argues that "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies—robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech—are threatening to make humans an endangered sp... | Why The Future Doesn't Need Us | 0.797867 |
89,856 | Mnëv's universality theorem was discovered by Nikolai Mnëv in his 1986 Ph.D. thesis. It has numerous applications in algebraic geometry, due to Laurent Lafforgue, Ravi Vakil and others, allowing one to construct moduli spaces with arbitrarily bad behaviour. This theorem together with Kempe's universality theorem have b... | Mnëv's universality theorem | 0.797867 |
89,857 | In 1949, Donald Hebb proposed a working mechanism for memory and computational adaption in the brain now called Hebbian learning, or the maxim that cells that fire together, wire together. This notion is foundational in the modern understanding of the brain as a neural network, and though not universally true, remains ... | BCM theory | 0.797867 |
89,858 | Since 1963, he was the head of Laboratory of Physical Biochemistry at the Institute of Biophysics in Pushchino. The first scientific papers were devoted to ATPases and the use of radioactive isotopes in experimental and clinical studies. He was married and has a son, Alexey Kondrashov. | Simon Shnoll | 0.797867 |
89,859 | Clementine mainly used the Poplog languages, Pop11, with some parts written in C for speed (such as the neural network engine), along with additional tools provided as part of Solaris, VMS and various versions of Unix. The tool quickly garnered the attention of the data mining community (at that time in its infancy). I... | SPSS Modeler | 0.797866 |
89,860 | The method has been taken into use in some large international industrial companies for the valuation of research and development projects and portfolios. In these analyses triangular fuzzy numbers are used. Other uses of the method so far are, for example, R&D project valuation IPR valuation, valuation of M&A targets ... | Fuzzy pay-off method for real option valuation | 0.797866 |
89,861 | Mathematician William Lawvere interpreted dialectics in the setting of categorical logic in terms of adjunctions between idempotent monads. This perspective may be useful in the context of theoretical computer science where the duality between syntax and semantics can be interpreted as a dialectic in this sense. For ex... | Hegel's dialectic | 0.797866 |
89,862 | Thus inverse queries are primarily useful for database management and debugging activities. Inverse queries are not an acceptable method of mapping host addresses to host names; use the in-addr.arpa domain instead. The IQUERY message type was always "optional" and "never achieved widespread use"; it was "permanently re... | Reverse DNS lookup | 0.797866 |
89,863 | In conservation biology, susceptibility is the extent to which an organism or ecological community would suffer from a threatening process or factor if exposed, without regard to the likelihood of exposure. It should not be confused with vulnerability, which takes into account both the effect of exposure and the likeli... | Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology | 0.797866 |
89,864 | He was born on 18 July 1948 in Ludwigsburg. After compulsory military service, he studied biochemistry at the University of Tübingen, working for his final year at Dieter Oesterhelt's laboratory on ATPase activity of halobacteria. | Hartmut Michel | 0.797866 |
89,865 | Optical microscopy is used extensively in microelectronics, nanophysics, biotechnology, pharmaceutic research, mineralogy and microbiology.Optical microscopy is used for medical diagnosis, the field being termed histopathology when dealing with tissues, or in smear tests on free cells or tissue fragments. In industrial... | Optical Microscope | 0.797866 |
89,866 | The theory of graph cuts used as an optimization method was first applied in computer vision in the seminal paper by Greig, Porteous and Seheult of Durham University. Allan Seheult and Bruce Porteous were members of Durham's lauded statistics group of the time, led by Julian Besag and Peter Green, with the optimisation... | Graph cut segmentation | 0.797865 |
89,867 | The term topological game was first introduced by Claude Berge, who defined the basic ideas and formalism in analogy with topological groups. A different meaning for topological game, the concept of “topological properties defined by games”, was introduced in the paper of Rastislav Telgársky, and later "spaces defined ... | Topological game | 0.797865 |
89,868 | For each unique value found in the former grid, the software collects all of the corresponding cells in the latter grid, computes the arithmetic mean, and writes this value to all of the corresponding cells in the output grid. Global Operators Functions that summarize the entire grid. These were not included in Tomlin'... | Map algebra | 0.797865 |
89,869 | For example a ring is universally catenary if all finitely generated algebras over it are catenary. universal A universal field is an algebraically closed field with the uncountable transcendence degree over its prime field. unmixed An ideal I of a ring R is called unmixed if all associated primes of R/I have the same ... | Saturated ideal | 0.797864 |
89,870 | The United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) is a military medical research institute located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, US. It is the leading science and technology laboratory of the Department of Defense for the development, testing, and evaluation of medical chemical wa... | United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense | 0.797864 |
89,871 | Because the Si–C bond is close in strength to the C–C bond, organosilicon compounds tend to be markedly thermally and chemically stable. For example, tetraphenylsilane (SiPh4) may be distilled in air even at its boiling point of 428 °C, and so may its substituted derivatives Ph3SiCl and Ph2SiCl2, which boil at 378 °C a... | Metallurgical grade silicon | 0.797864 |
89,872 | One such generalization is that a topological space is sequentially compact if every infinite sequence of points sampled from the space has an infinite subsequence that converges to some point of the space.The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem states that a subset of Euclidean space is compact in this sequential sense if and... | Compact space | 0.797864 |
89,873 | The Wayne B. Nottingham Prize is awarded annually at the Physical Electronics Conference (PEC), a conference that focuses on new research results in the field of surface science and in the sub-fields of physics and chemistry of interfaces. It was established from contributions given in memory of Professor Wayne B. Nott... | Wayne B. Nottingham Prize | 0.797864 |
89,874 | The above definitions and constructions all apply to the special case of Lie groups. In particular, every covering of a manifold is a manifold, and the covering homomorphism becomes a smooth map. Likewise, given any discrete normal subgroup of a Lie group the quotient group is a Lie group and the quotient map is a cove... | Lattice of covering groups | 0.797864 |
89,875 | It was first detected spectroscopically in late 1931 by Harold Urey, a chemist at Columbia University. Urey's collaborator, Ferdinand Brickwedde, distilled five liters of cryogenically produced liquid hydrogen to 1 mL of liquid, using the low-temperature physics laboratory that had recently been established at the Nati... | Heavy hydrogen | 0.797863 |
89,876 | Its minimum magnitude is 7 and its maximum: 5. Galaxies include NGC 7038, NGC 7049, and NGC 7090. All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) in 2015 detected a superluminous supernova, named ASASSN-15lh (also designated SN 2015L). Based on the study conducted by Subo Dong and team from the Kavli Institute for As... | Gamma Indi | 0.797863 |
89,877 | Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles, traditionally expressed using trigonometric functions. On the sphere, geodesics are great circles. Spherical trigonometry is of great importance for calculations in ... | Spherical polygon | 0.797863 |
89,878 | Gentamicin is also used in molecular biology research as an antibacterial agent in tissue and cell culture, to prevent contamination of sterile cultures. Gentamicin is one of the few heat-stable antibiotics that remain active even after autoclaving, which makes it particularly useful in the preparation of some microbio... | Gentamicin | 0.797863 |
89,879 | Bohr never specified a demarcation line above which objects cease to be quantum and become classical. He believed that it was not a question of physics, but one of philosophy. | Reality | 0.797862 |
89,880 | It is also possible (e.g. Kowalski 1979, Apt and Bezem 1990, Shanahan 1997) to write the situation calculus as a logic program: Holds ( f , d o ( a , s ) ) ← Poss ( a , s ) ∧ Initiates ( a , f , s ) {\displaystyle {\textit {Holds}}(f,do(a,s))\leftarrow {\textit {Poss}}(a,s)\wedge {\textit {Initiates}}(a,f,s)} Holds ( f... | Successor state axiom | 0.797862 |
89,881 | Around that time, the attempts to refine the theorems of Riemann integration led to the study of the "size" of the set of discontinuities of real functions. Also, various pathological objects, (such as nowhere continuous functions, continuous but nowhere differentiable functions, and space-filling curves), commonly kno... | Mathematical Analysis | 0.797862 |
89,882 | The aporphine alkaloids differ in their substituents and their position on the base structure. Furthermore, their stereochemistry is partly different; most often they are (R)-configured, but glaucine, bulbocapnine, and isothebaine, for example, are (S)-configured. | Aporphine alkaloids | 0.797862 |
89,883 | The origins of data preprocessing are located in data mining. The idea is to aggregate existing information and search in the content. Later it was recognized, that for machine learning and neural networks a data preprocessing step is needed too. So it has become to a universal technique which is used in computing in g... | Data Pre-processing | 0.797862 |
89,884 | A Hurwitz algebra or composition algebra is a finite-dimensional not necessarily associative algebra A with identity endowed with a nondegenerate quadratic form q such that q(a b) = q(a) q(b). If the underlying coefficient field is the reals and q is positive-definite, so that (a, b) = 1/2 is an inner product, then A i... | Hurwitz algebra | 0.797862 |
89,885 | The Bogert–Cook synthesis (1933) involves the dehydration and isomerization of 1-β-phenylethylcyclohexanol to the octahydro derivative of phenanthrene The Darzens–Nenitzescu synthesis of ketones (1910, 1936) involves the acylation of cyclohexene with acetyl chloride to methylcyclohexenylketone. In the related Nenitzesc... | Friedel–Crafts reaction | 0.797862 |
89,886 | Spatial measurement scale is a persistent issue in spatial analysis; more detail is available at the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) topic entry. Landscape ecologists developed a series of scale invariant metrics for aspects of ecology that are fractal in nature. In more general terms, no scale independent method ... | Geospatial predictive modeling | 0.797862 |
89,887 | The laboratory mouse or lab mouse is a small mammal of the order Rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research or feeders for certain pets. Laboratory mice are usually of the species Mus musculus. They are the most commonly used mammalian research model and are used for research in genetics, physiology, psych... | Laboratory mice | 0.797862 |
89,888 | One of the motivations for higher Chow groups comes from homotopy theory. In particular, if α , β ∈ Z ∗ ( X ) {\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta \in Z_{*}(X)} are algebraic cycles in X {\displaystyle X} which are rationally equivalent via a cycle γ ∈ Z ∗ ( X × Δ 1 ) {\displaystyle \gamma \in Z_{*}(X\times \Delta ^{1})} , the... | Bloch's higher Chow group | 0.797861 |
89,889 | In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA. Each strand of DNA or RNA has a 5' end and a 3' end, so named for the carbon position on the deoxyribose (or ribose) ring. By convention, upstream and downstream relate to the 5' to 3' direction re... | Upstream and downstream (DNA) | 0.797861 |
89,890 | In metapopulation terminology there are emigrants (individuals that leave a patch) and immigrants (individuals that move into a patch). Metapopulation models examine patch dynamics over time to answer questions about spatial and demographic ecology. An important concept in metapopulation ecology is the rescue effect, w... | Population Ecology | 0.797861 |
89,891 | The Non-Covalent Interactions index, commonly referred to as simply Non-Covalent Interactions (NCI) is a visualization index based in the Electron density (ρ) and the reduced density gradient (s). It is based on the empirical observation that Non-covalent interactions can be associated with the regions of small reduced... | Non-covalent interactions index | 0.797861 |
89,892 | The main criticism of the EA is that one cannot use biological terminology and simply apply it to other disciplines, such as anthropology and specifically archaeology. In other words, critics claim that there is no value of this approach and words such as ‘variation’, ‘selection’ and ‘drift’ are merely metaphorical. Th... | Evolutionary archaeology | 0.797861 |
89,893 | Expasy was created in August 1993. Originally, it was called ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) and acted as a proteomics server to analyze protein sequences and structures and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D Page electrophoresis). Among others, ExPASy hosted the protein sequence knowledge base, UniProtKB... | Expasy | 0.797861 |
89,894 | In elementary geometry, the pizza theorem states the equality of two areas that arise when one partitions a disk in a certain way. The theorem is so called because it mimics a traditional pizza slicing technique. It shows that if two people share a pizza sliced into 8 pieces (or any multiple of 4 greater than 8), and t... | Pizza theorem | 0.79786 |
89,895 | Ptolemy introduced the equant in "Almagest". The evidence that the equant was a required adjustment to Aristotelian physics relied on observations made by himself and a certain "Theon" (perhaps, Theon of Smyrna). | Equant | 0.79786 |
89,896 | This has the effect of putting the 137Cs out of reach of the shallow roots of the grass, hence the level of radioactivity in the grass will be lowered. Also after a nuclear war or serious accident, the removal of top few cm of soil and its burial in a shallow trench will reduce the long-term gamma dose to humans due to... | Nuclear fuel chain | 0.79786 |
89,897 | Weierstrass also made advances in the field of calculus of variations. Using the apparatus of analysis that he helped to develop, Weierstrass was able to give a complete reformulation of the theory that paved the way for the modern study of the calculus of variations. Among several axioms, Weierstrass established a nec... | Karl Weierstrass | 0.79786 |
89,898 | The challenge of maximising productivity from limited agricultural land and sea is addressed by agro-technology and agri-biotechnology. By providing technical expertise and consultancy services, AVA is making investments in new sources of food supply for Singapore. | Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore | 0.797859 |
89,899 | This is a list of notable people known for their research in biophysics. | List of biophysicists | 0.797859 |
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