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90,000 | In the absence of all three lines of evidence mentioned above, linguistic substrata may be difficult to detect. Substantial indirect evidence is needed to infer the former existence of a substrate. The nonexistence of a substrate is difficult to show, and to avoid digressing into speculation, burden of proof must lie o... | Substrate language | 0.797838 |
90,001 | Notice that in using this continuum approximation, also known as Thomas−Fermi approximation, the ability to characterize the low-energy states is lost, including the ground state where ni = 1. For most cases this will not be a problem, but when considering Bose–Einstein condensation, in which a large portion of the gas... | Gas in a box | 0.797838 |
90,002 | Ghahramani was educated at the American School of Madrid in Spain and the University of Pennsylvania where he was awarded a double major degree in Cognitive Science and Computer Science in 1990. He obtained his Ph.D. from the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, super... | Zoubin Ghahramani | 0.797837 |
90,003 | Part of the difficulty of clearly characterizing this component is that it appears to be modulated by a large and diverse number of cognitive tasks. Functionally, there seems to be partial agreement amongst researchers in the field of cognitive neuroscience that the P2 represents some aspect of higher-order perceptual ... | P200 | 0.797837 |
90,004 | Core concepts related to information security (data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography. Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications. C... | Lightweight cipher | 0.797837 |
90,005 | Organotitanium chemistry is the science of organotitanium compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis, and reactions. Organotitanium compounds in organometallic chemistry contain carbon-titanium chemical bonds. They are reagents in organic chemistry and are involved in major industrial processes. | Organotitanium chemistry | 0.797837 |
90,006 | In chemistry, phi bonds (φ bonds) are covalent chemical bonds, where six lobes of one involved atomic orbital overlap six lobes of the other involved atomic orbital. This overlap leads to the formation of a bonding molecular orbital with three nodal planes which contain the internuclear axis and go through both atoms. ... | Phi bond | 0.797837 |
90,007 | Consider a pair of ground formulas ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and ψ {\displaystyle \psi } whose extensions {\displaystyle } and {\displaystyle } (where the underscore here denotes the null context) are objects of the base topos. Then ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } implies ψ {\displaystyle \psi } if and only if there is a monic... | Fundamental theorem of topos theory | 0.797837 |
90,008 | What no one needs, in my opinion, is this superficial and profoundly misleading book. Leon M. Lederman, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist and current Director Emeritus of Fermilab, criticized both The Tao of Physics and Gary Zukav's The Dancing Wu Li Masters in his 1993 book The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answe... | The Tao of Physics | 0.797837 |
90,009 | Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 13, 65–7. Quisumbing, F. A., & Thomas, A. W. (1921). | Arthur W. Thomas | 0.797837 |
90,010 | Such an area is called the signed area of the parallelogram: the absolute value of the signed area is the ordinary area, and the sign determines its orientation. The fact that this coefficient is the signed area is not an accident. In fact, it is relatively easy to see that the exterior product should be related to the... | Exterior product | 0.797836 |
90,011 | During this time, the two worked on the synthesis of substituted phenyl esters of oxalic acids. Gilman worked hard on his research describing it as 'a sheer delight' and often worked until midnight 'without any compulsion-just for the joy of it' and claimed this was an important step toward his interest in research. Af... | Henry Gilman | 0.797836 |
90,012 | The success of NASTRAN led to development of many other finite element software. One such software is ASTROS that extended NASTRAN type capability to include structural optimization. Currently ASTROS is maintained by Zona Technology, Inc. | Nastran | 0.797836 |
90,013 | c 2 d τ 2 = c 2 d t 2 − d x 2 − d y 2 − d z 2 {\displaystyle c^{2}\,d\tau ^{2}=c^{2}\,dt^{2}-dx^{2}-dy^{2}-dz^{2}\,\!} which may be written in spherical coordinates as c 2 d τ 2 = c 2 d t 2 − d r 2 − r 2 d θ 2 − r 2 sin 2 θ d φ 2 {\displaystyle c^{2}\,d\tau ^{2}=c^{2}\,dt^{2}-dr^{2}-r^{2}\,d\theta ^{2}-r^{2}\sin ^{2}... | Two-body problem in general relativity | 0.797835 |
90,014 | In algebra, an additive map, Z {\displaystyle Z} -linear map or additive function is a function f {\displaystyle f} that preserves the addition operation: for every pair of elements x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} in the domain of f . {\displaystyle f.} For example, any linear map is additive. | Bi-additive map | 0.797835 |
90,015 | This violation meant researchers could distinguish matter from antimatter and create a solution that would explain the existence of the universe as one that is filled with matter. This is because the lack of symmetry gave the possibility of matter-antimatter imbalance which would allow matter to exist today through the... | Chien-Shiung Wu | 0.797835 |
90,016 | In aerospace engineering, especially those areas dealing with spacecraft, the eigenvector slew is a method to calculate a steering correction (called a slew) by rotating the spacecraft around one fixed axis, or a gimbal. This corresponds in general to the fastest and most efficient way to reach the desired target orien... | Eigenvector slew | 0.797834 |
90,017 | Probabilistic models are based on the Monte Carlo method where distributions of data from various sources are randomly sampled from to calculate percentile statistics. Such probabilistic techniques typically utilise product or consumption survey data from a sample population combined with distributions of substances th... | Predictive intake modelling | 0.797834 |
90,018 | Faltings's theorem (formerly the Mordell conjecture) says that for any curve X of genus at least 2 over a number field k, the set X(k) is finite.Some of the great achievements of number theory amount to determining the rational points on particular curves. For example, Fermat's Last Theorem (proved by Richard Taylor an... | Rational point | 0.797834 |
90,019 | Within statistics, Dynamic topic models' are generative models that can be used to analyze the evolution of (unobserved) topics of a collection of documents over time. This family of models was proposed by David Blei and John Lafferty and is an extension to Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) that can handle sequential d... | Dynamic topic model | 0.797834 |
90,020 | He has been called the leading laser chemist in the world for good reason." Günther Wilke 1991 Harry B. Gray 1992 Peter B. Dervan 1993 "For his outstanding contributions to the fields of physical organic chemistry and bio-organic chemistry. His work constitutes a breakthrough for modern organic chemistry directed towar... | Willard Gibbs Award | 0.797834 |
90,021 | Joseph "Jay" Born Kadane (born January 10, 1941) is the Leonard J. Savage University Professor of Statistics, Emeritus in the Department of Statistics and Social and Decision Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University. Kadane is one of the early proponents of Bayesian statistics, particularly the subjective Bayesian philos... | Joseph Born Kadane | 0.797834 |
90,022 | When A is unital, M(A) = A. It also follows from the definition that for any D containing A as an essential ideal, the multiplier algebra M(A) contains D as a C*-subalgebra. The existence of M(A) can be shown in several ways. A double centralizer of a C*-algebra A is a pair (L, R) of bounded linear maps on A such that ... | Multiplier algebra | 0.797834 |
90,023 | The 2 l + 1 {\displaystyle 2l+1} hydrogen-like atomic orbitals with principal quantum number n {\displaystyle n} and angular momentum quantum number l {\displaystyle l} are often expressed as ψ n l m ( r ) = R n l ( r ) Y l m ( θ , φ ) {\displaystyle \psi _{nlm}(\mathbf {r} )=R_{nl}(r)Y_{l}^{m}(\theta ,\varphi )} in wh... | Cubic harmonic | 0.797834 |
90,024 | The Geospace Physics Laboratory focuses on processes occurring in the magnetospheres of magnetized planets and on the interaction of the solar wind with planetary magnetospheres. Researchers also study processes, such as magnetofluid turbulence, that permeate the heliosphere from the solar atmosphere to the edge of the... | Heliophysics Science Division | 0.797834 |
90,025 | The WGCNA method was developed by Steve Horvath, a professor of human genetics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and of biostatistics at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and his colleagues at UCLA, and (former) lab members (in particular Peter Langfelder, Bin Zhang, Jun Dong). Much of the work aro... | Weighted correlation network analysis | 0.797833 |
90,026 | ISBN 978-0-19-850695-9. Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude; Guéry-Odelin, David (2011). Advances in Atomic Physics. | Laser cooled | 0.797833 |
90,027 | Using a stereographic projection, the classical Möbius plane may be seen to be isomorphic to the geometry of plane sections (circles) on a sphere in Euclidean 3-space. Analogously to the (axiomatic) projective plane, an (axiomatic) Möbius plane defines an incidence structure. Möbius planes may similarly be constructed ... | Benz plane | 0.797833 |
90,028 | The Point Cloud Library (PCL) is an open-source library of algorithms for point cloud processing tasks and 3D geometry processing, such as occur in three-dimensional computer vision. The library contains algorithms for filtering, feature estimation, surface reconstruction, 3D registration, model fitting, object recogni... | Point Cloud Library | 0.797833 |
90,029 | Together, they published the first evidence of double helix in the A form of DNA in the 25 July issue of Nature. At the end of 1954, Bernal secured funding for Franklin from the Agricultural Research Council (ARC), which enabled her to work as a senior scientist supervising her own research group. John Finch, a physics... | Rosalind Franklin | 0.797833 |
90,030 | The first generalization of the theorem is found in Gauss's second monograph (1832) on biquadratic reciprocity. This paper introduced what is now called the ring of Gaussian integers, the set of all complex numbers a + bi where a and b are integers. It is now denoted by Z . {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} .} | Canonical representation of a positive integer | 0.797833 |
90,031 | These concepts can even assist with in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers. For example, prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity, a statement that concerns the existence of square roots modulo integer prime numbers. Early attempt... | Prime factor | 0.797833 |
90,032 | A software system is a system of intercommunicating components based on software forming part of a computer system (a combination of hardware and software). It "consists of a number of separate programs, configuration files, which are used to set up these programs, system documentation, which describes the structure of... | Software systems | 0.797833 |
90,033 | John Friedlander is a Canadian mathematician specializing in analytic number theory. He received his B.Sc. from the University of Toronto in 1965, an M.A. from the University of Waterloo in 1966, and a Ph.D. | John Friedlander | 0.797832 |
90,034 | The Prior Analytics, a formal analysis of what makes a syllogism (a valid argument, according to Aristotle). The Posterior Analytics, a study of scientific demonstration, containing Aristotle's mature views on logic.These works are of outstanding importance in the history of logic. In the Categories, he attempts to dis... | History of logic | 0.797832 |
90,035 | All theorems and corollaries are proven by exploring the implications of the axiomata and other theorems that have previously been developed. New terms are defined using the primitive terms and other derived definitions based on those primitive terms. In a deductive system, one can correctly use the term "proof", as ap... | Models of scientific inquiry | 0.797832 |
90,036 | Another evidence of quantum spin liquid was observed in a 2-dimensional material in August 2015. The researchers of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, collaborating with physicists from the University of Cambridge, and the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany, measured the first signa... | Spin liquid | 0.797832 |
90,037 | Some people have criticized Brand-Miller's 2011 study, such as economist Rory Robertson, who argued that " regular claim – "In Australia sugar consumption has dropped 23 per cent since 1980" – is woefully misleading, based as it is on a series that was abandoned by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) as unreliabl... | Australian paradox | 0.797832 |
90,038 | The total R&D expenditures for Chinese-owned pharma businesses amounted to less than that spent by a single major Western pharma company. There are presently more than 5,000 research and development (R&D) institutions in China, but only a handful of them are able to compete internationally in certain areas. The R&D sys... | Pharmaceutical industry in China | 0.797832 |
90,039 | Department of Energy, the Office of Naval Research, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, BP, ENEL, Bosch GmbH, and the Ford Motor Company. The lab also is in collaborations with the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, and Masdar in Abu Dhabi, a... | Reacting Gas Dynamics Laboratory | 0.797832 |
90,040 | The National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, abbreviated NERI, (Danish: Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, abbreviated DMU) was an independent research institute under the Ministry of the Environment. It was created in 1989 by merging the existing laboratories of the Environmental Protection Agency, which covere... | National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark | 0.797832 |
90,041 | Process analytical chemistry involves the following sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry: microanalytical systems, nanotechnology, chemical detection, electrochemistry or electrophoresis, chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, process chemometrics, process control, flow injection analysis, ultrasound, and ... | Process analytical chemistry | 0.797831 |
90,042 | A simple corollary of the theorem is that the Cantor set is nonempty, since it is defined as the intersection of a decreasing nested sequence of sets, each of which is defined as the union of a finite number of closed intervals; hence each of these sets is non-empty, closed, and bounded. In fact, the Cantor set contain... | Cantor's intersection theorem | 0.797831 |
90,043 | https://westpa.github.io/westpa/ and https://github.com/ADicksonLab/wepy are packages for Weighted Ensemble. PyVisA, An analysis and Visualization software for path sampling outputs with the integration of machine learning based algorithms. == References == | Rare-event sampling | 0.79783 |
90,044 | Consequently, A {\displaystyle A} satisfies this condition if and only if for every x ∈ X , {\displaystyle x\in X,} A ∩ span { x } {\displaystyle A\cap \operatorname {span} \{x\}} is a neighborhood of 0 {\displaystyle 0} in span { x } = K x {\displaystyle \operatorname {span} \{x\}=\mathbb {K} x} when span { x } ... | Absorbent set | 0.79783 |
90,045 | Bohm developed pilot wave theory into what is now called the de Broglie–Bohm theory. The de Broglie–Bohm theory itself might have gone unnoticed by most physicists, if it had not been championed by John Bell, who also countered the objections to it. In 1987, John Bell rediscovered Grete Hermann's work, and thus showed ... | Pilot wave | 0.79783 |
90,046 | HiFi Mini Audio DSP — A small low power DSP core for voice triggering and voice recognition HiFi 2 Audio DSP — DSP core for low power MP3 audio processing HiFi EP Audio DSP — A superset of HiFi 2 with optimizations for DTS Master Audio, voice pre- and post-processing, and cache management HiFi 3 Audio DSP — 32-bit DSP ... | Tensilica | 0.79783 |
90,047 | Alice is satisfied by her ballot modification, because she prefers the outcome b {\displaystyle b} to c {\displaystyle c} , which is the outcome she would obtain if she voted sincerely. We say that the Borda count is manipulable: there exists situations where a sincere ballot does not defend a voter's preferences best.... | Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem | 0.79783 |
90,048 | Category theory is also, in some sense, a continuation of the work of Emmy Noether (one of Mac Lane's teachers) in formalizing abstract processes; Noether realized that understanding a type of mathematical structure requires understanding the processes that preserve that structure (homomorphisms). Eilenberg and Mac Lan... | Category theory | 0.797829 |
90,049 | There are several possibilities; see the book by Hirsch. What is usually understood by Thom's transversality theorem is a more powerful statement about jet transversality. See the books by Hirsch and by Golubitsky and Guillemin. | Transversality theorem | 0.797829 |
90,050 | To see why this happens, we use a simple identity in algebra: ( a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b + b 2 {\displaystyle (a+b)^{2}=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}} With a {\displaystyle a} representing the deviation of an individual sample from the sample mean, and b {\displaystyle b} representing the deviation of the sample mean from the populat... | Bessel's correction | 0.797829 |
90,051 | On his deathbed, he published his work, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This work not only revolutionized science and physics, but also the development of mechanics and later bio-mechanics.Galileo Galilei, the father of mechanics and part time biomechanic was born 21 years after the death of Copernicus. Gal... | Biomechanics | 0.797829 |
90,052 | In genetics, the phenotype (from Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō) 'to appear, show', and τύπος (túpos) 'mark, type') is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. The term covers the organism's morphology (physical form and structure), its developmental processes, its biochemical and physiological prop... | Phenome | 0.797829 |
90,053 | The New York City Department of Buildings requires a Stationary Engineer's License to practice in the City of New York; to obtain the license one must pass a written and practical exam and have at least five years' experience working directly under a licensed stationary engineer, or one year if in possession of a Bache... | Stationary engineer | 0.797829 |
90,054 | Astromundus was a 2-years Erasmus Mundus masters course in Astronomy and Astrophysics. It was offered by a consortium of 5 partner universities of four different European countries. Partner universities were University of Innsbruck in Austria, University of Padova and University of Rome Tor Vergata in Italy, University... | Astromundus | 0.797829 |
90,055 | Since all axioms and rules of the calculus are schemata, derivation is closed under substitution: If Γ ⊢ A , {\displaystyle \Gamma \vdash A,} then σ ( Γ ) ⊢ σ ( A ) , {\displaystyle \sigma (\Gamma )\vdash \sigma (A),} where σ is any substitution (of formulas using only implication). The implicational propositional calc... | Implicational propositional calculus | 0.797828 |
90,056 | In the study of acoustics, Petzval was particularly concerned with string oscillations, differential equations of the string oscillations, and the mathematical theory of musical instruments. He designed a piano with three key sequences. Petzval developed a theory of the oscillations of strained strings as well as his o... | Joseph Petzval | 0.797828 |
90,057 | As studied in coordination chemistry, metal ions (usually transition metal ions) exist in solution bound to ligands, In many cases, the coordination sphere defines geometries conducive to reactions either between ligands or involving ligands and other external reagents. A well known metal-ion-templating was described b... | Supramolecular assemblies | 0.797828 |
90,058 | Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, S (1993). "Calorimetry of the Pd-D2O system: from simplicity via complications to simplicity". Physics Letters A. | Martin Fleischmann | 0.797828 |
90,059 | In geometry, if X is a manifold with an action of a topological group G by analytical diffeomorphisms, the notion of a (G, X)-structure on a topological space is a way to formalise it being locally isomorphic to X with its G-invariant structure; spaces with a (G, X)-structure are always manifolds and are called (G, X)-... | (G,X)-manifold | 0.797827 |
90,060 | At the Claude Bernard University in Lyon, Pierre Auger contributed to the creation of an original Biomathematics course for the part concerning the mathematical modelling of biological systems (1993-2004). He is co-author of a book on mathematical modelling in ecology. He has been co-supervisor of many thesis students ... | Pierre Auger (biologist) | 0.797827 |
90,061 | The United Kingdom Archaeological Sciences Conference is a biennial conference established in 1987 at the University of Glasgow.From 1987 to 1999 the conference proceedings were published. Major topics discussed at the conference include stable isotope analysis, proteomics, ancient genetics and material analysis. The 2... | UK Archaeological Sciences Conference | 0.797827 |
90,062 | Ragunathan "Raj" Rajkumar (born 1963) is the George Westinghouse Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is also affiliated with the Robotics Institute and the Heinz School of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University. He a... | Ragunathan Rajkumar | 0.797827 |
90,063 | Gentzen's main work was on the foundations of mathematics, in proof theory, specifically natural deduction and the sequent calculus. His cut-elimination theorem is the cornerstone of proof-theoretic semantics, and some philosophical remarks in his "Investigations into Logical Deduction", together with Ludwig Wittgenste... | Gerhard Gentzen | 0.797827 |
90,064 | The WWA property (weak 'weak approximation', sic) for a variety V over a number field is weak approximation (cf. approximation in algebraic groups), for finite sets of places of K avoiding some given finite set. For example take K = Q: it is required that V(Q) be dense in Π V(Qp)for all products over finite sets of pri... | Thin set (Serre) | 0.797827 |
90,065 | Much stronger results than absence of magnetization can actually be proved, and the setting can be substantially more general. In particular: The Hamiltonian can be invariant under the action of an arbitrary compact, connected Lie group G. Long-range interactions can be allowed (provided that they decay fast enough; ne... | Coleman theorem | 0.797827 |
90,066 | Nano-Micro Letters is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering nanotechnology. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The editor-in-chief is Yafei Zhang (Shanghai Jiao Tong University). The journal was established in 2009. | Nano-Micro Letters | 0.797826 |
90,067 | The lambda term Y f {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Y}}\ f} represents the state where x could be either i or -i, as one value. The information distinguishing these two values has been lost, in the change of domain. Note that this may still be represented as a single value, if the logic is expanded to be paraconsistent. For t... | Fixed point combinator | 0.797826 |
90,068 | Besides spherical micelles, elongated or worm-like micelles can also be formed. The final geometry will depend on the entropy costs of stretching the blocks, which is directly related to their composition (size and polyoxypropylene/polyoxyethylene ratio). The mechanisms involved in the shape transformation are differen... | Poloxamer | 0.797825 |
90,069 | A direct sum of algebras X {\displaystyle X} and Y {\displaystyle Y} is the direct sum as vector spaces, with product ( x 1 + y 1 ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) = ( x 1 x 2 + y 1 y 2 ) . {\displaystyle (x_{1}+y_{1})(x_{2}+y_{2})=(x_{1}x_{2}+y_{1}y_{2}).} Consider these classical examples: R ⊕ R {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} \oplus \math... | Direct sum of Hilbert spaces | 0.797825 |
90,070 | Despite the promising results in different cell studies and proof of concept studies, there is still incomplete understanding of the full biocompatibility of graphene based materials. Different cell lines react differently when exposed to graphene, and it has been shown that the lateral size of the graphene flakes, the... | Graphene | 0.797825 |
90,071 | The transmission of values from parents to offspring (nurture) has been a core area of fertility research. The assumption is that parents transmit these family values, preferences, attitudes and religiosity to their children, all of which have long-term effects analogous to genetics. Researchers have tried to find a ca... | Fertility factor (demography) | 0.797825 |
90,072 | Arc length is the distance between two points along a section of a curve. Determining the length of an irregular arc segment by approximating the arc segment as connected (straight) line segments is also called curve rectification. A rectifiable curve has a finite number of segments in its rectification (so the curve h... | Length of an arc | 0.797825 |
90,073 | Google PageSpeed is a family of tools by Google Inc, designed to help a website's performance optimizations. It was introduced at Developer Conference in 2010. There are four main components of PageSpeed family tools: PageSpeed Module, consisting of mod PageSpeed for the Apache HTTP Server and ngx PageSpeed for the Ngi... | Google PageSpeed Tools | 0.797825 |
90,074 | EMBOSS is a free open source software analysis package developed for the needs of the molecular biology and bioinformatics user community. The software automatically copes with data in a variety of formats and even allows transparent retrieval of sequence data from the web. Also, as extensive libraries are provided wit... | EMBOSS | 0.797825 |
90,075 | He graduated in 1852, passing the craft test with a pair of engraved double-barreled pistols. The same year, at eighteen, Daimler decided to take up mechanical engineering, abandoning gunsmithing, and left his hometown. | Gottlieb Daimler | 0.797824 |
90,076 | Shirshov's Theorem that a Lie algebra of finite or countable dimension can be embedded into a 2-generator Lie algebra is equivalent to the statement that the 2-generator free Lie algebra is SQ-universal (in the category of Lie algebras). This can be proved by proving a version of the Higman, Neumann, Neumann theorem fo... | SQ-universal group | 0.797824 |
90,077 | In trigonometry, the law of cotangents is a relationship among the lengths of the sides of a triangle and the cotangents of the halves of the three angles.Just as three quantities whose equality is expressed by the law of sines are equal to the diameter of the circumscribed circle of the triangle (or to its reciprocal,... | Cotangent rule | 0.797824 |
90,078 | In mathematics, more specifically in chromatic homotopy theory, the redshift conjecture states, roughly, that algebraic K-theory K ( R ) {\displaystyle K(R)} has chromatic level one higher than that of a complex-oriented ring spectrum R. It was formulated by John Rognes in a lecture at Schloss Ringberg, Germany, in Jan... | Redshift conjecture | 0.797824 |
90,079 | If one object partially blocks the view of another object, humans perceive it as closer. However, this information only allows the observer to make a "ranking" of relative nearness. The presence of monocular ambient occlusions consist of the object's texture and geometry. | Depth cue | 0.797824 |
90,080 | Because of their sizable temperature and density ranges, plasmas find applications in many fields of research, technology and industry. For example, in: industrial and extractive metallurgy, surface treatments such as plasma spraying (coating), etching in microelectronics, metal cutting and welding; as well as in every... | Plasma science | 0.797823 |
90,081 | Like many categories, the category Top is a concrete category, meaning its objects are sets with additional structure (i.e. topologies) and its morphisms are functions preserving this structure. There is a natural forgetful functor U: Top → Setto the category of sets which assigns to each topological space the underlyi... | Category of topological spaces | 0.797823 |
90,082 | In frequency domain, they are displayed as phase shift among the signals received by the sensors. The delays are closely related to the incident angle and the geometry of the sensor array. Given the geometry of the array, the delays or phase differences can be used to estimate the incident angle. | Sensor array | 0.797823 |
90,083 | The Cognitive Atlas The Cognitive Atlas is a project developing a shared knowledge base in cognitive science and neuroscience. This comprises two basic kinds of knowledge: tasks and concepts, providing definitions and properties thereof, and also relationships between them. | Neuroinformatics | 0.797823 |
90,084 | Vortex mixers are quite commonplace in bioscience laboratories. In cell culture and microbiology laboratories they may be used to suspend cells. In a biochemical or analytical laboratory they may be used to mix the reagents of an assay or to mix an experimental sample and a dilutant. The vortex mixer was invented by br... | Vortex mixer | 0.797823 |
90,085 | Parsing expression grammars (Ford) Ford's PEGs have syntactic predicates expressed as the and-predicate and the not-predicate. §-Calculus (Jackson) In the §-Calculus, syntactic predicates are originally called simply predicates, but are later divided into bound and free forms, each with different input properties. Raku... | Syntactic predicate | 0.797823 |
90,086 | In other words, an emerging technology can be defined as "a radically novel and relatively fast growing technology characterised by a certain degree of coherence persisting over time and with the potential to exert a considerable impact on the socio-economic domain(s) which is observed in terms of the composition of ac... | Bleeding edge technology | 0.797822 |
90,087 | Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz used both infinities and infinitesimals to develop the differential and integral calculus in the late 17th century. Richard Dedekind, who defined real numbers in terms of certain sets of rational numbers in the 19th century, also developed an axiom of continuity stating that a... | Infinite-valued logic | 0.797822 |
90,088 | Conversely, the discovery of such a phenomenon cannot support a patent unless there is some other inventive concept in its application. The Court did not agree with Flook's assertion that the existence of a limitation to a specific field of use made the formula patent-eligible. The majority opinion said of this argumen... | Parker v. Flook | 0.797822 |
90,089 | Euler characteristic (formerly called Euler number) in algebraic topology and topological graph theory, and the corresponding Euler's formula χ ( S 2 ) = F − E + V = 2 {\textstyle \chi (S^{2})=F-E+V=2} Eulerian circuit, Euler cycle or Eulerian path – a path through a graph that takes each edge once Eulerian graph has a... | Euler's equations | 0.797821 |
90,090 | He is one of the founders of Modern Theory of Functions of Real Variables and his work on the Calculus of Variations is a milestone in analysis. The present writer's father, W. H. Young, used to recall that this very question — what principle can we use as the foundation of the calculus of variations — had been put him... | Leonida Tonelli | 0.797821 |
90,091 | The Clean Energy project is sponsored by the scientists of Harvard University's Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology. The mission of the Clean Energy Project is to find new materials for the next generation of solar cells and later, energy storage devices. Researchers are employing molecular mechanics and elect... | World Community Grid | 0.797821 |
90,092 | Finally, an ab initio study by Comas-Vives, et al. involving no copper co-catalyst found anti-addition was the preferred pathway. This pathway was later confirmed by copper-free experiments by Anderson and Sigman. A different kinetic rate law with no proton dependence was found under copper-free conditions, indicating ... | Wacker oxidation | 0.797821 |
90,093 | Zion Tse is the Professor and Chair in Medical Robotics at the University of York. Before that, Tse was an Associate Professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Director of the Medical Robotics Lab at the University of Georgia, a visiting scientist at the National Institutes of Health and a r... | Zion Tse | 0.79782 |
90,094 | The Dow Lab Safety Academy is also available through the Safety and Chemical Engineering Education program, an affiliate of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); and The Campbell Institute, an organization focusing on environment, health and safety practices. The Dow Lab Safety Academy is one component of D... | Dow Chemical Company | 0.79782 |
90,095 | In the EU, a time span of 20 years is used when quantifying the net carbon effects of a land use change. Generally in legislation, the static number approach is preferred over the dynamic, time-dependent curve approach. The number is expressed as a so-called "emission factor" (net emission per produced energy unit, for... | Biomass (energy) | 0.79782 |
90,096 | There are many different characterizations of real closed fields. For example, in terms of maximality (with respect to algebraic extensions): a real closed field is a maximally orderable field; or, a real closed field (together with its unique ordering) is a maximally ordered field. Another characterization says that t... | Real closed ring | 0.79782 |
90,097 | The prefix "neo" is used in recognition of the fact that the interpretation must now be applied to physical entities and processes (such as the standard model of quantum field theory) that were unknown in Lorentz's day. Subsequent to the advent of special relativity, only a small number of individuals have advocated th... | Lorentz aether theory | 0.79782 |
90,098 | In 1982, Intelligent Artefacts was closed down and a new company formed, also in Cambridge, called Cyber Robotics who sold a redesigned arm known as the Cyber 310. The Cyber 310 had a 5 degrees of freedom (DOF) ability. Hundreds of them were sold around the world between 1981 and 1987. | ST Robotics | 0.79782 |
90,099 | The permutation group of the 7 points has 6 conjugacy classes. These four cycle structures each define a single conjugacy class: The identity permutation 21 permutations with two 2-cycles 42 permutations with a 4-cycle and a 2-cycle 56 permutations with two 3-cyclesThe 48 permutations with a complete 7-cycle form two d... | Fano plane | 0.797819 |
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