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89,900 | Spitzer carries three instruments on board: Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) An infrared camera which operated simultaneously on four wavelengths (3.6 μm, 4.5 μm, 5.8 μm and 8 μm). Each module used a 256×256-pixel detector—the short-wavelength pair used indium antimonide technology, the long-wavelength pair used arsenic-do... | Earth-trailing orbit | 0.797859 |
89,901 | In organic chemistry, the Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen. It is named after Karl Friedrich Schmidt (1887–1971), who first reported ... | Schmidt reaction | 0.797858 |
89,902 | As explained below, this stems from the boundary conditions implicit in the cosine functions. DCTs are also widely employed in solving partial differential equations by spectral methods, where the different variants of the DCT correspond to slightly different even/odd boundary conditions at the two ends of the array. | Discrete Cosine Transform | 0.797858 |
89,903 | As a child, Pockels was interested in science, especially physics. In those days, women in Germany had no access to universities. Pockels studied science at home while caring for her parents. | Agnes Pockels | 0.797858 |
89,904 | Philip Bunker's published scientific work has focused on the use of fundamental quantum mechanics to predict and interpret the spectral properties of polyatomic molecules due to their combined rotational, vibrational, electronic and nuclear-spin states, and their symmetries. He has been particularly concerned with the ... | Philip Bunker | 0.797857 |
89,905 | In the 1980s several new physics theories attempting to combine gravitation and quantum mechanics suggested that matter and anti-matter would be affected slightly differently by gravity. Combined with Dicke's claims there appeared to be a possibility that such a difference could be measured, this led to a new series of... | Eötvös torsion balance | 0.797857 |
89,906 | It turns out that in fact it is enough to consider S-points with only affine schemes S, precisely because schemes and morphisms between them are obtained by gluing affine schemes and morphisms between them. Because of this, one usually writes X(R) = X(Spec R) and view X as a functor from the category of commutative B-a... | Morphism of schemes | 0.797857 |
89,907 | Nuclearity admits the following equivalent characterizations: The identity map, as a completely positive map, approximately factors through matrix algebras. By this equivalence, nuclearity can be considered a noncommutative analogue of the existence of partitions of unity. The enveloping von Neumann algebra is injectiv... | Nuclear C*-algebra | 0.797857 |
89,908 | If R is unital and is not the trivial ring {0}, the Jacobson radical is always distinct from R since rings with unity always have maximal right ideals. However, some important theorems and conjectures in ring theory consider the case when J(R) = R - "If R is a nil ring (that is, each of its elements is nilpotent), is t... | Jacobson radical | 0.797857 |
89,909 | In response the United States, Canada and Norway banned the use of CFCs in aerosol spray cans in 1978. Early estimates were that, if CFC production continued at 1977 levels, the total atmospheric ozone would after a century or so reach a steady state, 15 to 18 percent below normal levels. By 1984, when better evidence ... | Ozone destruction | 0.797857 |
89,910 | Isotope dilution is analogous to the mark and recapture method, commonly used in ecology to estimate population size. For instance, consider the determination of the number of fish (nA) in a lake. For the purpose of this example, assume all fish native to the lake are blue. On their first visit to the lake, an ecologis... | Isotope dilution mass spectrometry | 0.797857 |
89,911 | {\displaystyle \lambda _{A}{\overrightarrow {FA}}+\lambda _{B}{\overrightarrow {FB}}=0.} It follows that A F ¯ F B ¯ = λ B λ A , {\displaystyle {\frac {\overline {AF}}{\overline {FB}}}={\frac {\lambda _{B}}{\lambda _{A}}},} where the left-hand-side fraction is the signed ratio of the lengths of the collinear line segme... | Ceva's Theorem | 0.797857 |
89,912 | In analytic number theory, big O notation is often used to express a bound on the difference between an arithmetical function and a better understood approximation; a famous example of such a difference is the remainder term in the prime number theorem. Big O notation is also used in many other fields to provide simila... | Landau symbol | 0.797856 |
89,913 | OpenBLAS is an open-source implementation of the BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) and LAPACK APIs with many hand-crafted optimizations for specific processor types. It is developed at the Lab of Parallel Software and Computational Science, ISCAS. OpenBLAS adds optimized implementations of linear algebra kernels ... | OpenBLAS | 0.797856 |
89,914 | David Bendel Hertz (c. 1919 – June 13, 2011) was an operations research practitioner and academic, known for various contributions to the discipline, and specifically, and more widely, for pioneering the use of Monte Carlo methods in finance. He developed innovative modeling approaches for the solution of complex manag... | David B. Hertz | 0.797856 |
89,915 | RMON is similar to other flow-based monitoring technologies such as NetFlow and SFlow because the data collected deals mainly with traffic patterns rather than the status of individual devices. One disadvantage of this system is that remote devices shoulder more of the management burden, and require more resources to d... | Remote monitoring | 0.797856 |
89,916 | Leal received his B.S. degree from the University of Washington in 1965, M.S. degree from the Stanford University in 1968, and Ph.D. degree from the Stanford University in 1969; all in chemical engineering. | L. Gary Leal | 0.797856 |
89,917 | In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first Soviet Championship in Moscow, scoring 13½ out of 17. He commented that the field was not very strong, as some of the pre-Revolution masters were absent. In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering, after completing a practical assignment ... | Mikhail Botvinnik | 0.797855 |
89,918 | Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha, also known as NaV1.5 is an integral membrane protein and tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel subunit. NaV1.5 is found primarily in cardiac muscle, where it mediates the fast influx of Na+-ions (INa) across the cell membrane, resulting in the fast depolarizati... | Cardiac sodium channel | 0.797855 |
89,919 | In control engineering, a discrete-event dynamic system (DEDS) is a discrete-state, event-driven system of which the state evolution depends entirely on the occurrence of asynchronous discrete events over time. Although similar to continuous-variable dynamic systems (CVDS), DEDS consists solely of discrete state spaces... | Discrete event dynamic system | 0.797855 |
89,920 | Thus the Lie algebra can be characterized without reference to a basis, or the adjoint, as a u t ( φ ) = { X ∈ M n ( V ): φ ( X x , y ) = − φ ( x , X y ) , ∀ x , y ∈ V } . {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {aut}}(\varphi )=\{X\in M_{n}(V):\varphi (Xx,y)=-\varphi (x,Xy),\quad \forall x,y\in V\}.} The normal form for φ will be g... | Classical groups | 0.797855 |
89,921 | Brown was born in 1907 in Australia. He graduated from the Workingman's College (now the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology) at the age of 18 with diplomas in civil, electrical and mechanical engineering. In 1929, Brown entered MIT as a junior, and graduated with a degree in electrical engineering in 1931. Continu... | Gordon S. Brown | 0.797855 |
89,922 | User landing pages (such as iGoogle) that allow the user to customize the presented content are not adaptive websites as they rely on the user to select rather than the automation of the selection and presentation of the web widget's that appear on the website. Collaborative filtering such as recommender systems, gener... | Adaptive website | 0.797855 |
89,923 | In mathematics, the bounded inverse theorem ( also called inverse mapping theorem or Banach isomorphism theorem) is a result in the theory of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces. It states that a bijective bounded linear operator T from one Banach space to another has bounded inverse T−1. It is equivalent to both... | Bounded inverse theorem | 0.797855 |
89,924 | Sauro carried out post-doctoral research at the University of Edinburgh in association with Henrik Kacser, when he worked on time-dependent systems and enzyme-enzyme interactions.While a student at Oxford Sauro wrote a program called SCAMP for modelling metabolic systems, later developed as Jarnac and incorporated in h... | Herbert M. Sauro | 0.797854 |
89,925 | Combinatorica is an international journal of mathematics, publishing papers in the fields of combinatorics and computer science. It started in 1981, with László Babai and László Lovász as the editors-in-chief with Paul Erdős as honorary editor-in-chief. The current editors-in-chief are Imre Bárány and József Solymosi. ... | Combinatorica | 0.797854 |
89,926 | During the First World War he served as an infantryman. After the war, he studied medicine and eventually reached the rank of chief doctor in the University gynaecological clinic. He joined the Nazi party in 1933 and later was appointed associate professor of gynaecology at the University of Königsberg. He carried out ... | Clauberg test | 0.797854 |
89,927 | Truthmaker theory is "the branch of metaphysics that explores the relationships between what is true and what exists". It is different from substantive theories of truth in the sense that it does not aim at giving a definition of what truth is. Instead, it has the goal of determining how truth depends on being. | Theory of truth | 0.797853 |
89,928 | Margaret Hamilton: the director of the Software Engineering Division at MIT, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo's Missions to Space. Barbara Liskov: developed the "Liskov substitution principle." Radia Perlman: invented the "Spanning Tree Protocol", a key network protocol used in Ethernet networks. | History of computing | 0.797852 |
89,929 | Retrieved 9 November 2016. animation of dissociation Extance, Andy (12 September 2013). "Sulfur difluoride dimer exposes bonding strangeness". Chemistry World. Retrieved 9 November 2016. | Difluorodisulfanedifluoride | 0.797852 |
89,930 | He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (from 1962) and a director of the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics (1970-1983). He received both the Kossuth Prize (1957) and State Award (1973).Together with H.S.M. Coxeter and Paul Erdős, he laid the foundations of discrete geometry. | László Fejes Tóth | 0.797852 |
89,931 | This area integrates the quantum behaviour of small particles such as superposition, interference and entanglement, with classical computers to solve complex problems and formulate algorithms much efficiently. Individuals focus on fields like Quantum cryptography, physical simulations and quantum algorithms. | Hardware engineering | 0.797852 |
89,932 | Has a BLAS and a partial LAPACK implementation for compatibility. MAGMA Matrix Algebra on GPU and Multicore Architectures (MAGMA) project develops a dense linear algebra library similar to LAPACK but for heterogeneous and hybrid architectures including multicore systems accelerated with GPGPUs. PLASMA The Parallel Line... | LAPACK | 0.797852 |
89,933 | The bandwidth of the emitted signals—e.g., the rise-time of the pulses employed with pulse coded signals. Inaccuracies in the locations of the transmitters or receivers when used as known locations.The accuracy can be calculated by using the Cramér–Rao bound and taking account of the above factors in its formulation. A... | Pseudo-range multilateration | 0.797852 |
89,934 | Worker bees provide another example of the use of marginal value theorem in modeling optimal foraging behavior. Bees forage from flower to flower collecting nectar to carry back to the hive. While this situation is similar to that of the starlings, both the constraints and currency are actually different for the bees. ... | Optimal foraging theory | 0.797852 |
89,935 | Players may race in one of four modes: Time Trial, Quick Race, Challenge, or Multiplayer. In all of these modes, except for Challenge, the player may choose the track, their car, the weather, forward or reverse orientation, and the physics mode to race under. The modes available are: Simulation, Strict, Arcade, and Tur... | Redline (2006 video game) | 0.797852 |
89,936 | The five funded Datanet initiatives are DataONE, led by William Michener at the University of New Mexico; The Data Conservancy, led by Sayeed Choudhury of Johns Hopkins University; SEAD: Sustainable Environment through Actionable Data, led by Margaret Hedstrom of the University of Michigan; the DataNet Federation Conso... | Data Integration | 0.797852 |
89,937 | Stirling numbers of the second kind may be derived and analyzed using the structural decomposition SET ( SET ≥ 1 ( Z ) ) . {\displaystyle \operatorname {SET} (\operatorname {SET} _{\geq 1}({\mathcal {Z}})).} The decomposition SET ( CYC ( Z ) ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {SET} (\operatorname {CYC} ({\mathcal {... | Symbolic method (combinatorics) | 0.797851 |
89,938 | Let G {\displaystyle G} be a linear algebraic group over a perfect field. Then, essentially by definition, there is a closed embedding G ↪ G L n {\displaystyle G\hookrightarrow \mathbf {GL} _{n}} . Now, to each element g ∈ G {\displaystyle g\in G} , by the multiplicative Jordan decomposition, there are a pair of a semi... | Jordan-Chevalley decomposition | 0.797851 |
89,939 | In this case, a new FEA simulation is performed (for the next time step) where the node at the crack tip is released. For a bounded substrate, we may simply stop enforcing fixed Dirichlet boundary conditions at the crack tip node of the previous time step (i.e. displacements are no longer restrained) . For a symmetric ... | Strain energy release rate | 0.797851 |
89,940 | Cox studied physics at the University of Manchester during his music career. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree with first-class honours. After D:Ream disbanded in 1997, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy degree in high-energy particle physics at the University of Manchester. His thesis, Double Diffraction Disso... | Brian Cox (physicist) | 0.79785 |
89,941 | In total there are five different types of layer growth: normal growth, step-flow growth, layer-by-layer growth, multilayer (or three-dimensional island) growth, and spiral growth.Step-flow growth is observed on stair-like surfaces. These surfaces have a geometry with vicinal steps separated by "atomically flat low-ind... | Adatom | 0.797849 |
89,942 | However this concern has meant that farmers are still tied to a seven-day schedule. Modern automatic milking systems attempt to rectify this problem by gathering data that would not be available in many conventional systems including milk temperature, milk conductivity, milk color including infrared scan, change in mil... | Milking robots | 0.797849 |
89,943 | In July 2014, two pharming companies, PlantForm and PharmaPraxis, announced plans to commercialize a biosimilar version of bevacizumab made using a tobacco expression system in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Center for Molecular Biology.In September 2017, the US FDA approved Amgen's biosimilar (generic name bevacizu... | Bevacizumab | 0.797849 |
89,944 | Boris Sharkov studied physics from 1967 to 1973 at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI) at the Faculty of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. In 1979 he received his doctorate in plasma physics. He organized a group for heavy-ion research in laser-produced plasma at ITEP, which deals with the development of s... | Boris Sharkov | 0.797849 |
89,945 | Metabolite pool is a collective term for all of the substances involved in the metabolic process in a biological system. Metabolic pools are within cells (or organelles such as chloroplasts) and refer to the reservoir of molecules upon which enzymes can operate. The size of the reservoir is referred to as its "metaboli... | Metabolite pool | 0.797849 |
89,946 | Nomograms flourished in many different contexts for roughly 75 years because they allowed quick and accurate computations before the age of pocket calculators. Results from a nomogram are obtained very quickly and reliably by simply drawing one or more lines. The user does not have to know how to solve algebraic equati... | Nomogram | 0.797849 |
89,947 | Balancing Market (electricity) RTEP—Regional transmission expansion plan RTG—Regional Transmission Group (US) RTO—Regional transmission organization (US) RTP—Real time Pricing RTU—Remote Terminal Unit RUS—Rural Utilities Service RVP—Reid vapor pressure | List of energy abbreviations | 0.797849 |
89,948 | In materials science, the yield strength anomaly refers to materials wherein the yield strength (i.e., the stress necessary to initiate plastic yielding) increases with temperature. For the majority of materials, the yield strength decreases with increasing temperature. In metals, this decrease in yield strength is due... | Yield strength anomaly | 0.797848 |
89,949 | Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) are frequently used in plant molecular biology. Of special interest is the CaMV 35S promoter, which is a very strong promoter most frequently used in plant transformations. Viral vectors based on tobacco mosaic virus include those of the magnICON® and TRBO ... | Crop virus | 0.797848 |
89,950 | He studied theoretical physics at the St. Vladimir Imperial University of Kiev. He left Ukraine after the October Revolution, emigrating first to Turkey, then to Poland, France, and finally to the US in 1924.In USA he worked at first for the Westinghouse Research Labs in Pittsburgh where he focused on the theoretical p... | Nicolas Rashevsky | 0.797848 |
89,951 | Turan's theorem states that if a graph has edge homomorphism density strictly above 1 − 1 r − 1 {\displaystyle 1-{\frac {1}{r-1}}} , it has a nonzero number of K r {\displaystyle K_{r}} s. One could ask the far more general question: if you are given the edge density of a graph, what can you say about the density of K ... | Mantel's theorem | 0.797848 |
89,952 | solid constitutive relation 1963 William J. Sparks – Exxon chemist and co-inventor of Butyl rubber 1964 Arthur E. Juve – B. F. Goodrich Director of Technology who developed oil-resistant rubber compositions, lab tests for tire treads, and improvements in manufacture of rubber products and the processing of synthetic ru... | Charles Goodyear Medal | 0.797848 |
89,953 | In a simply connected domain Ω, the general solution of Liouville's equation can be found by using Wirtinger calculus. Its form is given by u ( z , z ¯ ) = ln ( 4 | d f ( z ) / d z | 2 ( 1 + K | f ( z ) | 2 ) 2 ) {\displaystyle u(z,{\bar {z}})=\ln \left(4{\frac {\left|{\mathrm {d} f(z)}/{\mathrm {d} z}\right|^{2}}{(1... | Liouville's equation | 0.797848 |
89,954 | There is nothing wrong with hypothesis testing and p-values per se as long as authors, reviewers, and action editors use them correctly." Some statisticians prefer to use alternative measures of evidence, such as likelihood ratios or Bayes factors. Using Bayesian statistics can avoid confidence levels, but also require... | Significance level | 0.797848 |
89,955 | A variational principle in physics, such as the principle of least action or Fermat's principle in optics, allows one to describe the system in a global manner and to solve it using the calculus of variations. In thermodynamics, such a principle would allow a Lagrangian formulation. The Gouy-Stodola theorem can be used... | Gouy-Stodola theorem | 0.797848 |
89,956 | Because of the changes in temperature and salinity, the Mediterranean Sea may become more stratified by the end of the 21st century, with notable consequences on water circulation and biogeochemistry. The stratification and warming have already led to the eastern Mediterranean to become a net source of CO2 to the atmos... | Mediterranean Intermediate Water | 0.797848 |
89,957 | The difficulty with generating an all-hexahedral mesh on a complex geometry is that mesh needs to take into consideration the local geometric detail as well as the global connectivity constraint. This is the STC, and it is only present in an all-hexahedral mesh. This is the reason why it is relatively easy to automate ... | Spatial twist continuum | 0.797847 |
89,958 | International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 26 (10): 967–980. Bibcode:1987IJTP...26..967G. | Free-fall atomic model | 0.797847 |
89,959 | ISBN 978-1119990352. Attard, Gary; Barnes, Colin (1998). Surfaces. Oxford Chemistry Primers. ISBN 978-0198556862. | Overlayer | 0.797847 |
89,960 | In a 1965 review of A history of engineering drawing Chilton summarised the intention of this work: ... Booker is mostly concerned with engineering drawing in this history, and in particular of communication via the representation of three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional surface; a means of communication, that... | Peter Jeffrey Booker | 0.797847 |
89,961 | Both were developed by Myriad Genetics, which has discontinued the maturation inhibitor program in 2010. Others in development include BMS-955176 and fipravirimat. == References == | Maturation inhibitor | 0.797847 |
89,962 | Shape change of erythrocytes under applied forces (i.e., shear forces in blood flow) is reversible and the biconcave-discoid shape, which is normal for most mammals, is maintained after the removal of the deforming forces. In other words, erythrocytes behave like elastic bodies, while they also resist to shape change u... | Erythrocyte deformability | 0.797846 |
89,963 | Usually Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and hot-carrier injection mechanisms are used to modify the amount of charge stored in the FG. The FGMOS is commonly used as a floating-gate memory cell, the digital storage element in EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory technologies. Other uses of the FGMOS include a neuronal computational... | Floating-gate MOSFET | 0.797846 |
89,964 | A quasi Fermi level (also called imref, which is "fermi" spelled backwards) is a term used in quantum mechanics and especially in solid state physics for the Fermi level (chemical potential of electrons) that describes the population of electrons separately in the conduction band and valence band, when their population... | Quasi Fermi level | 0.797846 |
89,965 | End-to-end training and prediction are common practice in computer vision. However, human interpretable explanations are required for critical systems such as a self-driving cars. With recent advances in visual salience, spatial attention, and temporal attention, the most critical spatial regions/temporal instants coul... | Convolutional neural networks | 0.797846 |
89,966 | Gibbs first contributed to mathematical physics with two papers published in 1873 in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences on "Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids," and "Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by means of Surfaces." His... | On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances | 0.797846 |
89,967 | In nuclear physics, an energy amplifier is a novel type of nuclear power reactor, a subcritical reactor, in which an energetic particle beam is used to stimulate a reaction, which in turn releases enough energy to power the particle accelerator and leave an energy profit for power generation. The concept has more recen... | Energy amplifier | 0.797846 |
89,968 | Petr Beckmann (November 13, 1924 – August 3, 1993) was a professor of electrical engineering who became a well-known advocate of libertarianism and nuclear power. Later in his life he disputed Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and other accepted theories in modern physics. | Petr Beckmann | 0.797846 |
89,969 | In logic programming, a program is a set of premises, and computation is performed by attempting to prove candidate theorems. From this point of view, logic programs are declarative, focusing on what the problem is, rather than on how to solve it. However, the backward reasoning technique, implemented by SLD resolution... | Procedural programming | 0.797845 |
89,970 | Andreas Raphael Blass (born October 27, 1947) is a mathematician, currently a professor at the University of Michigan. He works in mathematical logic, particularly set theory, and theoretical computer science. Blass graduated from the University of Detroit, where he was a Putnam Fellow in 1965, in 1966 with a B.S. in p... | Andreas Blass | 0.797845 |
89,971 | In organic chemistry, the chloroacetic acids (systematic name chloroethanoic acids) are three related chlorocarbon carboxylic acids: Chloroacetic acid (chloroethanoic acid), CH2ClCOOH Dichloroacetic acid (dichloroethanoic acid; bichloroacetic acid, BCA), CHCl2COOH Trichloroacetic acid (trichloroethanoic acid), CCl3COOH | Chloroacetic acids | 0.797844 |
89,972 | ), Basel–Boston–Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. xx+476, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0513-1, ISBN 978-3-0348-0512-4, MR 3014456, Zbl 1270.35005. Stampacchia, Guido (1964), "Formes bilineaires coercitives sur les ensembles convexes", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 258: 4413–4416, Zbl 0124.... | Variational inequalities | 0.797844 |
89,973 | 2003 Poincaré conjecture, Geometrization theorem, Geometrization conjecture. Perelman's original proofs of the Poincaré conjecture and the Geometrization conjecture were not lengthy, but were rather sketchy. Several other mathematicians have published proofs with the details filled in, which come to several hundred pag... | List of long mathematical proofs | 0.797844 |
89,974 | "Bardeen was honored on a March 6, 2008, United States postage stamp as part of the "American Scientists" series designed by artist Victor Stabin. The $0.41 stamp was unveiled in a ceremony at the University of Illinois. His citation reads: "Theoretical physicist John Bardeen (1908–1991) shared the Nobel Prize in Physi... | John Bardeen | 0.797844 |
89,975 | Much of his work concerns the Geometry of Numbers, Hausdorff Measures, Analytic Sets, Geometry and Topology of Banach Spaces, Selection Theorems and Finite-dimensional Convex Geometry. In the theory of Banach spaces and summability, he proved the Dvoretzky–Rogers lemma and the Dvoretzky–Rogers theorem, both with Aryeh ... | Claude Ambrose Rogers | 0.797844 |
89,976 | DEC created a number of optional database products for VMS, some of which were marketed as the VAX Information Architecture family. These products included: Rdb – A relational database system which originally used the proprietary Relational Data Operator (RDO) query interface, but later gained SQL support. DBMS – A dat... | OpenVMS | 0.797843 |
89,977 | Controllers typically use optical tracking systems (primarily infrared cameras) for location and navigation, so that the user can move freely without wiring. Some input devices provide the user with force feedback to the hands or other parts of the body, so that the human being can orientate himself in the three-dimens... | Simulated environment | 0.797843 |
89,978 | The campus contains a complete balloon manufacturing facility. The institute conducts balloon-based scientific experiments in X-ray and Infrared Astronomy, and in Aeronomy. Balloons from this facility are launched twice in a year, i.e. in summer and winter. | National Balloon Facility | 0.797843 |
89,979 | Escher made four "Circle Limit" drawings of tilings that use hyperbolic geometry. For his woodcut "Circle Limit IV" (1960), Escher prepared a pencil and ink study showing the required geometry. Escher explained that "No single component of all the series, which from infinitely far away rise like rockets perpendicularly... | Monohedral tiling | 0.797843 |
89,980 | Before this, Mario had initially wanted to become a professional violinist, but his love for chemistry triumphed over that interest. At first Mario was disappointed when he arrived at the boarding school in Switzerland due to the fact that most of his classmates did not have the same interest in science as he did.Molin... | Mario Molina | 0.797842 |
89,981 | There are two commonly used notations to describe a molecules inherent chirality: cR/cS (arising from the notation used for classically chiral compounds, with c denoting curvature) and P/M. Inherently chiral molecules, like their classically chiral counterparts, can be used in chiral host–guest chemistry, enantioselect... | Inherent chirality | 0.797842 |
89,982 | Thus, Boolean logic is sometimes used to denote propositional calculus performed in this way. Boolean algebra is not sufficient to capture logic formulas using quantifiers, like those from first order logic. | Switching algebra | 0.797842 |
89,983 | For a fixed type a, consider the functor mapping types b to a type that contains a copy of each term of a as well as all pairs of b's (terms of the product type of two instances of the type b). An algebra consists of a function to b, which either acts on an a term or two b terms. This merging of a pair can be encoded a... | Catamorphism | 0.797842 |
89,984 | In genetics, the gene density of an organism's genome is the ratio of the number of genes per number of base pairs, usually written in terms of a million base pairs, or megabase (Mb). The human genome has a gene density of 11-15 genes/Mb, while the genome of the C. elegans roundworm is estimated to have 200.Seemingly s... | Gene density | 0.797842 |
89,985 | To quantitatively assess changes in the composition of biologic communities, IBIs are developed to accurately reflect the ecological complexity from statistical analysis. There is no one universal IBI, and developing metrics that consistently give accurate assessment of the monitored population requires rigorous testin... | Index of biological integrity | 0.797842 |
89,986 | He later attended Pázmány Péter University and obtained a teacher's diploma in mathematics and physics in 1943, as well as a doctorate in humanities in 1946. He was an intern (1941–1943) and assistant professor (1943–1946) at the Pázmány Péter University Institute of Mathematics, alongside Lipót Fejér and Béla Kerékjár... | Jenő Szép | 0.797841 |
89,987 | Landolt–Börnstein is a collection of property data in materials science and the closely related fields of chemistry, physics and engineering published by Springer Nature. | Landolt–Börnstein | 0.797841 |
89,988 | In mathematics, a highly structured ring spectrum or A ∞ {\displaystyle A_{\infty }} -ring is an object in homotopy theory encoding a refinement of a multiplicative structure on a cohomology theory. A commutative version of an A ∞ {\displaystyle A_{\infty }} -ring is called an E ∞ {\displaystyle E_{\infty }} -ring. Whi... | Highly structured ring spectrum | 0.797841 |
89,989 | The canonical map is an isomorphism if and only if the stabilizers are trivial (in which case X / G {\displaystyle X/G} exists. )In general, {\displaystyle } is an Artin stack (also called algebraic stack). If the stabilizers of the geometric points are finite and reduced, then it is a Deligne–Mumford stack. | Quotient algebraic stack | 0.797841 |
89,990 | The application of MHE is generally to estimate measured or unmeasured states of dynamical systems. Initial conditions and parameters within a model are adjusted by MHE to align measured and predicted values. MHE is based on a finite horizon optimization of a process model and measurements. At time t the current proces... | Moving horizon estimation | 0.79784 |
89,991 | If the generosity of working for free was a viable motivation for such a prevalent movement, it is curious why such a trend has not been seen in industries such as biotechnology that would have a much bigger impact on the public good. Community sharing and improvement: The online community is an environment that promot... | Open source community | 0.79784 |
89,992 | Cesari, Lamberto (May 1950), "Area and representation of surfaces", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 56 (3): 218–232, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1950-09371-9, MR 0036296, Zbl 0037.32301 Cesari, Lamberto; Rado, Tibor (1952), "Applications of area theory in analysis" (PDF), Proceedings of the International Cong... | Lamberto Cesari | 0.79784 |
89,993 | From the fundamental Laplacian comparison theorem proved earlier by Eugenio Calabi, these functions are both superharmonic under the Ricci curvature assumption. Either of these functions could be negative at some points, but the triangle inequality implies that their sum is nonnegative. The strong maximum principle imp... | Splitting theorem | 0.79784 |
89,994 | Electrostatic accelerators have a wide array of applications in science and industry. In the realm of fundamental research, they are used to provide beams of atomic nuclei for research at energies up to several hundreds of MeV. In industry and materials science they are used to produce ion beams for materials modificat... | Tandem accelerator | 0.797839 |
89,995 | If K is a field, then K-vector spaces (vector spaces over K) and K-modules are identical. If K is a field, and K a univariate polynomial ring, then a K-module M is a K-module with an additional action of x on M that commutes with the action of K on M. In other words, a K-module is a K-vector space M combined with a lin... | Module (ring theory) | 0.797839 |
89,996 | The term "biohacking" as well as the concept of do-it-yourself biology has been known as early as 1988.Biohacking entered the San Francisco programmer and maker communities as early as 2005, through simple demonstrations of basic experiments. As DIYbio experiments became the focus of SuperHappyDevHouse hackers, the hob... | Do-it-yourself biology | 0.797839 |
89,997 | Algorithms for common distributions are built into many statistical software packages. Quantile functions may also be characterized as solutions of non-linear ordinary and partial differential equations. The ordinary differential equations for the cases of the normal, Student, beta and gamma distributions have been giv... | Quantile function | 0.797839 |
89,998 | The idea of complex spacetime has received considerably less attention, but it has been considered in conjunction with the Lorentz–Dirac equation and the Maxwell equations. Other ideas include mapping real spacetime into a complex representation space of SU(2, 2), see twistor theory.In 1919, Theodor Kaluza posted his 5... | Complex spacetime | 0.797839 |
89,999 | Geochemistry studies the chemical components and processes of the Earth. Geophysics studies the physical properties of the Earth. Paleontology studies fossilized biological material in the lithosphere. | Earth science | 0.797839 |
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